Brucellosis is a notorious zoonotic disease with global implications. Efforts to control the spread of the disease have been restricted to the agricultural livestock. Increasing incidences of accidental human infection have motivated researches to start working on alternative vaccines. At present, live attenuated vaccines are the only accepted type of vaccines used in developed countries for the prevention of brucellosis. Although serodiagnosis is occasionally unreliable, some countries have already claimed to have eradicated the disease, based on this testing. Live attenuated vaccines are not suitable for use in pregnant and immune-depressed animals. Moreover, these vaccines are not tolerated in humans. Therefore, many researches have been striving to discover alternative methods of vaccination. Most research has focused on the generation of subcellular, subunit, and DNA vaccines that are as efficient as the live attenuated vaccines. At present, none of the available vaccines has been able to replace the live attenuated vaccines. Therefore, additional research is necessary in order to discover a new brucellosis vaccine that is suitable for human use.

본 연구는 대구경북의 중소기업을 대상으로 전략유형과 성과관리시스템이 경영성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구를 통해 중소기업에 적합한 전략유형을 알아보고 그에 맞는 성과관리시스템의 설계를 통해 기업의 경영성과를 개선하고자 하였다. 연구결과 전략유형 중에서 기술혁신형과 생산중점형은 경영성과에 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 성과관리시스템은 재무적성과와 비재무적성과에 부분적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 전략유형과 성과관리시스템의 상호작용은 기술혁신형 기업의 경영성과에 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 중소기업들이 전략유형에 맞는 성과관리시스템의 구축을 통해 경영성과를 향상 시킬 수 있음을 지지하고, 이를 통해 기업들은 자원의 제약과 무한 경쟁을 이겨내고 지속적인 성장을 할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

Supply Chain Management(SCM) is getting important, because size of the company is getting bigger and the kinds of product are various. In the case of manufacturing corporation, for the optimization of SCM, we have to make production and distribution plan by considering the various fluctuation in the aspect of integration. In this paper, first, It proposed the reasonable operational way of the SCM about when the customer’s demanding is various and demanding expectation fluctuates in capacity standardization of producer stage. Second, the paper proposed the management way for demanding by considering confirmed demanding information, related inventory expense and demanding shortage expense when we make production and distribution plan. The paper applied the genetic algorithm proved for current usefulness. it proposed the optimal operational way for SCM by dividing into 2 ways for dealing with the duration of confirmed demanding information and various fluctuation.

Brucellosis is an important bacterial zoonotic infection worldwide responsible for economic losses in livestock industries which represents a considerable and increasing public health burden. The disease is caused by Brucella which possess the ability to invade and replicate within phagocytes and may result to chronic infection, leading to difficulty in medical therapy of the disease. The treatment for brucellosis employs conventional principles that have been applied for a long time and a combination of antibiotics is currently used due to low efficacy of monotherapies. However, vital effects with respect to health and safety are neglected. Nevertheless, the preventive methods and treatments for brucellosis using traditional medicine have not yet been thoroughly studied, hence, alternative therapies such as the use of natural plant extracts as traditional medicine that are safe, efficient and economical should be explored in order to identify candidates that eliminate complications due to brucellosis. Coptis chinensis Franch (Huanglian) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb and its extract has been known to possess strong antibacterial activity. In this study, the antibacterial effects of C. chinensis Franch extracts, and the major components of the herb namely berberine and palmatine, were investigated on B. abortus. The C. chinensis Franch ethanol extracts (CCFE) showed bactericidal effects at 1,000 μg/ml concentration and berberine at 100 μg/ml concentration. However, C. chinensis Franch and its components did not affect invasion and intracellular growth of B. abortus in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, C. chinensis Franch ethanol extracts, water extract and its major components such as berberine and palmatine would be a beneficial antimicrobial agent without affecting phagocytic pathway within macrophages, and further study for the precise mechanisms of antibacterial effect would be necessary.

Magnetohydrostatic equilibria, in which the Lorentz force, the plasma pressure force and the gravitational force balance out to zero, are widely adopted as the zeroth order states of many astrophysical plasma structures. A magnetic flux-current surface is a surface, in which both magnetic field lines and current lines lie. We for the first time derive the necessary and sufficient condition for existence of magnetic flux-current surfaces in magnetohydrostatic equilibria. It is also shown that the existence of flux-current surfaces is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the ratio of gravity-aligned components of current density and magnetic field to be constant along each field line. However, its necessary and sufficient condition is found to be very restrictive. This finding gives a significant constraint in modeling solar coronal magnetic fields as force-free fields using photospheric magnetic field observations.

Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that have the ability to survive and multiply in professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and cause abortion in domestic animals and undulant fever in humans. Brucella species can survive in a variety of cells, including macrophages and their virulence and chronic infections are thought to be due to their ability to avoid the killing mechanisms within macrophages. Inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion has been proposed as a mechanism for intracellular survival of Brucella in professional and nonprofessional phagocytes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are part of a skillful system for detection of invasion by microbial pathogens. Recognition of microbial components by TLRs triggers signaling pathways that promote expression of genes and regulate innate immune responses. Recent studies for the interaction between TLRs-Brucella have indicated the importance of control of Brucella infection. Here, we review selected aspects of TLRs-Brucella interaction, which may be helpful to understanding the mechanism of Brucella pathogenesis.

Antibiotic Detection Kit (Combination I), a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) developed for the detection of antibiotic residues in milk, was utilized for the analysis of antibiotic residues in the muscle tissue of olive flounder. After 60-min treatment by dipping in water dosed with ampicillin (200-g/ton water), the residue depletion of ampicillin was investigated in 25 cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Muscles of fish were sampled on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day after drug treatment. The concentration of ampicillin in the muscle was determined by LFIA. The absorbance ratio of the sample to the control blank (Bs/Bo) was employed as an index to determine the muscle residues in olive flounder. To investigate the recovery rate, standard solutions were added to muscle samples to give final concentrations in the muscle of 4 and 8 ng/ml. The recovery rates of all spiked samples were > 96% of the spiked value. Ampicillin was detected in the muscle of fish treated with the drug until the 2nd day of the withdrawal period. The present study showed that the LFIA can be easily adopted to predict ampicillin residues in tissue of farmed fishes.

Ely's test is commonly used to assess rectus femoris muscle flexibility. however, a reliability limit of this test was demonstrated by a previous study. In this study, we present an alternative method using an application for a digital horizontal level in a smartphone (DHLS) to complement the reliability limit of Ely's test. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of Ely's test using DHLS on the pelvis, compared to using visual observation (VO) of pelvic and hip motions. Nineteen patients with lumbar extension-rotation syndrome were recruited for this study. An examiner examined the rectus femoris flexibility (both pass/fail and goniometer scoring) through Ely's test using both DHLS and VO. A retest session was completed two hours later for within-day reliability and seven days later for between-day intra-rater test-retest reliability. Results showed higher Kappa values for pass/fail scoring and higher intraclass correlation coefficient values for goniometer scoring in Ely's test using DHLS, compared to using VO. Measurement error and Bland and Altman plots further demonstrated the degree of intra-rater variance during Ely's test using DHLS in a clinical setting, compared to using VO. These results demonstrated that Ely's test using DHLS showed acceptable reliability compared to using VO. Ely's test using DHLS could be widely used for measuring the rectus femoris muscle flexibility in patients with lumbar extension-rotation syndrome, although the inter-rater reliability needs to be established first.

Lycorma delicatula (White 1845), which has been recently introduced into Korea, is a notorious pest on grapes. This invasive insect has rapidly spread throughout central and southern Korea. To date, we have no behavioral or population genetics information, such as invasion routes and subsequent dispersal rates in Korea, to help understand and control populations of L. delicatula. Here, we have developed 15 novel microsatellite loci for L. delicatula. The isolated loci were polymorphic, with 2 to 19 alleles in 42 individuals from a single population in Cheonan. The analyses revealed that all 42 individuals had different multilocus genotypes with heterozygosity ranging from 0.214 to 0.866. Eleven of the 15 loci did not deviate significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The isolated markers will facilitate population genetic studies of L. delicatula.

Seoul is one of the most dynamic capital cities in the world of which population is about 10.49 million. The air quality of Seoul subway is a great concern to users and the public authorities, especially the pollution of particulate matters. The metallic particulate matters are generated from the friction of wheels and subway rails, which causes dispersion into the platform and even to the trains. This study attempted to characterize the current filters in subway MVAC system and a newly developed filter which was a type of thin electret fiber bundle. Collection efficiency of the filtration system varies from 20% to 90% depending on filter life and dust particle size. The removal of fine dust with diameter smaller than 1㎛, which could not be well achieved by current filtration system, is very important in the subway air cleaning system. The new electret filter was found to have a high potential for the use in subway MVAC with high collection efficiency, especially for fine mode dust.

