Environments inside and outside levees may exert different effects on the occurrence of mid-to large-sized mammals in riparian areas. To effectively conserve these species, it is important to understand how land cover across levees influences their presence. This study, conducted from March to June 2024 in Yeongyang, South Korea, monitored mammal occurrence using unmanned sensor cameras at 28 sites. Linear models were used to analyze mammal species diversity, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was applied to assess species-specific habitat associations at the community level, and occupancy models were used to evaluate influential factors for each species. Our results showed that mammal species diversity increased with a higher proportion of orchards inside levees, but decreased with greater proportions of orchards inside levees, and non-irrigated arable fields outside levees. For carnivores, land cover types in inside levees-including grasslands, barren areas, and water-provided important food resources and shelter. For omnivorous and herbivorous mammals, coniferous forests inside levees played a key role by offering abundant food and shelter, whereas highly disturbed land covers such as non-irrigated fields and orchards outside levees were less suitable as habitats. To enhance habitat conservation, management efforts inside levees should prioritize maintaining grasslands and coniferous forests. Outside levees, establishing undisturbed zones with barren areas and coniferous forests may help mitigate human disturbances. These findings provide essential baseline data for developing effective conservation strategies tailored to levee-associated riparian landscapes.

목적 : 근시 교정용 (-)렌즈를 대상으로 편심 크기를 변화하면서 동일 직경으로 가공한 렌즈의 가장자리 두께와 무게를 비교하고 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 고굴절률(High index, 1.60) 소재의 구면 및 비구면렌즈를 굴절력(-2.00, -4.00, -6.00 D)별로 240개 를 선정하였으며, 굴절력별 편심 크기를 0, 3, 6, 9 mm로 설정하고 동일한 직경의 원형으로 평산각 가공하여 가장 자리 두께와 무게를 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : 편심별 평균 가장자리 두께는 구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D에서는 편심이 1 mm 증가할 때 가장자리 두께가 0.02 mm 증가하는 것으로 나타났고, –4.00 D는 0.04 mm, –6.00 D는 0.05 mm 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 비구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D에서는 0.02 mm, –4.00 D는 0.03 mm, –6.00 D는 0.04 mm 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 편심별 평균 무게는 구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D에서는 편심이 1 mm 증가할 때 무게가 0.05 g 증가하는 것으로 나타 났고, –4.00 D는 0.09 g, –6.00 D는 0.11 g 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 비구면렌즈일 때 –2.00 D는 0.04 g, –4.00 D는 0.08 g, –6.00 D는 0.11 g 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 대상 렌즈의 굴절력별, 편심별 모두에서 굴절력 이 높아질수록 편심 크기가 커질수록 가장자리 두께와 무게가 점점 더 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 동일 굴절력의 근시 교정용 (-)렌즈를 동일 직경으로 가공하였을 때 편심의 크기가 증가하면 가장자리 두께와 무게도 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Uranium (U), an essential source for nuclear energy production, poses serious environmental and radiological threat due to its high mobility and long half-life. Uranophane [Ca(UO2)2SiO3(OH)2·5H2O], a secondary U silicate mineral, is known as a solubility-limiting phase in U mining deposits and nuclear waste repositories (controlling U immobilization). However, research on uranophane dissolution, particularly under the influence of organic and inorganic ligands, remains lacking. This study investigates uranophane synthesis and its dissolution at pH 8 through batch experiments using organic ligands (citric acid (CA) and humic acid (HA) at 50–150 ppm) and inorganic ligands (carbonate, nitrate, chloride, and silicate at 10−4 M to 10−6 M). Obtained results suggested that CA and carbonate significantly enhanced U release, reaching 27.6 ppm. Mixed systems containing both organic (50–150 ppm CA) and inorganic (10−4 M carbonate) ligands revealed increased U release, however were less effective than single-ligand systems due to competitive interactions with carbonate dominating U speciation. Visual MINTEQ modeling was used to identify uranyl complex species in the solutions. Dissolution rate and kinetic modeling were determined to predict U release trends. These findings emphasize the role of various ligand types in nature and their impact on U mobility, aiding remediation strategies for contaminated environments.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 처음 발견된 Aulacophoroides hoffmanni (Takahashi, 1937)를 최초로 보고한다. 2024년 야외조사에서 한국의 서부 2개 지역의 등나무(Wisteria floribunda (Willdenow))에서 심각한 피해를 주고 있는 A. hoffmanni를 확인하였다. 무시성충의 상세한 형태 기재와 계측값을 제시하였으며, 생체 및 슬라이드 표본 사진을 포함하였다. 이 종은 등나무에 심각한 피해를 주고 있어 관상용 등나무의 주요 해충이 될 것으로 예상된다.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different feeding levels of domesticated barnyard millet and imported Bermuda hay on the growth performance and structural development of female and male growing goats. A 4×4 Latin square design was used, involving 8 goats with an average age of 3 months: 4 females and males with an initial body weight (BW) of 10.6 kg and 16.0 kg, respectively. Goats were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments: T1 (1.5% BW barnyard millet), T2 (1.5% BW Bermuda hay), T3 (2.0% BW barnyard millet), and T4 (2.0% BW Bermuda hay) over a 22-week period. Results indicated that the highest final body weight (FBW) was significantly observed at the highest feeding level (T4), with females reaching 14.9 kg and males 20.9 kg, while the highest average daily gain (ADG) values were recorded for females in T3 at 75.7 g/d and males in T4 at 81.0 g/d (p<0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was highest in the T4 group for both females (437.4 g/d) and males (635.9 g/d), with significant differences observed across treatments (p<0.05), whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed an improving trend, particularly with a value of 6.0 for females in T4. For structural development, the highest feeding levels led to significant increases in body length, body depth, chest width, and chest girth of both sex. Female and male in T4 achieved body lengths of 53.5 cm and 61.8 cm, and body depths of 45.2 cm and 54.8 cm, respectively. Chest width and girth reached 15.9 cm and 66.5 cm in males, and 13.5 cm and 56.5 cm in females. In conclusion, higher feeding levels, especially with Bermuda hay, may positively influence the growth performance and structural development of goats.

