A novel recombinant baculovirus, NeuroBactrus, was constructed to develop an improved baculovirus insecticide with additional beneficial properties such as higher insecticidal activity and recovery to wild-type baculovirus. For this, Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene (cry1-5) was introduced into Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) genome by fusion of polyhedrincry1- 5-polyhedrin under the control of poyhedrin gene promoter. In the opposite direction of this fusion gene, an insect-specific neurotoxin gene (AaIT) under the control of early promoter from Cotesia plutellae bracovirus was introduced by fusion of orf603 partial fragment. Western hybridization and confocal microscopy revealed that AaIT neurotoxin and Polyhedrin-Cry1-5-Polyhedrin fusion protein expressed by the NeuroBactrus and that the fusion protein occluded into the polyhedra. In addition, the fusion protein was activated as about 65 kDa of crystal protein when treated with trypsin. The NeuroBactrus showed high level of insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella larvae and significant reduction in median lethal time (LT50) against Spodoptera exigua larvae compared to those of wild-type AcMNPV. Re-recombinants derived from the NeuroBactrus, NBt-Del5 (deleted cry1-5), NBt-DelA (deleted AaIT) and NBt-Del5A (deleted cry1-5 and AaIT; wild-type baculovirus) were generated in serial passages in vitro and in vivo. These results suggested that the NeuroBactrus could be transferred to wild-type baculovirus along with serial passages by the homologous recombination between two polyhedrin genes and two partial orf603 fragments.

To develop an advanced baculovirus insecticide with additional advantages, such as higher toxicity and recovering to wild-type baculovirus, a novel recombinant baculovirus, NeuroBactrus was constructed. Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene (cry1-5) and an insect-specific neurotoxin gene (AaIT) were introduced into Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus genome by fusion of polyhedrin-cry1-5-polyhedrin under the control of poyhedrin gene promoter, and by fusion of orf603 partial genes and AaIT under the control of early promoter of ORF3006 from Cotesia plutellae bracovirus. About 150 kDa of Polyhedrin-Cry1-5-Polyhedrin fusion protein expressed by NeuroBactrus was occluded into the polyhedra, and activated as about 65 kDa of crystal protein when treated with trypsin. RT-PCR analysis indicated that transcription of AaIT gene occurs by 2 h postinfection (p.i.) and increased at 16 h p.i.. NeuroBactrus showed high toxicity against Plutella xylostella larvae and significant reduction in median lethal time (LT50) against Spodoptera exigua larvae compared to those of wild-type AcNPV. Re-recombinants derived from NeuroBactrus, NBt-Del5 (deleted cry1-5), NBt-DelA (deleted AaIT) and NBt-Del5A (deleted cry1-5 and AaIT; wild-type baculovirus) were generated in serial passages in vitro. This result showed that the NeuroBactrus could be transferred to wild-type baculovirus along with serial passages by the homologous recombination between two polyhedrin genes and two partial orf603 genes.

To develop an improved baculovirus insecticide with additional advantages, a novel recombinant baculovirus, AcB5B-AaIT was constructed. B. thuringiensis crystal protein gene (cry1-5) and insect-specific neurotoxin gene (AaIT) were introduced into Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus genome by fusion of polyhedrin-cry1-5-polyhedrin under the control of polyhedrin (polh) gene promoter, and AaIT under the control of early promoter of ORF3004 from Cotesia plutellae bracovirus, respectively. About 150 kDa of Polyhedrin-Cry1-5-Polyhedrin fusion protein expressed by AcB5B-AaIT was occluded into the polyhedra produced by the recombinant virus, and activated as about 65 kDa of crystal protein when treated with gut-juice of Bombyx mori. The AcB5B-AaIT showed about 50% reduced LT50 value compared to that of the recombinant virus, Ap1Ac, expressing Cry1Ac against Plutella xylostella larvae. In addition, Spodoptera exigua larvae fed the recombinant polyhedra of AcB5B-AaIT showed about 4 fold higher refusing diet effect compared S. exigua larvae fed the recombinant polyhedra of the recombinant virus, Ap1C, expressing Cry1C. AcB5B-AaIT could be transferred to wild-type baculovirus along with serial passage by the homologous recombination between two polyhedrin genes contained in polh-cry1-5-polh fusion protein gene. These results suggested that the novel recombinant baculovirus, AcB5B-AaIT, could be applied as advanced viral insecticide.

