This study was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme and yeast extract supplement on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters in Hanwoo steers. A total of forty-eight 23-month-old Hanwoo steers, with average initial body weight of 545.25±12.60 kg, were assigned to four treatments with three replicates in a completely randomized design. Hanwoo steers housed in four heads group per pen. The treatments comprised of four groups of control (no feed additives), treatment 1 (xylanase, cellulase, and gluco-amylase; 0.1%/concentrate), treatment 2 (β-glucan and mannan-oligosaccharide; 0.1%/concentrate), and treatment 3 (treatment 1+2; 0.1%/concentrate). During the fourth and eighth month, average daily gain and feed conversion rates improved in treatment 1, but in the control this was lower than the other treatments (p<0.05). Real-time ultrasound was used for measuring the live carcass traits (longissimus muscle area, back fat thickness, and marbling score) and the better results were in the following order: treatment 1 > treatment 3 > treatment 2 > control, and extended to carcass grade. White blood cell indices were lower in treatments 2 and 3 and the IgG indices were relatively higher than in other treatments. As a result, levels of xylanase, cellulase, and gluco-amylase were increased from the fourth month to improve growth performance, live carcass traits. Durin

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of artificial insemination (AI) failure in 1,619 Korean native cows at Gangwon East area, Korea. The average AI failure rate was 37.02% in the cows and the highest rate was 40.85% in Yangyang-city. Based on the parity in the cows, the AI failure rate was 49.14% and 29.91% in the first and fifth parity cows, respectively. Whereas cows until fifth parity were decreased in AI failure, cows with sixth or more parity showed an upturning AI failure trends with the increasing of parity number. AI failure rate incidence according to the rump fat thickness measured by ultrasound was 28.9% and 33.4% at 5 mm to 10 mm and over than 15 mm, respectively. There was a positive correlation (0.2186) between AI failure rate of mother and that of their offspring cows. That is, offspring of dams with high AI failure rate showed also higher AI failure than those of dams having lower AI failure rate. In conclusion, these results indicate that the AI failure rate was closely related to the rump fat thickness, parity number, and conception rate of mother cows. In addition, these results might strengthen the basis to improve the reproductive performance in Korean native cows.

The objective of this study was to identify the effects of various environmental effects associated with performance testing results in pig population of domestic pig breeding farms. Performance test data collected from 2,000 to 2,010 were a total of 265,901 heads. By breeds, data consisted of Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire. Environmental factors considered in models were breed, sex, farm, year of test, season of test, and parity. Broad range of age at testing day averaged at 155 days of age were grouped as A (up to 140 days) B (141~150 days), C (151~160 days), D (161~170 days), and E (greater than 170 days). Traits analyzed were ADG, days to 90 ㎏, end weight (body weight at the test day), rib eye area, back fat thickness. Age group effects were all significant for all the traits studied (p<0.05). As ages at test day get greater, ADG, days to 90 ㎏ and end weight tended to be greater while ultrasound measures of rib eye area and back fat thickness tended to be less. This would be the results of linear age adjustments on ultrasound measures, that caused overestimation in younger age groups and underestimation in older age groups than in average age group (C). This was evidenced by looking at ultrasound measures before linear age adjustments were applied. We conclude that, for more accurate performance testing, testing within guided age interval should be abided. And further researches should be made on biologically justifiable methods of age adjustments especially for ultrasound measures.

This study was carried out to investigate artificial insemination (AI) failure status and frozen semen characteristics in Korean proven bulls‘ number (KPN) semen used for AI of Hanwoo cows in Gangwon East region (Gangneung, Donghae, Taebaek, Samcheok, Sokcho, Yangyang, Goseong). Among semen used for AI, AI failure rate showed lowest at KPN506 (27.6%), whereas highest at KPN593 (77.2%). Correlations of AI failure in between Korean proven bulls semen and cows was 0.2941, which means that AI failure rate of Korean proven bulls semen may have respectable effect on reproduction of Hanwoo cow. In addition, present study was conducted to investigate spermatozoal viability rate, ruptured acrosome rate and active mitochondria in frozen Korean proven bulls semen with flow cytometry. The semen of KPN593 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher viability rate in KPN593 (30.49%) than that in KPN637 (37.34%). Furthermore, percentage of ruptured acrosome was lower in KPN637 as 21.37% than in KPN637 (21.37%), but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, these results indicate that choice of Korean proven bulls semen may correlate positively with conception rate in Hanwoo cow. Therefore, KPN with high AI failure rate might be avoid to increase conception rate and characteristics of frozen semen might be evaluated before its use for AI.

In this paper, we present a learning platform for robotic grasping in real world, in which actor-critic deep reinforcement learning is employed to directly learn the grasping skill from raw image pixels and rarely observed rewards. This is a challenging task because existing algorithms based on deep reinforcement learning require an extensive number of training data or massive computational cost so that they cannot be affordable in real world settings. To address this problems, the proposed learning platform basically consists of two training phases; a learning phase in simulator and subsequent learning in real world. Here, main processing blocks in the platform are extraction of latent vector based on state representation learning and disentanglement of a raw image, generation of adapted synthetic image using generative adversarial networks, and object detection and arm segmentation for the disentanglement. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in a real environment.

Studies in Modern Grammar 70, 107-127. It is known that VP-ellipsis and VP-anaphora phenomena are typologically dependent. The goals of this paper is to offer a unified algorithm for English VP-ellipsis and Korean VP-anaphora, and show how the suggested resolution algorithm, adopted from Jager (2010), can account for these two in a uniform way.

English displays a variety of complex properties in comparatives. In particular, it employs three main types of comparatives: comparative total-deletion (CTD), comparative subdeletion (CSD), partitive comparative deletion (PCD). In this paper, we first look into the grammatical properties of these three types of comparatives in English and provide a construction-based perspective with the mechanism of inheritance. This perspective, allowing us to tease part the similarities and differences among the three types of comparatives, can provide us a reasonable way to explain the phenomena in question.

This paper deals with the so-called PTI (presentational there inversion) construction in which the expletive there functions as the grammatical subject with a postverbal topic PP and a focus NP in sequence. The PTI construction displays similarities as well as differences with the LI (locative inversion) and ETI (existential there inversion) constructions. After examining the basic properties of these three constructions, the paper provides a constraint-based analysis of these constructions within the framework of HPSG (Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar). The analysis, in which lexical realizations and constraints play crucial roles, could shed light on how the PTI construction is related to these two other constructions.