The role of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer (CRC) development has garnered attention, highlighting probiotics as potential adjuncts in CRC prevention and treatment. In recent years, probiotics and their derivatives have demonstrated mechanisms that may contribute to anticancer properties. This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum KCTC 3357, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus KCTC 5033, Limosilactobacillus reuteri VA 103, Bacillus galactosidilyticus VA 107, and Lactococcus taiwanensis VE101 on CT-26 mouse colon carcinoma cells using live cells, heat-killed cells (paraprobiotics), and cell-free supernatants (CFS, postbiotics) through an MTT assay. The results indicate that live bacterial strains, such as KCTC 3357, VA 103, and VA 107, promoted CT-26 cell viability, while heat-killed cells and CFS exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Inactivated forms of KCTC 3357 and VE 101, as well as CFS at 10 mg/mL concentration of KCTC 5033, VA 103, and VE 101, showed the strongest antiproliferative effects. These findings suggest that non-viable probiotic derivatives, such as paraprobiotics and postbiotics, offer promising therapeutic potential for CRC, providing a safer and more stable alternative to live probiotics. However, further research is required to explore their mechanisms of action, in vivo efficacy, and potential clinical applications.

Background: The increasing demand for real-time professional fitness coaching has led to a need for accurate exercise posture recognition using artificial intelligence. Objectives: To compare the performance of Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) and Stacked Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models in classifying fitness posture images using detailed joint coordinate labeling. Design: Comparative analysis of machine learning models using a labeled dataset of fitness posture images. Methods: A dataset from AI-hub containing images and data of 41 exercises was used. Five exercises were selected and processed using a custom program. Data was converted from JSON to CSV format, augmented with joint condition information, and analyzed using Google Colab. Results: The best FNN model achieved a training error of 1.21% and test error of 9.08%. The Stacked LSTM model demonstrated superior performance with a training error of 1.05% and test error of 6.09%. Conclusion: Both FNN and Stacked LSTM models effectively classified sequential fitness images, with Stacked LSTM showing superior performance. This indicates the potential of Stacked LSTM models for accurate fitness posture classification in real-time coaching scenarios.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) research on physical fitness posture estimation has been limited by a lack of comprehensive datasets and guidelines. This study analyzes the fitness image dataset provided by Korea's AIHub platform to advance posture estimation algorithms from exercise prescription and behavioral analysis perspectives. Objectives: To analyze fitness movements and guide correct exercise posture using AI-based visual and auditory feedback. Design: Descriptive analysis of a large-scale dataset. Methods: The study examined image and JSON labeling files from AI-Hub, analyzing 6.39 million fitness images across 41 exercise types. Data structure, exercise states, and annotation characteristics were analyzed in detail. Results: The dataset encompasses 816 distinct exercise states, captured from five camera angles with 24 key body points labeled per posture. Exercises were categorized into full-body workouts (17), barbell/dumbbell exercises (16), and furniture exercises (8). Gender distribution was 76% male and 24% female, with 41% in the 27-29 age group. The dataset allows for detailed analysis of correct and incorrect postures. Conclusion: This comprehensive analysis of the AI-Hub fitness dataset provides a robust foundation for developing AI models for fitness posture evaluation and feedback, benefiting exercise coach web/app service developers.