Background : Although ginseng has various bioactive compounds in it, there is lack of study on the variations of bioactive compounds in ginseng according to the cultivation soil and the applied fertilizer types (or amount). Therefore, this study aims to examine the variations of 37 fatty acids (FA) and 8 vitamin E (Vit-E) vitamers in 6-year-old ginseng root cultivated in different soil types with different fertilizers regimes. Methods and Results : The profiling of 37 FAs and 8 Vit-E vitamers in 6-year-old ginseng roots was measured by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector, and then these results were statistically analyzed with chemometrics. The FA and Vit-E content in ginseng roots varied significantly with respect to soil cultivation conditions due to organic fertilizer types and amounts used. Unsaturated FA in ginseng is approximately 2.7 fold higher than the saturated FA. Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids were the most abundant FAs found in the ginseng roots. Also, the major Vit-E vitamer found in ginseng root is α-tocopherol. In particular, the application of rice straw compost or food waste fertilizer was increased to create nutritionally desirable FAs and bioactive Vit-E in ginseng root. In addition, phytonutrient profiling coupled with chemometrics can be used to discriminate the cultivation conditions of ginseng. Conclusion : This study extends our understanding about the variations of FA and Vit-E in ginseng root depending on cultivation conditions. Hence, these results can be useful as basic information for reliable ginseng production containing high amounts of phytonutrients in a paddy-converted field.

Background : This study is designed to select the best shading materials for the 4-year old ginseng K-1 variety by examining the light volume, photosynthesis and growth characteristics of ginseng. Methods and Results : The ginseng seedling was transplanted in the 7 lines x 9 rows (63 plants)/ 1.65 ㎡. The shading materials were installed in the form of rear line with 170 ㎝ high for front pole and 100 ㎝ high for rear pole. The installation of shading materials were installed in combination of polyethylene, blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene, polyethylene + polyethylene, polyethylene + aluminium screen 70%, polyethylene + aluminium screen 100%, aluminium shade plate to inspect the photosynthesis and ginseng's growth characteristics. The photosynthetic rate was measured on the middle of small leaf using the photosynthetic tester (L1-6400, Li-COR) a t 10 : 00 – 14 : 00 on a clear day with the light volume of 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, 1,400, 1,800 μmol s-1m-2.For the ginseng K-1, which is 4-years old, the aerial parts growth (such as survival rate, height of plant, length of stem, diameter of steam and length of leaf) and underground part (length, diameter and weight of root) were examined in 2016. As for the PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), the aluminum shade plate showed the best performance while the polyethylene + polyethylene showed the least. As for the photosynthetic rate, the following order was shown in the decreasing order: blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene > polyethylene > aluminium shade plate ≒ polyethylene + aluminium screen 100%, > polyethylene + polyethylene > polyethylene + aluminium screen 70%. As for the survival rate for 4-year old ginseng, the polyethylene + aluminium screen 70% showed the highest survival rate with 91.0%. As for the growth of aerial part of ginseng, the polyethylene and polyethylene + polyethylene showed the best growth. As for the underground part of ginseng, the polyethylene, blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene, and polyethylene + polyethylene showed the best growth in the length of roots and length of main root while polyethylene and blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene showed the best growth in the weight of roots. Conclusion : In conclusion, considering the characteristics of photosynthesis and the underground parts of ginseng, it was found that the best shading materials for K-1 4-year old ginseng is blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene.