본 연구는 zebrafish를 실험어류로 하여 국내에서 혼합제로 사용되고 있는 dichlorvos와 phosalone을 선정하여 단독 및 혼합폭로시 생물농축계수와 배설속도상수를 측정함으로써, 두 농약의 공존이 개별농약의 생물농축성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. Dichlorvos의 phosalone의 혼합폭로시(dichlorvos : 0.55㎍/㎖, phosalone : 0.01㎍/㎖) zebrafish 체내에서 dichlorvos의 농축정도는 6시간에 정류상태에 도달하여 72시간까지 거의 일정하였으며 단독폭로시(12시간0보다 더 빠르게 정류상태에 도달하였다. 6시간에서 72시간 사이의 BCF평균값은 0.080(n=5)으로 단독폭로시의 12시간에서 72시간 사이의 BCF평균값 0.74(n=4)보다 더 높게 측정되었다. 배설속도상수는 0.12h^-1으로 단독폭로시와 차이가 거의 없었다. Dichlorvos와 phosalone의 혼합폭로시(dichlorvos : 0.55㎍/㎖, phosalone : 0.01㎍/㎖) zebrafish 체내에서 phosalone의 농축정도는 단독폭로시와 같이 12시간 정류상태에서 도달하여 72시간까지 거의 일정하였고, 12시간에서 72시간 사이의 BCF평균값은 53.89(n=4)로 단독폭로시의 BCF평균값 48.88(n=4)보다 더 높게 측정되었다. 배설속도상수는 단독폭로시와 같이 6시간 안에 어류체내에서 phosalone이 모두 배출되어 구하지 못했다. 두농약(dichlorvos, phosalone)의 혼합폭로시의 BCF평균값이 단독폭로시의 BCF평균값보다 더 높게 나왔으나 각 실험시간대(6, 12, 24, 48, 72시간)의 BCF실험값을 t-test로 분석한 결과 phosalone의 48시간을 제외하고는 두 농약의 단독폭로와 혼합폭로시의 BCF값에는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, dichlorvos와 phosalone을 zebrafish에 혼합폭로시 개개 농약의 생물농축성과 배설속도상수에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was undertaken to find out national level changes in area, production and yield of two major staple crops wheat and potato in Bangladesh. The time series of secondary data was collected from yearbook of agricultural statistics under Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and used for the statistical analysis during the thirty-year period of 1989/90-2018/19. Moreover, selected data were divided into two groups and regarded as segment (1989/90-2003/04, 2005/06-2018/19) to examine the significant level in each crop. The results of different statistical techniques showed that wheat cultivated area and production were satisfactory level but yield was not too much standard in context of country demand. In the case of potato, yield as well as cultivated area and production were crossed the significant level and fulfilled the demand of population. In recent few years, the ratio of potato production rapidly increased, compared with the cultivation area. Based on segment (period) analysis, at the first half wheat production was always below, compared with the area but second half nine years saw slightly improved. On the other hand, in both segment potato growth rate in area, production and yield were increased throughout the study period. The highest instability was also shown in area, production and yield of potato during whole as well as segmented period. There was always a positive relationship between country’s demand and supply. Both wheat and potato are considered as staple crops and based on the productive capability over cultivated area, potato showed the higher productivity for the country of Bangladesh. In consequences, potato consuming demand also rapidly increased all over the country, compared with past respectively.