This study explored the development direction of punk fashion through 3D digital fashion design by analyzing the expressive characteristics and inherent meanings of the punk fashion expressed in Vivienne Westwood’s creations. To this end, the concept underlying punk and its expressive characteristics were examined, and the eco-friendly expressive attributes of punk fashion were scrutinized through photos of Vivienne Westwood’s collections. The analysis focused on 10 seasonal collections showcased over the past five years, from the designer’s 2018 S/S to 2022 F/W collections. The results revealed that Westwood’s punk expression was characterized by traditionality, eco-friendliness, playfulness, resistance, and deconstruction. Traditionality appeared in the form of a harmonious redesign of classics to create new works, while eco-friendliness was manifested through the use of slogans and eco-friendly materials and methods. Playfulness conveyed positive messages through comedic situations or characters, and resistance emerged as a means of delivering messages for improving social issues. Finally, the deconstruction of punk was reflected as resistance, boldly destroying fashion structures to express dissatisfaction with society. Punk design in fashion is one of the avenues in which designers effectively express the messages that they want to communicate to society. This study is significant, as it provides foundational data for exploring punk characteristic design strategies to be used in future fashion. The scope of application for 3D virtual clothing programs is expected to expand in the fashion industry, and continuous research on digital fashion design is anticipated.

Dust pollution has recently become a shared environmental issue for both China and South Korea. This paper reviews the progress of China-South Korea cooperation on dust pollution control since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, covering developments and achievements in policy dialogue, technical exchanges, and joint research. Additionally, this paper highlights the issues and challenges in China-South Korea environmental cooperation, such as the impact of political and economic factors, insufficient cooperation mechanisms, and low levels of public engagement. Finally, with a view to the future, this paper proposes three policy recommendations to advance environmental cooperation between the two countries: 1) strengthening bilateral cooperation to enhance the sustainability of environmental policies; 2) improving multilateral cooperation mechanisms to promote technological innovation; and 3) encouraging public participation to build a diversified governance framework. Finally, it is recommended to further refine the public participation pathways in future cooperation, incorporating successful case studies, and to clarify the division of responsibilities among the stakeholders in the multilateral cooperation mechanism to enhance the feasibility of the collaboration.

This study was conducted in the San Pedro Department to determine the impact of different soil management practices on sesame productivity. Different tillage methods (conventional deep tillage, minimum tillage, and no-tillage), crop rotations (monoculture, double, and triple rotation), various combinations of green manure, and appropriate doses of chemical fertilizers were studied. The results revealed that the no-tillage method combined with crop rotation (corn-cotton-sesame) and fertilization had the highest productivity of 1,548 kg/ha. In contrast, the conventional deep tillage method without fertilization showed the lowest productivity with 614 kg/ha. Incorporation of summer green manures (Mucuna pruriens) in minimum tillage methods with fertilization significantly improved productivity (1,010 kg/ha) in comparison with the same tillage method and fertilization but without Mucuna (720 kg/ha), which highlights the synergistic effects of combining green manures with chemical fertilizers. The treatment of winter green manures consisting of black oat + white lupine and black oat + radish has also significantly improved the productivity of sesame with 904 and 900 kg/ha, respectively, compared to the non-use of winter green manure and the use of chia, which had productivities of 695 and 298 kg/ha, respectively. The best chemical fertilization doses of nitrogen (urea 45% N), phosphorus (46% P2O5), and potassium (60% K2O) were determined through tests with increasing doses of each nutrient, maintaining 40 kg/ha as the base for the other two. The highest productivity was obtained with N, P, and K levels of 70 kg/ha each, resulting in productivities of 1,421, 1,522, and 1,486 kg/ha. However, the maximum profit compared to the input is obtained with doses of 50 kg/ha for N and 60 kg/ha for P and K, giving a productivity of 1,390, 1,510, and 1,421 kg/ha, respectively.