Background : The study is designed to select the organic fertilizer as an additional fertilizer suitable for improving the yield of ginseng cultivar K-1 at low productive land when it is cultivated as 6-year old red ginseng. Methods and Results : This study was conducted in 2016 at a farm in Paju cultivating 6-year old ginseng root. As for the management of the cultivation land, in 2010 and 2011, Sudangrass was cultivated in order to make the organic matter content and chemical composition suitable for ginseng cultivation, and more than 15 tillage works were carried out a year. The transplantation was carried out at the planting density of 63 weeks / 1.62 ㎡ in April 2012. On May 2, the amount of 15 ℓ / 1.62 ㎡ of N 1.5 ㎏/1,000 ㎡ was supplied to the non-treatment, liquid fertilizer of fermented rice bran, liquid fertilizer of fermented soybean, seaweed and liquid yeast. N 1.5 ㎏/1,000 ㎡ was put into the soil for the fermented soybean and leaf mold. The photosynthetic rate was measured on the middle part of the small leaf by using a photosynthetic analyzer (LI-6400, Li-COR) at 10 : 00 - 14 : 00 on a clear day under PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) of 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, 1,400, 1,800 μmol s-1m-2. The growth features of ginseng (including the length of stem, length of leaf, width of leaf, length of root and yield, etc.) as well as leaf discoloration, and root rot, etc were examined. The statistical analysis was performed 3 times in the randomized block design. For the rate of photosynthesis, the liquid fertilizer of fermented rice bran > liquid fertilizer of fermented soybean ≒ untreated ≒ fermented soybean > seaweed > liquid yeast > leaf mold was higher in that order. The survival rate ranged from 42.9% to 51.9%. As for the above-ground growth characteristics, the liquid fertilizer of fermented rice bran, liquid fertilizer of fermented soybean, seaweed and liquid yeast showed higher performance than the non-treated while the fermented soybean and leaf mold showed similar performance to the non-treatment. As for the underground growth, the liquid fertilizer of fermented rice-bran, liquid fertilizer of fermented soybean, fermented soybean, or leaf mold showed the same performance as non-treatment while the fermented soybean or leaf mold showed shorter length than non-treatment. As for the yield, the liquid fertilizer of fermented rice-bran, or liquid fertilizer of fermented soybean showed better performance than non-treatment. Conclusion : In conclusion, it was found that liquid fertilizer of fermented rice bran and liquid fertilizer of fermented soybean are the suitable organic fertilizers which can be used in ginseng cultivation for improving the quantitative yield of 6-year-old ginseng in low-producing area.

Background : Corrosion is one of the most devastating problems faced by most industries. Mild steel has played a vital role in various fields due to the excellent mechanical properties of mild steel such as low density, high strength-to-weight ratios, good environmental stability, high thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Methods and Results : The total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the methanolic extract of C. grandiflora and R. verniciflua leaf have been examined, and its corrosion inhibition performance was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization measurements. The surface morphology of mild steel was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The percentage composition of polyphenolic compounds was found to be higher in C. grandiflora and R. verniciflua plant extracts, and it was proved to be a superior, eco-friendly, and anti-corrosive inhibitor for mild steel in 1M of H2SO4. The Tafel polarization studies indicate that the plant extract is a mixed-type inhibitor. Scanning electron microscopy/energy -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies confirmed the formation of a protective film on the metal surface. The corrosion inhibition of the C. grandiflora and R. verniciflua plant extracts was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible spectra, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies; these show the strong interaction between the metal surface and the inhibitor. Conclusion : The methanolic extract was prepared the two different plants like C. grandiflora, and R. verniciflua was studied the corrosion inhibition on the mild steel specimen in acidic medium through various methods involving weight loss measurements, EIS, and potentiodynamic polarization. The results shows that the C. grandiflora, and R. verniciflua plant extracts illustrate an effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel with good anticorrosion properties in acidic environmen

