The radiolytic decomposition of oxalic acid was investigated using gamma irradiation for decontamination of nuclear power systems. The study used high-purity analytical grade chemicals, with initial concentrations of oxalic acid prepared at 1, 2, 5, and 10 mM, and the initial pH was adjusted to 2-3 at each test condition. Gamma irradiation was performed using a high-level Co-60 source, and absorbed doses were 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 kGy. The results showed that the efficiency of gamma irradiation decreased with longer gamma exposure time, and the G-value increased with the initial concentration of oxalic acid. Interestingly, the G-value decreased with accumulated radiation dose, but the removal increased. The dose constant ranged from 0.1695 to 0.0536 kGy-1 at different initial concentrations, and the G-value was inversely proportional to the dose constant. The study concluded that oxalic acid was successfully degraded by gamma irradiation, and 92% removal was obtained at the initial concentration of 10 mM. The mineralization of oxalic acid at higher concentrations was more difficult due to the great number of generated intermediates.

Urbanization is one of the leading causes of habitat loss, habitat degradation, and fragmentation. Urban development negatively affects biodiversity. This study aimed to clarify the change of butterfly communities on effect of urbanization in urban green areas. Butterfly survey was conducted using the line transect methods from April to October in 2012. A total of 59 species and 1,465 individuals of butterflies were observed in four urban green areas: Namsan Park (NS), Ewha Womans University (EW), Bukseoul Dream Forest (BD), and Hongneung Forest (HF), and natural forest: Gwangneung Forest (GF). The category of land use around study site was determined based on GIS data. Species richness and abundance of niche breadth and habitat type in urban green areas differed significantly from those in GF. Estimated species richness and species diversity (H’) in four urban green areas were significantly lower than those in GF. Species richness and abundance of forest interior species and specialist were positively correlated with paddy, field, and forest, whereas those of forest interior species and specialist were negatively correlated with urban area and road. Butterfly communities in four urban green area differed from that in GF. The result suggests that the decrease of paddy, field, and forest associated with increase of urban area and road negatively influences species composition and changes butterfly communities.

We are currently developing the smart mosquito counter device (height 1080mm × width 560mm × diameter 320mm, 220V 60Hz 30W), which can attract the blood sucking female mosquitoes by emitting CO2 gas (300ml/min), can count the number of the captured mosquitoes by an infra-red beam area sensor, and can send the captured mosquitoes’ number through the CDMA module at real time. We operated the 8 – 16 devices with mosquito sensor networks and a server at the Youngdeungpo-gu areas in Seoul city of south Korea for three years (2011-2013) and we could efficiently control mosquitoes at the high mosquito density area based on the mosquito sensor’s data. We found that the accuracy of the device was about over 93% compared the real mosquito data and transmitted data by CDMA. We also found the water reservoir areas to control floods in Seoul metro city had relatively higher mosquito density than other normal areas, because those flat water areas were preferred by mosquitoes. Because our pest control office knew the mosquito occurrence peak times and areas from mosquito data transmitted by the mosquito sensor devices, we efficiently controlled mosquito larva and adults at the right time. We could accomplish very systematic mosquito control policy and we had the high credibility with the results. Based on the mosquito occurrence data, we selectively and scientifically controlled mosquitoes. Therefore, we reduced pesticide usage and saved annually pesticide expenses up to 2/3. Conclusively, if there is no mosquito, we don’t have to control mosquitoes.

Background : According to medicinal plant standard culture, flower organ should be removed but there is no detail information on flower organ removal in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi. This study was carried out to examine effect of flower organ removal on the increase of roots yield in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi. Methods and Results : ○ Experiment variety : Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi. ○ Treatment : ① Flower organ non-cutting ② Flower organ cutting ○ Planting date : April, 2015/ April 25, 2016 ○ Planting distance : 30×20cm/ 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng & Medicinal Plant Research Institute(Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : The fresh rhizome yield of F. O. C. at a bud treatments were increased 21.0% ∼50.0% compare to F. O. N. C. treatments. The fresh rhizome yield of F. O. C. at a flower treatments were increased 17.4%∼34.6% compare to F. O. N. C. treatments. The fresh weight of above-ground parts of F. O. C. treatments were decreased 77.2%∼65.7% compare to F. O. N. C. treatments. F. O. C.(=Flower organ cutting) / F. O. N. C.(=Flower organ non-cutting).

Background : Jiwhang (Rehmannia glutinosa L.) cultivation area of chungnam province was 62ha(219 farms, 53.9% of domestic cultivation area, M.A.F.R.A. 20142)). Recently, jiwhang is rapidly spread to 150ha ( Geumsan administration statistics, 2015) as taking place of income crop in Chungnam. High quality jiwhang GAP production and improvement of the distribution system including magnus customers, producer association fosterage and conventional market Vitalization were the reason of rapid cultivation area increase of Rehmannia glutinosa L. in Geumsan. This study was performed to set up the standard Rhizome size for planting in Rehmannia glutinosa L. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Togang ○ Treatment(rhizome length) : ① 1cm ② 2cm ③ 3cm ④ 4cm ⑤ 6cm(control) ○ Planting date : May 6, 2015 ○ Planting distance : 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : In the aboveground growth was no significant difference among treatments. In the root characteristics, there was no significant difference among treatments. Take a 1∼2cm rhizome planting saved rhizome amount and planting time to 73.8%∼64.3% and 68.4%∼ 57.8% respectively than 6cm(control).