A red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) from Seoul Zoo died with mild anorexia and sudden respiratory distress. A white globoid mass in the abdominal cavity and multifocal nodules in the kidneys were identified on the necropsy. Histologic examination showed anaplastic, solid patterned neoplastic cells in the kidneys and the mass. Immunohistochemistry for pancytokeratin and PAX8 was positive, while heterogeneous antigen expression was present in poorly differentiated neoplastic cells. Overall, the neoplastic changes in the kidneys and the mass were consistent with a renal origin. This case highlights the possibility of further discoveries of metastatic renal cell carcinomas in cranes.

목적: 본 연구에서는 HMD VR을 사용하며 발생한 사이버 멀미와 멀미 민감성이 상관관계를 보이는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 건강한 젊은 성인 남녀 총 52명을 대상으로 VR 콘텐츠 이용 전 탈것에 대한 멀미 민감도를 측정하기 위 한 설문인 멀미 민감성 설문(Motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire)을 시행하였다. 광학 흐름 요소로 구 분한 두 가지 VR 콘텐츠를 선정하여 대상자에게 사용하도록 하고 사이버 멀미를 평가하기 위해 보편적으로 사용되 는 Simulator sickness questionnaire, SSQ 설문지를 통해 VR 콘텐츠 이용 전과 후의 사이버 멀미를 측정하였 다. VR 콘텐츠를 사용할 때 발생한 사이버 멀미와 피험자의 멀미 민감성에 대한 상관분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : VR 콘텐츠 A와 B를 사용 후 발생한 사이버 멀미와 멀미 민감성 상관분석에서 콘텐츠 A의 SSQ 요인 중 메스꺼움, 방향감각상실에서 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 그중 메스꺼움 요인은 만 12세 이전 어린 시절, 최근 10년 간 성인 시절, 그리고 전체 멀미 민감성 항목 모두에서 유의한 상관관계가 나타났다. 반면 콘텐츠 B에서는 모든 항 목에서 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 결론 : VR 콘텐츠를 사용하며 발생하는 사이버 멀미는 사용자에게 자기 움직임 착각을 유발하는 화면 구성 요 소가 많을 때 크게 나타났다. 두 콘텐츠 모두 게임을 진행할 때 전경의 움직임을 통해 플레이어의 이동 속도와 방 향을 가늠하게끔 구성되어있는데, 그중에서도 사용자의 평소 자세 움직임과 VR 환경에서 예상되는 자세 움직임이 일치하지 않은 콘텐츠에서 기존 멀미 민감성과 상관관계가 나타났다. 이를 분석하고 더 나아가 사이버 멀미를 저감 하기 위해서는 VR 콘텐츠의 시각적인 화면 구성 요소를 사용자들의 평소 움직임 패턴과 유사하게 제작하는 등 과 도한 vection을 제한할 필요성이 있다.

Probiotics have been evaluated as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment in an increasing number of studies. This study investigated the inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of specific Lactobacillus strains on a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29). The strains assessed were Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri VA 102, Ligilactobacillus (L.) animalis VA 105, and Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri KCTC 3594 (ATCC 23272). The viability of HT-29 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. The findings revealed that cell-free supernatants (CFS) exhibited significant anticancer effects. Heat-inactivated L. reuteri VA 105 and L. reuteri KCTC 3594 induced a pronounced reduction in cell viability. Furthermore, live cultures of L. reuteri VA 105 and L. reuteri VA 102 also showed reduced cell viability compared to the control group. These results suggest that CFS and heat-inactivated cells may be more suitable for therapeutic applications than live bacteria owing to their improved safety profiles and reduced potential for adverse effects. Our findings also emphasize the potential anticancer benefits of these LAB strains.

