국제항로표지협회(IALA)는 선박의 안전하고 효율적인 운항을 위해 2016년에 선박교통관제서비스(VTS) 운영을 위한 VTS 매뉴 얼 권고지침을 제시하였으며, 한국해양경찰청(KCG)은 IALA VTS 매뉴얼 및 VTS 관제사의 교육훈련 지침에 근거하여 2022년까지 전국 항 만 및 연안 수역에 총 19개의 VTS 센터를 설치·운영하고 있다. 또한, IALA는 효율적인 e-Navigation 시스템 서비스와 관제 당국의 안전하고 효율적인 VTS 서비스 지원을 위해 2011년에 VTS 간 데이터 교환 표준인 Inter-VTS Exchange Format(IVEF) 서비스권고안(V-145)을 제시했다. IVEF 서비스는 선박 정보교환을 위한 공통 프레임워크로 일곱 개의 기본 IVEF 서비스(BISs) 모델을 제시하고 있으며, VTS 서비스 제공자 는 IVEF 표준을 이용하여 공동 운항구역에 대한 VTS 정보공유를 통해 보다 안전하고 효율적인 VTS 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. 본 논문에 서는 KCG에서 수행하고 있는 클라우드 기반 VTS 통합 플랫폼 및 개발 서비스를 BISs의 데이터 모델, 상호작용 모델, 인터페이스 모델에 근거하여 제시했다. 또한, IVEF 서비스 구현을 위한 클라우드 VTS 통합 플랫폼 테스트 베드를 구축하고, IVEF 서비스의 주요 기능을 구현 한 결과를 보였다.

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) indicates high risk for major stroke and is considered a medical emergency. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) enables detection of acute ischemic lesions. The clinical significance of DWI positive lesions in TIA is obscure and its prevalence, clinical features are not established. Therefore, we performed a clinical, etiological and prognostic analysis through a cross-sectional analysis of 235 TIA patients, grouped according to presence of DWI lesion. Clinical features, underlying risk factors for stroke, outcome and rate of recurrence were analyzed. 3 months follow-up of modified Rankin Scales (mRS) were done with telephone survey. DWI positive lesions were present in 14.0% of patients. Etiological factors significantly associated with DWI lesions in TIA patients were male sex (p = 0.038), stroke history (p = 0.012) and atrial fibrillation (p < 0.001). Presence of at least one medium or high risk of cardioembolism from TOAST classification were not associated with lesions when excluding association to atrial fibrillation (p = 0.108). Clinical features showed no significant difference. Whether the patients had lesion-positive DWI was not related to an increase in mRS score during the hospital stay or at the 3-month follow-up after discharge. Future studies should include multi-center samples with large numbers, considering each unique medical environment. Routine acquisition of follow-up DWI for proper evaluation of the tissue-based definition of TIA should also be considered.

지리산둘레길 주변의 딱정벌레류의 분포 및 다양성을 분석하였다. 2014년 5월부터 10월 초순 까지 조 사된 딱정벌레종수는 13과 38종이다. 가장 많이 채집된 종은 Harpalidae로 12종이며 다음으로 Carabidae가 10종으로 조사되었다. 개체수가 가장 많이 발견된 종은 Brachinidae로 1,059개체였다. 월 별 개체수는 5월이 332개체, 6월이 560개체, 7월이 501개체, 8월에는 955개체로 가장 많았으며, 9~10 월에는 736개체로 채집되었다. 고도별은 300m에서 474개체, 400m에서 975개체, 500m에서 657개체, 600m 이상에서는 978개체로 채집되었다. 사면별 분포는 남서사면에서 9과 26종 1530개체, 북동사면에 서는 11과 33종 1554개체가 채집되었다. 남서 사면 다양도 지수 2.224(0.966) 균재도 0.683 우점도 0.156이며 북동 사면 다양도 지수 2.079(0.903) 균재도 0.595 우점도 0.240이었다. 남서 사면에서 월 별 다양도 지수는 6월 2.141(0.930), 균재도 6월 0.791 우점도 는 8월 0.324로 가장 높다 북동 사면에 서 월별 다양도 지수는 5월 2.098(0.911), 균재도 5월 0.818 우점도 는 7월 0.451로 가장 높았다. 숲가 꾸기 지역에서 400m, 600m이상 지역의 대조구가 각각 368, 342개체로 많이 채집되었다.