Background : Generally, price of Jiwhang(Rehmannia glutinosa L.) is highest in August. In this study, Economic Evaluation and Productivity of 9 Jiwhang varieties w ere analyzed according to harvesting tim es of August and October. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Jiwhang 1, Korea jiwhang, Daegyung, Gogang, Togang, Dagang, Wongang, Hwanggang and Yeongang ○ Treatment : ①Initial-August harvest ②Mid-August harvest ③Ended-August harvest ④Ended-October harvest ○ Planting date : April 17, 2015 ○ Planting distance : 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : The higher roots yield at August harvest was in Gogang, Dagang and Togang. The lower roots yield at August harvest was in Korea jiwhang and Hwanggang. The higher economic feasibility at August harvest was in Gogang, Togang, Dagang and Wongang. The higher economic feasibility at ended-October harvest was in Gogang, Yeongang, Togang, Dagang and Wongang.

Background : According to medicinal plant standard culture, flower stalk should be removed at the stage of 4-5 main leaves appearance but there is no detail information on stalk removal in jiwhang (Rehmannia glutinosa L.). This study was carried out to examine effect of flower stalk removal on the increase of total yield in Rehmannia glutinosa L. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Korea jiwhang, Wongang ○ Treatment : ① Peduncle non-cutting ② Peduncle cutting ○ Planting date : April 18, 2015 ○ Planting distance : 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : Aerial part growth was no significant difference according to treatments in Wongang and aerial weight was havier in Peduncle cutting than in Peduncle non-cutting. Aerial part growth was no significant difference according to treatments in Korea jiwhang. The roots yield in Korea jiwhang was increased about 5.2% in Peduncle cutting. The roots yield in Wongang was increased about 24.9% in Peduncle cutting.

Background : Bai Zhu is generally harvested in 1-2 years after seedstock planting. Recently mainly in Guemsan, Bai Zhu is harvested in just 1 year after planting in spring . According to medicinal plant standard culture, Bai Zhu should be directly sown by 20cm distance in April. This study was carried out to find out proper planting date. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Bai Zhu (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) ○ Treatment : Planting Date ① Late march ② Early april ③ Middle of april(control) ④ Late april Plantind density : ① 30×10cm ② ① 30×20cm ○ Planting type : Direct Seeding ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : Number of lateral branches in 30×10cm was more in late march than late April and aerial part growth was superior as planting date was earlier. Emergence rate was higher in middle of April and late April and aerial part weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight rate, and dry root weight were superior as planting date was earlier. Dry weight yield increased as 38.3% in late March compared to middle of April. Dry weight was havier as 36.2% in planting time of late March and early April than planting time of middle of April and late April. Total income was higher in planting time of late March and early April than planting time of middle of April and late April.

Background : Jiwhang (Rehmannia glutinosa L.) cultivation area of Chungnam province was 62ha (219 farms, 53.9% of domestic cultivation area, MAFRA. 20142)**). Recently, jiwhang is rapidly spread to 150ha (Geumsan administration statistics, 2015) as taking place of income crop in Chungnam. High quality jiwhang GAP production and improvement of the distribution system including magnus customers, producer association fosterage and conventional market vitalization were the reason of rapid cultivation area increase of Jiwhang in Geumsan. But low emergence rate caused by spring drought should be solved. This study was carried out to obtain basic data for emergence rate improvement in jiwhang. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Korea jiwhang ○ Treatment : ①Control ② 1 time irrigation at planting time ③1 time irrigation at planting time + transparent vinyl mulching ○ Planting date : April 30, 2015 ○ Planting distance : 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : There was no significant difference in the aboveground growth among treatments. The seedling emergence rate was higher in 1 time irrigation at planting time + transparent vinyl mulching(1ITVM) than control or 1 time irrigation at planting time(1I). Aerial part weight was significantly havier in 11ITVM than control or 1I. The roots yield was also more in 1ITVM than control or 1I. According to economic analysis, total income in 1ITVM compared to 1I and control was 125.1% and 54.0% higher respectively.

We suggest a cast Alnico magnet as a new microwave absorber. The proposed Alnico microwave absorber shows advanced microwave absorption properties of 24 dB at 13.3 GHz for the thicknesses of 1 mm We also investigated the effects of the carbon, which qjfects strongly to microwave absorption in Alnico magnet microwave absorbers. Central frequency shifts toward lower frequency with increasing Alnico content which is related to the frequency to show tan 8 > 1. Also, we investigated the sample thickness dependence on the microwave absorption properties.