목적 : 근시 교정용 비구면렌즈를 대상으로 중심 두께와 굴절률 및 굴절력 그리고 직경이 가장자리 두께와 무게에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 비교하고 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 시중에 판매되고 있는 근시 교정용 렌즈를 굴절률(1.56~1.74)과 굴절력(-3.00~-8.00 D)별로 252개를 대상으로 선정하였다. 굴절률과 굴절력별로 40.00, 50.00 및 60.00 mm 직경 크기로 평산각 가공하여 가장자리 두께와 무게를 측정하여 그 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : 가장자리 두께는 직경이 1.00 mm 증가하였을 때 0.11 mm 증가하고 굴절력이 –1.00 D 증가하였을 때 0.50 mm 증가하며 굴절률이 한 단계 높아질 때 0.24 mm 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 무게는 직경이 1.00 mm 증가 하였을 때 0.42 g 증가하고 굴절력이 –1.00 D 증가하였을 때 0.75 g 증가하며 굴절률이 한 단계 높아질 때 0.08 g 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 가장자리 두께와 무게와의 인과관계는 직경이 가장 크고, 굴절력, 굴절률, 중심 두께 순으 로 나타났으며 가장자리 두께가 1.00 mm 증가하면 무게는 2.57 g 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 근시안을 비구면렌즈로 교정하고자 할 때, 굴절이상도와 안경렌즈 각 요소와의 관계를 고려하여 안경렌 즈를 선택하면 가장자리 두께 및 무게 감소에 도움이 되리라 사료된다.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth of ASEAN countries. This study also discovered impacts of other factors such as labor force, trade openness, gross fixed capital formation, domestic credit, and pandemic on economic growth. We used country panel data during the period of 1998-2021 from nine ASEAN countries including Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Data were collected from world development indicators of the World Bank and UNCTAD database. Estimation results from fixed effects models showed a consistency in terms of impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth between two outputs (GDP per capita and national GDP). This study found that foreign direct investment had a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the ASEAN region. Moreover, control factors also impacted economic growth positively, except for COVID- 19 v ariable, w hich h ad a n egative impact. Labor force had the strongest impact, followed by gross fixed capital formation, COVID-19, and bank credit. Based on these results, some implications for ASEAN policymakers are suggested.

Background: The ability of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to transduce various cell types with minimal immune responses renders them prominent vectors for gene editing (GE), with different AAV serotypes exhibiting distinct transduction efficiencies due to their specific cellular tropism. However, detailed molecular processes of AAV infection and penetration, as well as the optimal serotype for specific purposes, remain poorly understood. Porcine models are widely used in research benefitting both human and livestock due to anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. Methods: Transduction efficiencies of 18 AAV serotypes (AAV1–9, 6.2, rh10, DJ, DJ/8, PHP.eB, PHP.S, 2-retro, 2-QuadYF, and 2.7m8) were evaluated in immortalized porcine lung epithelial cells (pLCsImt) and pulmonary alveolar macrophages 3D4/31 (PAMs 3D4/31). Results: We found AAV2, DJ, and 2.7m8 to be the most effective in both cell types. The highest enhanced green fluorescent protein expression of 52.46 ± 2.4% in pLCsImt and 64.08 ± 2.4% in PAMs 3D4/31 was observed for AAV2, while negligible transduction was observed for AAV4, rh10, DJ, PHP.eB, PHP.S, and 2-retro. AAV-DJ showed superior transduction efficiency in PK-15, as compared to AAV2 and 2.7m8. Results emphasize the cell type-specific nature of AAV serotype transduction efficiencies. Notably, AAV2 was most effective in both lung and macrophage cells, whereas AAV-DJ was more effective in renal cells. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that AAV2 was identified as the most efficient serotype for transducing pLCsImt and PAMs 3D4/31, compare to the PK-15 cells. Understanding cell type-specific preferences of AAV serotypes offer crucial insight for tailoring AAV vectors to specific tissue and optimizing genome editing strategies, with potential implications for the advancement of personalized medicine and development of treatments for human and livestock.

