This study is a leading case of empirical analysis of whether, when corporate stakeholders (government, investors, customers, managers, employees) put pressure on companies for ESG management, it affects the introduction and implementation of ESG activities (environmental, social, governance) and affects business performance. As for the research method, a sustainability report was published, and a web survey of Korea Research Inc. was conducted from May 10 to May 20, 2022 targeting ESG management managers of 192 companies, and analyzed through the PLS structural equation model. As a result of the study, it was found that the introduction and execution of ESG is closely influenced by the pressure from the government, investors, managers, and employees, and in particular, the internal pressure of current managers and executives and employees has a great impact on the introduction and implementation of environmental, social, and governance activities. In particular, although external pressure also has some influence, it is practical to suggest that strong internal pressure is necessary for continuous activities and performance. And, methodologically, the main activity indicators of the GRI Reporting Guidelines, which are the most representative ESG management indicators, were developed as a questionnaire, and reliability, validity, and model fit were secured through comparison with indicators of multiple systems and expert reviews. The limitations of this study are that more in-depth analysis by industry or size is possible when ESG management is mature and sufficient samples are secured, and complex ESG pressure factor modeling is possible when more diverse stakeholders are added.

The objective of this study was to analyze the reproductive ability by strains and age in weeks of Korean native chicken and to compare the egg weight by body weight of Korean native chicken cock. Six strains (L=black, W=white, O=Ogol chicken, G=gray, R=red, and Y=brown) of Korea native chicken were used in this study. The fertility of strains W and Y were 89.6% and 86.3% respectively, and significantly higher than the other strains (p<0.05). Strains R and W showed high hatchability (90.7%, 89.6%, respectively) and strains L and O showed low rate (78.9%, 87.3%, respectively). There was no significant difference by weeks in each strain. The fertility was the highest at 28 weeks of age and the hatchability showed the highest value at 26 weeks of age. Egg weights of strains L and R were significantly high (p<0.05) but strains W and G were significantly low (p<0.05). Egg weight was higher in 1.65 ㎏ of Korea native chicken cock than in 2.00 ㎏ of Korea native chicken cock. These results suggest that the using average weight (1.65 ㎏) of Korea native chicken cocks could have an advantage for the feed cost savings and productivity improvement.

배관을 구속시키기 위한 원동형 배관 지지대 (Trunnion Pipe Support) 까 부착된 uß 간의 응-딱해석플 위하 여 유한요소해석을 사용하였다. 해석션파로 부터 얻어진 응역은 두께에 대한 평칸(막응역) 넷 선행 응→박( ""," 힘응력) 으로 분류 되었므며， 분류된 응벽값은 암략에 악한 언차응략겨l 수 (B 1 ) 와 이자응역겨l 수 (C 1 ) ， 보멘트에 의한 일차응력계수 (B" ， Bιr) 와 이차응략셰수 (C객， C!T) 플- 추성하시 위하여 ASME Code 에 성의뭔것파 일치 하게 해석되었다 무차원의 함수로써 응력 세수에 대한 경험식 얀 새만히기 위하여 여서 ~i~ l;'l 의 해삭 2~ 수행하 였다.

This study analyzed the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility and ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) score on information asymmetry from the perspective of investors, who are important stakeholders of the company. For KOSPI-listed companies from 2017 to 2020, the effect of ESG overall score and each item score (E, S, G) on the bid-ask spread, which is a proxy for information asymmetry, was confirmed. The results are as follows. First, the increase in corporate CSR activities resulted in lowering information asymmetry of investors. It was found that the higher the ESG score, an indicator of CSR activity, the lower the bid-ask spread, which is a proxy variable for information asymmetry. Second, as a result of analysis using ESG scores for each section, information asymmetry decreased as companies with higher scores in the environmental (E) and social (S) aspects, while the governance (G) score did not have a statistically significant effect. The analysis confirmed that corporate CSR activities can contribute to improving market efficiency by resolving information asymmetry of investors and convergence of the stock market into a state of equilibrium. This means that the company's CSR activities are reflected in the investment decision-making, which suggests that the company should consider the investor as a stakeholder in decision-making related to CSR activities.

While there a growing interest in Voluntary Carbon Disclosure (VCD), comparatively little is discussed whether the improved quality of voluntary carbon disclosure can lead to subsequent changes in a company’s carbon reduction performance. Drawing on companies under the Korean Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) with the contents analysis of their sustainable reports, the present research seeks to address the existing knowledge gaps in the current literature on environmental disclosure. Findings empirically show that an increase in the voluntary carbon disclosure score is positively transformed into changes in carbon performance and further develop that the effect of voluntary carbon disclosure on carbon performance varies depending on changes in management capability with the moderation effect.

