Oxalic acid has a nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. High producer of oxalic acid was isolated, and then named as Aspergillus niger F22. Oxalic acid production was investigated under various temperatures from 20 – 33oC and rotational speeds in 5 L jar fermenters. Yield of oxalic acid increased with decreasing temperature. The highest yield was obtained at 23oC, showing the yield of oxalic acid of 8.7 g/L, whereas oxalic acid production was least at 33oC. At 20oC, the yield was lower than that of 23oC. At a rotational speed of 300 rpm, serious oxygen depletion was present from 48 - 72 h, resulting in low productivity of 26.2 mg /L·h. When a rotational speed was set at 600 rpm, dissolved oxygen tension was over 40% and oxalic acid production increased up to approximately 55%. Viscosity during the culture differed with temperatures. Viscosity increased with the increment of temperatures. When A. niger F22 was cultured at 23oC, viscosity was 810 cP, which was favorable for oxalic acid production.

Four sympatric tortricid (Lepidoptera) species in New Zealand, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), Planotortrix octo (Dugdale), Cydia pomonella (L.), and Cydia succedana (Denis and Schiffermüller), were studied for the morphology of antennal sensilla and the chemical communication systems using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electro-antennogram (EAG), gas chromatography-electroantenno-detection (GC-EAD), single sensillum recording (SSR) and field tests. Antennal flagella of adult have four main types of olfactory sensilla (s.); s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. auricillica, and s. coeloconica in the four species. The s. trichodea subtype I was longest and male-specific in all the species. The antennae of males of the four species showed characteristic higher EAG, GC-EAD and SSR responses to 12, 14-carbon acetates or alcohol. Some of the selected chemicals selected from the electrophysiological experiments caused significant antagonistic or agonistic activities to the sex pheromone of each species in the field. In this study, the four species showed distinct chemical communication systems according to sub-family, which possibly serve as a factor in species isolation.

This study was conducted to develop local stem volume tables reflecting the local growth pattern and climate condition using stem taper equations for Pinus rigida. We developed the local stem volume table for P. rigida, which is the widely planted species following Pinus denisflora and Larix kamepferi in South Korea. Three Functions of Max & Burkhart, Kozak and Parresol et al. were applied and compared to derive the most suitable taper function. Their suitability was statistically analyzed by using the Fitness Index, Bias and Standard Error of Bias. The result showed that there was a significant difference in all three functions, and the Fitness Index of the Kozak’s function was the highest among the three functions for estimating the tree growth pattern of P. rigida. Therefore, the Kozak’s function was chosen for generating stem taper equation and local stem volume tables for P. rigida. The developed stem volume tables of each region were compared to the standard stem volume table that was driven by the data of tree growth obtained throughout the nation. The result showed that the local stem volume table was higher than standard volume tables in two regions of Muju and Boeun. There was a statistically significant difference (p<α=0.05), but there was no significant (p >α=0.05) between the local stem volume.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of continuous antagonistic muscle strengthening exercise and Evjenth-Hamberg stretching on the pulmonary function of university students with abnormal transformation of forward head posture(FHP). The results of study subject to the continuous antagonistic muscle strengthening(CAS) group(n=10) and Evjenth- Hamberg stretching(EHS) group(n=10) that was conducted 3 times a week for 6 weeks are as follow. FVC, IVC, and MVV all were shown to be significant in the pre·post comparison between the CAS group and EHS group(p<.05), and significant difference was shown for MW between the two groups(p<.05) in which the CAS group showed better effect. Based on the results above, it is considered that combining continuous antagonistic muscle strengthening exercise has better effect on pulmonary function compared to application of only Evjenth-Hamberg stretching.