본 연구에서는 표준강수지수를 이용하여 가뭄사상을 정의하고, 가뭄심도와 부족 강수량을 대상으로 이변량 가뭄빈도해석을 수행하였다. 부족강 수량은 표준강수지수의 가뭄기준인 -1에 해당하는 강수량을 기준으로 산정하였다. 지금까지 연구에서 가뭄지수의 심도와 지속기간 이용한 빈도해석을 통한 가뭄의 평가가 주를 이루었다. 하지만 이 두 변량은 선형적인 관계가 매우 높아 각 변량에 대한 단변량 빈도해석과 비교하여 정보의 확장성은 크지 않다. 2015년 가뭄의 경우, 서울, 양평, 충주지점의 ‘가뭄심도-부족 강수량’량의 재현기간은 모두 300년 이상의 극심한 가뭄을 나타내고 있지만, ‘가뭄심도-지속기간’에서는 재현기간을 약 10년, 50년, 50년으로 평가하여 큰 차이를 나타냈다. 우기를 포함한 가뭄은 강수량 부족이 심각할지라도 가뭄심도는 가뭄을 상대적으로 낮게 평가할 수 있어 실제 가뭄의 심각성을 나타내는데 한계가 있었다. ‘가뭄심도-부족 강수량’ 빈도해석 결과는 강수량의 절대적인 부족량 정보를 함께 포함하고 있어, 가뭄에 대응하기 위한 지표로 활용성이 높을 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics and changes in isoflavone content of Cheonggukjang with added Chaga mushroom by secondary fermentation at 40 for 48 h with or without a starter, Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC 3925. Cheonggukjang samples were divided into three groups: Control (unsterilized Cheonggukjang fermented without a starter), NS (unsterilized Cheonggukjang inoculated with L. acidophilus KCTC 3925), and YS (heat-sterilized Cheonggukjang inoculated with L. acidophilus KCTC 3925). The approximate composition of the three types of Cheonggukjang was 49.79-51.44% moisture, 4.54-4.72% crude ash, 43.21-44.37% crude protein, 11.58-13.65% crude fat, 37.41-40.07% carbohydrate, 31.92-33.82% dietary fiber. The mineral content included 5.43– 9.64 mg% Na, 1,792.86–1,824.39 mg% K, 253.69–326.09 mg% Ca, 619.37–691.20 mg% P, 92.59–110.59 mg% Fe, and 0.01–0.02 mg%Cd. Free amino acid contents of NS (2,520.92 mg%) and YS (2,421.94 mg%) were significantly higher than that of the control (2,236.76 mg%). Amino-type nitrogen content for the three types of Cheonggukjang ranged from 837.20-920.27 mg% with no significant difference. Ammonia-type nitrogen content ranged from 137.09-169.36 mg%. Supplement of Cheonggukjang with L. acidophilus KCTC 3925 increased production of aglycone isoflavons compared to that of control. Therefore, our results show that fermenting Chaga Cheonggukjang with L. acidophilus KCTC 3925 leads to improved quality characteristics and increased isoflavone aglycone content.

This study was conducted to analyze the muscle activity in the right forearm and shoulderwhile doing the sowing activity by muscle type and work section, and to find the possibility of the utilization of sowing as a muscle exercise and rehabilitative activity based on the results of the analysis. The results showed that the activity of 7 muscles including the upper trapezius near the neck, the upper trapezius near the shoulder, the middle deltoid, the biceps brachii, the triceps brachii, the brachioradialis, and the flexor carpi ulnaris were significantly higher than the stable state. In addition, the muscle activity in the sections of mixing the soil, filling the tray with the soil, sowing, writing the label, and watering was significantly higher than the stable state. In particular, the muscle activity of the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii was statistically significantly high in the section of filling the tray with the soil, which indicates that the task of filling the tray with the soil can be utilized as an exercise to activate the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii. In addition, the muscle activity of the brachioradialis was significantly high in all the work sections, which indicates that the sowing process can be utilized to exercise the brachioradialis in particular. These results can be used as the basic data about the activated muscle types and degrees throughout the sowing process. These results can be also used to induce the activation of specific muscles, and the overall exercise and rehabilitation of the forearms.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different light-emitting diode (LED) on the stress response of workers before and after a flower arrangement (FA) activity. Participants were 16 office workers who performed FA under 7 out of 8 LED lighting conditions: darkness, white (at correlated color temperature of 4,500 K), red, blue, green, magenta, cyan, and yellow; no FA is performed in the darkness condition. To identify significant differences among the different lighting conditions, the heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), heart rate variability (HRV) consisting of standard deviation of the normal-normal intervals (SDNN), total power (TP), ratio of the low and high frequency (LF/HF), and blood pressure were measured before and after FA. The salivary cortisol level was analyzed immediately after FA. The correlations among HR, HRV, and cortisol showed that the blue and green lights positively affected stress-responses and caused considerable reduction of stress. However, there was only a minor significant difference among other lighting colors, although individual lights may impact one or more parameters. These findings reflect that the methodologies and results of this study can be effectively used to achieve a highly active horticultural therapy with the constructive assistance of LED lighting colors.