본 연구에서는 자외선 차단제품에서 오일의 극성도, 에멀젼의 종류, 제품의 점도, 증점제의 종류 그리고 광안정제 등이 자외선 차단 효율에 미치는 영향을 조사해 보았다. 그 결과 오일의 극성도 가 높으면 자외선 차단 효과는 높게 측정되었으며(Butyloctyl salicylate: SPF 44.10, PA 7.93), 반대로 오일의 극성도가 낮으면 자외선 차단 효과는 낮게 측정되었다(Dimethicone: SPF 16.40, PA 5.57). 에멀 젼의 종류는 O/W 에멀젼보다 유기 자외선 차단제가 외상에 존재하는 W/O 에멀젼에서 자외선 차단 효율이 더 높게 측정되었다. 제품의 점도는 높아질수록 자외선 차단 효율이 비례적으로 상승하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 증점제의 종류 및 유화입자 크기는 자외선 차단 효과에 미치는 영향이 크지 않았다. 또한 광안정제의 함유 여부도 자외선 차단 효율에 영향을 미치는 중요한 인자 중의 하나로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 자외선 차단제의 추가적인 증량이 없어도 자외선 차단 효율을 더 높일 수 있음을 의미하는 것 으로, 앞으로 자외선 차단제품 개발 시 경제적 효율성을 높이는데 큰 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

Spatio-temporal distribution pattern of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis (Murayama) which is vector of Raffaeleaquerci-mongolicae K.H. Kim et al, a causative agent for Korean oak wilt (KOW) was examined in the stand level. Spatial distribution of P. koryoensiswas influenced by their density. Relationship between degree of aggregation and density was positively correlated when the density was extremely low or high whereas the relationship was reverse when the density was intermediate. Patch of P. koryoensis formed around or near dead trees or partial dead trees, suggesting these trees indicated epicenter of P. koryoensis. Fraction of trees attacked by less than 100 individual of P. koryoensis in the stand per year increased abruptly whereas fraction of trees attacked over 1,000 individuals of P. koryoensis increased gradually. Our results showed that the dead trees would be an epicenter of P. koryoensis and the number of trees killed by the ambrosia beetle would be reduced by lowering total population of the ambrosia beetle around the epicenter.

Nematicidal activity of aliphatic compounds was tested against pien wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. There was a significant difference in nematicidal activity among function groups. In a test with alkanols and 2-alkenols, compounds with C8-C11 chain length showed 100% nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. C6-C10 2-alkenals exhibited >95% nematicidal activity, but the other compounds with C11-C14 chain length showed weak activity. Nematicidal activity of alkanoic acids with C7-C11 chain length was strong. Whole compounds belonging to hydrocarbons, alkanals and alkanoic acetate showed weak nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. Nematicidal activity of compounds which showed strong nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration was tested at a lower concentration. At 0.25 mg/mL concentration, whole compounds except C8 alkanol, C8 2-alkenol and C7 alkanoic acid showed >80% nematicidal activity. C9-C11 alkanols, C10-C11 2-alkenols, C8-C9 2-alkenals and C9-C10 alkanoic acids showed >80% nematicidal activity at 0.125 mg/mL concentration. Only C11 alkanol exhibited strong nematicidal activity at 0.0625 mg/mL concentration

Commercial plant essential oils from 27 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Good nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum), styrax (Liquidamber orientalis) and valerina (Valeriana wallichi). Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to identification of 26, 10 and 4 major compounds from coriander (Coriandrum sativum), styrax (Liquidamber orientalis) and valerina (Valeriana wallichi) oils, respectively. These compounds from three plant essential oils were tested individually for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode. Among compounds, benzaldehyde, trans-cinnamyl alcohol, cis-asarone, octanal, nonanal, decanal, trans-2-decenal, undecanal, dodecanal, decanol, and trans-2-decen-1-ol showed strong nematicidal activity. The essential oils and their described herein merit further study as potential nematicides against the pine wood nematode.

Plant essential oils from twenty plant species were tested for their insecticidal activity against larvae of Lycoriella ingenua using a fumigation bioassay. Good insecticidal activity (>90%) against larvae of L. ingenua was achieved with essential oils of caraway seed (Carum carvi), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), mandarine (Citrus reticulate), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), cade (Juniperus oxycedrus), spearmint (Mentha spicata), cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and thyme red (Thymus vulgaris) oils at 30×10-3 mg/㎖ air. Among them, caraway seed, spearmint, cumin and thyme red essential oils were highly effective against L. ingenua at 20×10-3 mg/㎖ air. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to identification of 4, 9, 8 and 17 compounds from caraway seed, spearmint, cumin and thyme red oils, respectively. These compounds were tested individually for their insecticidal activities against larvae of L. ingenua, and compared to the toxicity of dichlorvos. Carvacrol, thymol, linalool, cuminaldehyde, p-cymen, terpinen-4-ol and carvone was effective at 10×10-3 mg/㎖. The insecticidal activity of dichlorvos was 60% at 10×10-3 mg/㎖. Effects of four selected plant essential oils on growth of Pleurotus ostreatus were also investigated.

Redevelopment of the domestic small fishing ports is being started in earnest by applying the environmentally friendly technology in order to attract tourists. For the purpose of improving water quality in the harbor, selection of breakwater type might have the priority to secure calmness and stability. Therefore, this study is to determine the hydraulic characteristics of reflective ratio, installation efficiency and stability of the special type of blocks through the hydraulic model experiment. The results were introduced to analyze for the effect of infield construction work through numerical analysis. Gujora, a small fishing port in southern Korea, is affected by the waves of SSE, S, SSW direction and strong tidal currents. The results of applying cylindrical slit block show that stability of the blocks and harbor calmness were secured. Considering that the pass rate of a long period wave is still excellent, the primary objective of wave control and the secondary objective of improving water exchange are satisfied simultaneously.