현재 사용하고 있는 입목 재적표는 전국에서 수집한 데이터로 제작한 전국 공용의 재적표이기 때문에, 특정 지역에 적용할 경우 재적을 과소 또는 과대 추정하는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 수간곡선식을 이용하여 지역의 재적생장을 잘 반영할 수 있도록 홍천, 평창, 영주 3지역의 지방별 입목 수간재적표를 개발하고자 수행하였다. 우리나라에서 소나무 다음으로 많이 식재되어 있는 낙엽송 대상으로 개발하였다. 추정에 적합한 수간곡선식의 도출을 위해서 Max & Burkhart식, Korzak 그리고 Parresol et al.의 세 가지 수간곡선 모델을 적용하였으며, 적합도, 편의, 잔차의 표준 편차 등의 통계량을 분석하여 각 모델의 적합성을 평가하였다. 그 결과 3개의 수간곡선 모델간에는 유의적인 차이가 없으나, 낙엽송의 수간생장을 표현하는 데에는 Kozak 모델이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 Kozak 모형을 이용하여 낙엽송의 지방별 수간재적표를 조제하였다. 새롭게 개발된 지방별 수간재적표와 전국단위의 낙엽송 수간재적표와 비교한 결과, 홍천, 평창, 영주 3지역 모두에서 현재 재적표보다 재적이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 (0.000<α=0.05), 또한 그리고 지방별 재적표간의 재적은 통계적으로는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았지만 (0.603>α=0.05), 평균의 단순 비교에서는 홍천, 평창, 영주 순으로 재적이 높게 나타났다.

기후변화에 따른 한반도 난대지역 상록수종인 후박나무의 적지예측모델을 개발하기 위하여 본 연구가 수행되었다. 생장 및 입지환경 인자들간의 관계 구명을 통하여 양적·질적 자료 분석이 가능한 수량화 분석 방법에 의하여 후박나무의 적지예측 평가기준을 도출하였으며, 적지예측 프로그램은 ESRI, ArcView GIS 프로그램을 이용하여 개발하였다. 개발된 프로그램은 적지예측의 정확성 검토를 위하여 다양한 난대 상록활엽수가 분포하고 있는 전남 완도 지역에 적용하였다. 후박나무의 적지예측 분석 결과, 최적 생육 입지환경은 계곡부위의 경사도가 15~20°로, 토양습도가 적윤하며 토심이 50~70cm인 붕적토로 나타났다. 또한 암석노출이 30% 이상으로 바람의 영향을 거의 받지 않는 곳으로 나타났다. 적지예측 등급별 면적과 면적비는Ⅰ등급 1,347.4ha, 23.0%, Ⅱ등급 2,295.2ha, 39.2%, Ⅲ등급 1,350.9ha, 23.1%, Ⅳ등급 856.3ha, 14.6%로 분석되었으며, 등급별 면적비는 Ⅱ등급지가 39.2%로 가장 높게 나타났다.

본 연구는 강원도 홍천군 운두령 일대에 설치된 잣나무 등 5개소 임목생장 모니터링구를 대상으로 생장변화를 구명하고, 탄소저장량 및 흡수량을 산정하고자 하였다. 임목생장 모니터링구에서의 각 수종별 단위면적(ha)당 연평균 임분재적 생장율은 잣나무 6.6%, 낙엽송 3.8%, 소나무 1.8%, 신갈나무 1.3%, 자작나무 0.7% 순으로 나타났다. 각 고정조사구의 단위 면적(ha)당 탄소저장량은 2004년과 2014년에 각각 활엽수인 신갈나무가 186.1 tC/ha, 200.0 tC/ha 로 가장 많고, 그 다음 소나무, 낙엽송 순이었다. 자작나무는 가장 적은 48.6 tC/ha, 55.2 tC/ha을 나타내었다. 연간 이산화탄소흡수량은 신갈나무(12.6 tCO2/ha/yr.), 낙엽송(12.1 tCO2/ha/yr.), 잣나무(11.3 tCO2/ha/yr.) 순으로 나타나 수종별 표준 탄소 흡수량 기준보다 모두 높은 수치를 보여 주었다. 실제 연평균 탄소흡수 증가율을 보면 상대적으로 신갈나무, 소나무에 비해 모니터링구 설치 당시 유령림이었던 잣나무(2.9%)와 낙엽송(0.6%)이 높게 나타났다. 이는 천연림 소나무와 신갈나무가 노령기에 접어들면서 어느 정도 생장이 둔화된 것으로 보인다. 고산지대 산림이라는 열악한 환경에도 불구하고 운두령의 산림은 수종별 전국적인 평균 탄소흡수량 기준과 비교하여 흡수량이 더 높아 이 지역에서의 산림도 여전히 충분한 탄소저감 기능을 갖고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

It is conceivable that the construction of a convention is in question in a case brought before ICJ and a State that is a party to the convention but not to the case has legal interests which may be affected by the construction given by the judgment in the case. As hinted at in the Whaling in the Antarctic case and the Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan case, such a third State might intervene in the proceedings under Article 62 as well as Article 63 of the Statute unless it should be interpreted otherwise. In light of relevant provisions of the Statute and jurisprudence of the Court, this paper explores the question whether such a State has the choice, to submit an application to intervene under Article 62 or to make a declaration of intervention under Article 63.