Few prior studies investigated the correlation between corporate ownership structure and environmental information disclosure. Using environmental index disclosure in GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) reports of the Korean companies, the study examines the effects of ownership structure on the magnitude of environmental information disclosure. A total of 220 firm-years during 2013-2016 period are analyzed. The empirical results of the study indicate that the institutional and foreign investors’ ownership have positive correlations with environmental information disclosure, while the executives' within board of directors has a negative correlation. The ownership by largest shareholders including those with special interests shows no significant relationship with the environmental information disclosure.

The purpose of this study is to establish common indicators that constitute a "low-carbon green city" and determine their priorities from the perspective of Incheon Metropolitan City with a view to help develop its climate change strategy strategic city. Several major cities, domestic and overseas, were benchmarked to come up with preliminary indicators consisting of six areas, twenty two planning factors, and 74 indicators. In order to evaluate the validity and relevance of preliminary indicators, expert FGI (Focus Group Interview) was conducted that changed the numbers of final indicators to six areas, twenty two planning factors, and 82 indicators. Finally, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) was conducted to assign relative importance (i.e. weights) to each indicator. Through the layering process of AHP, the upper category of "field" and lower category of "planning factors" were set up as policy prerequisites for constructing a low-carbon green city (6 fields, 22 planning factors). The AHP results for the first level (fields), green city space was ranked first, followed by energy and resource circulation, green traffic, ecological preservation, green logistics, and governance. Among all planning factors, land use, energy efficiency, traffic system improvement, location planning, securing of ecological area, efficiency of logistics, and cooperative organization showed the highest priorities.

The study focuses on 32 environmental facilities in Incheon Metropolitan City, South Korea, categorizes them by sector: sewage treatment, wastewater treatment, incineration, landfill, water purification, and water supply. Their GHG reduction results are analyzed through quantitative and qualitative measures for 2012 to 2015. The study surveys and examines GHG reductions of the environmental facilities for two categories - facility operation and management. The findings are as follows: First, the GHG reduction rate, an emission-to-allocation ratio, from 2012 to 2015 is 89.67%. Second, GHG reductions coming from qualitative measures of facility management are even greater than those from quantitative measures of facility operation. Third, GHG reductions through facility operation are mostly attributable to overhauls, less use of facilities, resources recycling, process improvement rather than the betterment of fuels, facilities and energy efficiency. Fourth, higher reduction can be achieved by effective facility management, qualitative measures.

This study aims to analyze the priority of regional climate change policy utilizing AHP (analytic hierarchy process) at the area of Metropolitan City of Incheon. It derives four factors at first hierarchical level, at which level the analysis of pair-wise comparison indicates that industrial sector, energy sector, climate change response, and green culture policy are considered important in that order. It also ends up with sixteen factors at second level. The result of comparison analysis between all factors reveals that investment promotion in green technology R&D is considered the most significant factor of all, followed by establishment of green enterprise support system, electricity-efficiency enhancement support project and build-up of green culture policy governance. The result implies that diverse promotional policies have to incorporate business, institutional, and cultural aspects for sustainable climate change policy of regions. The contribution of this study is that it highlights the need to include regional characteristics in deciding priority among policy options for them to be effective.

It was investigated for the feasibility of recycling lawn waste from a golf course to use liquid fertilizer. Turfgrassclippings, microbial agent, waste molasses and synthetic culture medium were used as a raw material of liquid fertilizer,and those were fermented anaerobically to investigate the optimum mixing ratio and fermentation period. The sanitarysafety of liquid fertilizer was evaluated as well. When the turfgrass clippings and waste molasses were used as a rawmaterial of liquid fertilizer, increase of the amount of waste molasses resulted in the decrease of decomposition rate oforganic matter. When the high concentration of the organic wastes were decomposed, the organic acids were accumulatedby the predominant acid forming stage resulted in inefficient anaerobic digestion. The optimum mixing ratios for 1 gramof grass waste were 2.4 to 3.6mL for sugar and 1.6 to 2.4mL for EM (Effective Microorganism), respectively. It wasalso found that optimum fermentation period was about 15 days. The concentration of heavy metals from the manufacturedliquid fertilizer was less than the standards guideline. The microorganisms were observed by SEM (Scanning ElectronMicroscopy) and spherical and rod shaped microorganisms were predominated. The sizes of spherical and rod shapedmicroorganisms were 0.7~0.8µm and 0.7×1.3µm, respectively. The population density of microorganisms wasincreased rapidly after the 15 days.