Background : Usually, planting and harvest time is around the middle of April. A labor shortage deu to her planting time as harvest time and some farmers were late planting culture. After planting until take rooting It will take more than one month when late planting growth is bad. Seedling cultivation, just taking rooting is agricultural growth promotion. Methods and Results : So did design the optimum nursery days and number of plants. Nursery days were 30 days and 45 days and number of plants 1, 3, 5 plants. Plant length was longer in less number of plants while Root length was longer in more number of plants of Temporary planting seedling, Leaf number was a big increase but number of plants was not a big shift. In post-havest survey, plant length was longer in 3 number of stem and root length was longer in one number of stem. 45 days and 3 number of stem seedling was the most good in number, weight and length of tuberous root. Yield of 45 days and 3 number of stem seedling was higher 7% than 1 number of stem seedling and higher 5% than 5 number of stem seedling. 45 days and 3 number of stem seedling was 1,789 thousand per 10a in income was the most. Conclusion : Result of this study, for rasing healthy seeding nursery days 45 days and number of plants 3 plant

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds have long been clinically used in Korea to promote bone formation and prevent osteoporosis. In addition, the safflower buds (SB) were found to have more useful functional ingredients than safflower seed. Thus, we investigated the preventive effects of SB diet in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The rats were divided into five groups; sham operated group, OVX alone group, OVX plus 17β-estradiol (E2 10 ㎍/㎏, i.p.) and OVX plus SB diet feeding group (0.3% or 1%). Feeding of SB diet (0.3% or 3%) to OVX rats markedly increased trabecular formation in femur compared to OVX rats. Feeding of SB diet (0.3% or 3%) to OVX rats also decreased TRAP activity compared to OVX rats. These results suggest that SB diets have bone sparing effects by the decrease of osteoclast activity. We also observed that OVX rats fed with SB diet (0.3% or 3%) exhibited the decrease of calcium and phosphorus in serum compared to OVX-induced rats. Therefore, SB may be beneficial for the patients of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women.

Purpose Rhei Rhizoma (RR) is one of the herbal medicines traditionally used to treat diverse inflammatory diseases. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Rhei Rhizoma on experimental reflux esophagitis (RE) in rats. Methods The antioxidant activity of RR in vitro was measured in terms of radical scavenging capacity such as DPPH and ABTS. RE was produced by ligating both the pylorus and the transitional junction between the forestomach and the corpus. Rhei Rhizoma (125 and 250 mg/kg) were administered every day for 7 days, and its effect was estimated on comparison with RE control and normal rats. Results RR scavenged DPPH and ABTS effectively and IC50ofDPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity of RR were 4.8 μg/ml and 15.75 μg/ml. The administration of RR decreased the elevated serum ROS in RE control rats. The RE control rats exhibited the down-regulation of antioxidant-related proteins such as Nrf2 and HO-1expression levels in the esophagitis; however, the level in the RR-treated RE rats was significantly higher than that in the RE control rats. Moreover, RE control rats exhibited the up-regulation of the protein expression related to oxidative stress at the esophagitis, but RR administration significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory proteins through the MAPK-independent signaling pathways. The expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines by NF-κB activation was modulated through blocking the degradation of IκBα. In addition, the oral administration of RR regulated the gastric mucosal damage in RE rats. Conclusion The administration of Rhei Rhizoma effectively ameliorates the inflammatory damage of esophageal mucosa through radical scavenging activity and the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful tool for the detection of DNA sequences in the specific region of the chromosomes. As well as for the integrated physical mapping, FISH karyotype analysis has to be preceded. The detailed karyotypes of two onion cultivars, which are resources for onion genome sequencing project (‘Eumginara’ and ‘Sinsunhwang’), were constructed based on triple color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S rDNA, 45S rDNA, and tandem repeat sequence. All used our materials showed 2n=2x=16 with x=8 as basic chromosome number. 5S rDNAs were located on 4 loci in one pair of interstitial region of short arm chromosome in both onion cultivars. Two pairs of 45S rDNAs were positioned in distal region of short arm chromosome in ‘Eumginara’. Otherwise 5 loci of 45S rDNAs were located in distal region of two pairs of short arm chromosome in ‘Sinsunhwang’. Among them, two signals of 45S rDNAs were co-localized in distal part of short arm and long arm chromosome, respectively. In case of tandem repeat sequence was detected on telomeric region of 8 pairs of chromosomes except on 45S ribosomal DNA sites. These results will provide a valuable background for physical mapping and help to further more understand the genome sequencing project in Allium cepa.