Lentinula edodes is known by oak mushroom. It has been favored as delicious and nutritious food and the low-calorie food with a high nutritional value. It is also functional food since it contains a material well-known for its medicinal benefits. Since the growth and quality of oak mushrooms are sensitively affected by environmental conditions, an adequate environmental control is very essential to improve the yield and quality under protected cultivation. The main objectives of the study were to investigate cultural characteristics of mycelial growth and in vitro fruiting of Lentinula edodes. The optimum culture media for mycelial growth of L. edodes were PDA and MYA. Similarly, optimum temperature was 25℃. Malt extract(2%) and yeast extract(0.2%) were optimum carbon and nitrogen sources. Optimal culture period was 110~120 days in sawdust medium. Among different five log types, highest mycelial growth and fruiting productivity were observed in Quercus variabilis sawdust(20.9%).

This study aims to reveal the impact of continuous antagonist strengthening( CAS) and Evjenth-Hamberg stretching(EHS) on the cervical mobility in the university students with abnormal transformation of forward head posture( FHP). Our experiment was conducted 3 times a week for 6 weeks in a total of 20 individuals : continuous antagonist strengthening(CAS) group(n=10) & Evjenth-Hamberg stretching(EHS) group(n=10). In a pre and post comparison, both CAS group and EHS group appeared significantly in mSBI and SBA(p<.05) and the two-group comparison showed a significant difference(p<.05) : CAS group showed better effects. Thus, it is considered that the combined use with continuous antagonist strengthening(CAS) had better effects for cervical mobility than Evjenth-Hamberg stretching(EHS) alone.

As demand for Tenebrio molitor increases in animal feed market, improvement of mass-rearing indoor system became more crucial. This study is aimed at establishing the technology for conserving genetic resource of Tenebrio molitor, and increasing the technology utilization. This year, in advance, this experiment was designed for examining the developmental characteristics of eggs and larvae. To research the developmental characteristics under different temperatures, eggs, larvae and papae were treated at 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C. At 25°C, larvae were exposed to various photoperiod conditions, LD 14:10, 12:12, and 10:14. The results show that the temperature range which affected hatching was 15~32.5°C. To achieve 70 percent or higher hatching rate 17.5~27.5°C was required. Furthermore, hatching occurred within 10 days, when the eggs were treated in 22.5~27.5°C. In regard of larval development, shorter developmental period, and higher pupation and eclosion rates were observed in 25~27.5°C. The shortest larval period was recorded at 14L:10D. At 10L:14D, in contrast, pupae showed the lowest chance of eclosion. Overall, larval development was optimal in long-day condition.

Ski protein is implicated in proliferation/differentiation in a variety of cells. We had previously reported that Ski protein is present in granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in preovulatory follicles, suggesting that Ski has a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells. The alternative fate of granulosa cells other than apoptosis is to differentiate to luteal cells; however, it is unknown whether Ski is expressed and has a role in granulosa cells undergoing luteinization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in the rat ovary during luteinizationto predict the possible role of Ski. In order to examine the expression pattern of Ski protein along with the progress of luteinization, follicular growth was induced by administration of equine chorionic gonadtropin to immature female rats, and luteinization was induced by human chorionic gonadtropin treatment to mimic luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. While no Ski-positive granulosa cells were present in preovulatory follicle, Ski protein expression was induced in response to LH surge, and was maintained after the formation of the corpus luteum (CL). Though Ski protein is absent in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicle, its mRNA (c-Ski)was expressed and the level was unchanged even after LH surge. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Ski protein expression is induced in granulosa cells upon luteinization, and suggests that its expression is regulated post-transcriptionally.

In order to isolate thermophilic compost-promoting bacteria with high activity of cellulase and xylanase, spent mushroom substrates with sawdust were collected from mushroom cultivation farm, Jinju, Gyeongnam in Korea. Among of the isolates, one strain, designated HJ01 was selected by agar diffusion method. The strain HJ01 was identified as members of the Bacillus subtilis by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain HJ01 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus subtilis with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 99.3%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain HJ01 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus subtilis HJ0 is proposed. The cellulase and xylanase activity of B. subtilis HJ0 was slightly increased according to bacterial population from exponential phase to stationary phase in growth curve for B. subtilis HJ01.