Afoxolaner is an insecticide and acaricide that belongs to the isoxazoline chemical compound group. it has been used as an active pharmaceutical ingrdient in veterinary medicine to treat fleas and ticks in dogs. When patents expire between 2026 and 2066, it is expected that many products will be applied for approval as generic products, and reserch to establish accurate quality control methods must be conducted and managed. HPLC method was developed for the quantitative and qualitative of afoxolaner in veterinary medicinal products. The separation of active constituents for afoxolaner was achieved on a RP18 (4.6 x 150 mm, 5 μm) column using Water : Acetonitrile : MeOH (25:30:45 v/v/v) as mobile phase, with UV detection at 245 nm. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. All calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 of 0.999) within the concentration ranges (12.5 to 400 μg/mL). For accuracy, the recovery rate was calculated by spiking three concentrations of standard into the sample blank. The recovery rate was calculated to be 99.70~100.58%. Precision was measured 9 times repeatedly through intra-day, inter-day tests using standard. It showed excellent precision by satisfying the relative standard deviation of less than 2% both intra-day and inter-day. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 2.0 μg/mL and 6.1 μg/mL, respectively. This method was successfully applied to analyzing afoxolaner drugs distributed in Korea. The HPLC method described in this study is accurate and reproducible and could be applied for the analysis of veterinary drugs of afoxolaner.

Silage inoculants, which include beneficial microorganisms like lactic acid bacteria (LAB), play a vital role in modern silage production by enhancing fermentation quality. This study evaluated the effectiveness of various commercial inoculants on the fermentation dynamics of Italian ryegrass silage over 45 days. The treatments included a control group and five inoculant formulations: T1 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum), T2 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus), T3 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactiplantibacillus buchneri), T4 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactiplantibacillus acidophilus and Lactiplantibacillus bulgaricus), and T5 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus faecium). After 45 days, all treatment groups exhibited significantly higher crude protein (CP) content compared to the control group (80.64 g/kg dry matter (DM), p<0.05). Treatments T2 and T5, which incorporated combinations of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus faecium, showed higher CP contents at 105.53 and 107.05 g/kg DM, respectively. The inoculated silages also demonstrated a rapid pH reduction within the early days, with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in T1 reducing the pH to 4.0 within four days. Additionally, inoculated treatments had significantly higher lactic acid levels than the control (67.96 g/kg DM, p<0.05), and T3 (Lactiplantibacillus buchneri) produced higher acetic acid levels (16.07 g/kg DM, p<0.05) than other inoculants. The control group also had a notably higher ammonia nitrogen content. In conclusion, while single-strain inoculants like Lactiplantibacillus plantarum are effective for rapid acidification, the use of combined bacterial strains can further enhance silage quality by improving lactic acid fermentation and nutrient preservation, particularly in treatments like Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactiplantibacillus buchneri and Enterococcus faecium.

Background: South Korea has recently faced record-high temperatures, which have adversely affected dairy production. Holstein cows, the primary dairy breed globally, are particularly sensitive to heat stress. In contrast, Jersey cows have shown greater heat tolerance, as demonstrated by phenotypic studies. Methods: We investigated physiological and molecular responses to heat stress in Holstein and Jersey cows by measuring rectal temperature, milk yield, and average daily gain, confirming Holstein cows’ greater vulnerability. To explore molecular mechanisms, we analyzed circulating microRNA profiles from whole blood samples collected under heat stress and normal conditions using microRNA-sequencing. Differential expression patterns were compared between the two breeds to identify biological pathways associated with heat stress. Results: Four microRNAs (bta-miR-20b, bta-miR-1246, bta-miR-2284x, and bta-miR- 2284y) were significantly differentially expressed in both breeds under heat stress (|FC| ≥ 2, p < 0.05). Notably, bta-miR-20b and bta-miR-1246 were linked to corpus luteum function and progesterone biosynthesis, while bta-miR-2284x and bta-miR- 2284y were associated with immune responses. A comparison of 11 potential heat stress-related microRNAs identified in previous studies of Holstein cows revealed consistent expression trends in Jersey cows, albeit with lower fold changes, suggesting their superior heat resilience. Conclusions: Our study highlights the physiological and microRNA-based differences in heat stress responses between Holstein and Jersey cows. Jersey cows exhibited greater resilience, supported by more stable microRNA expression profiles and improved heat stress indicators, making them a promising breed for dairy production in increasingly hot climates.