Radioactive contamination distribution in nuclear facilities is typically measured and analyzed using radiation sensors. Since generally used detection sensors have relatively high efficiency, it is difficult to apply them to a high radiation field. Therefore, shielding/collimators and small size detectors are typically used. Nevertheless, problems of pulse accumulation and dead time still remain. This can cause measurement errors and distort the energy spectrum. In this study, this problem was confirmed through experiments, and signal pile-up and dead time correction studies were performed. A detection system combining a GAGG sensor and SiPM with a size of 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm was used, and GAGG radiation characteristics were evaluated for each radiation dose (0.001~57 mSv/h). As a result, efficiency increased as the dose increased, but the energy spectrum tended to shift to the left. At a radiation dose intensity of 400 Ci (14.8 TBq), a collimator was additionally installed, but efficiency decreased and the spectrum was distorted. It was analyzed that signal loss occurred when more than 1 million particles were incident on the detector. In this high-radioactivity area, quantitative analysis is likely to be difficult due to spectral distortion, and this needs to be supplemented through a correction algorithm. In recent research cases, the development of correction algorithms using MCNP and AI is being actively carried out around the world, and more than 98% of the signals have been corrected and the spectrum has been restored. Nevertheless, the artificial intelligence (AI) results were based on only 2-3 overlapping pulse data and did not consider the effect of noise, so they did not solve realistic problems. Additional research is needed. In the future, we plan to conduct signal correction research using ≈10×10 mm small size detectors (GAGG, CZT etc.). Also, the performance evaluation of the measurement/analysis system is intended to be performed in an environment similar to the high radiation field of an actual nuclear facility.

뿌리응애류는 양파, 마늘, 생강, 백합 등의 뿌리를 가해한다. 최근 백합재배지에서는 질경이모자이크바이러 스(Plantago asiatica mosaic virus, PLAMV)에 의한 잎의 괴사 피해가 확산되고 있다. 태안 백합재배지에서 PlAMV 가 감염된 백합을 채집하여 구근을 조사한 결과, 식물체 당 뿌리응애 100개체 이상이 발견되었으며 Rhizoglyphus robini로 동정되었다. 이 종이 PlAMV의 보독여부를 확인하기 위해 채집된 R. robini에서 RNA를 추출하여 RT-PCR로 진단한 결과, 모든 개체에서 PlAMV가 확인되었다. 본 연구는 뿌리응애가 백합 구근 뿌리를 먹으면서 만든 상처를 통해 PlAMV가 전염될 수 있다는 가능성을 제시한다.

The safe, efficient and cost-effective decommissioning and dismantling of radioactive facilities requires the accurate characterization of the radionuclide activities and dose rate environment. And it is critical across many nuclear industries to identify and locate sources of radiation accurately and quickly. One of the more challenging aspects of dealing with radiation is that you cannot see it directly, which can result in potential exposure when working in those environments. Generally, semiconductor detectors have better energy resolution than scintillation detectors, but the maximum achievable count rates are limited by long pulse signals. Whereas some high pure germanium detectors have been developed to operate at high count rates, and these HPGe detectors could obtain gamma-ray spectra at high count rates exceeding 1 Mcps. However, HPGe detectors require cooling devices to reduce the leak currents, which becomes disadvantageous when developing portable radiation detectors. Furthermore, chemicalcompound semiconductor detectors made of cadmium telluride and cadmium zinc telluride are popular, because they have good energy resolution and are available at room temperature. However, CdTe and CZT detectors develop irradiation-induced defects under intense gamma-ray fields. In this Review, we start with the fundamentals of gamma rays detection and review the recent developments in scintillators gamma-ray detectors. The key factors affecting the detector performance are summarized. We also give an outlook on the field, with emphasis on the challenges to be overcome.

국화를 가해하는 총채벌레류로 꽃노랑총채벌레, 대만총채벌레, 미나리총채벌레, 파총채벌레, 오이총채벌레, 고사 리그물총채벌레(Hercinothrips femoralis)가 보고되었다. 특히 꽃노랑총채벌레는 토마토반점위조바이러스(TSWV)와 국화줄기괴저바이러스(CSNV)를 매개, 확산시켜 국화 품질저하, 생산성 감소의 주요 원인 중 하나이다. 한편 고사리그 물총채벌레는 국화과, 장미과, 백합과, 사초과, 앵초과, 협죽도과, 후추과, 두릅나무과, 쐐기풀과, 천남성과, 꿀풀과, 선인장과 등 여러 식물을 가해하는 하는 것으로 국외에서는 이미 보고되었으나 국내에서는 아직 연구되고 있지 않다. 2018년 전북 완주군 이서면 국립원예특작과학원의 국화 시험온실(무농약)에서 꽃노랑총채벌레와 고사리그물총 채벌레가 발견되었다. 해충이 없는 국화에 꽃노랑총채벌레와 고사리그물총채벌레를 각각 정착시켜 피해 증상을 비교한 결과, 2종의 총채벌레가 가해한 국화 잎에서 각각 다른 피해 양상이 나타났다.

누에는 약제, 면직, 식용, 동물 사료 등에 활용도가 높아 동아시아에서 오랫동안 사육되어 왔다. 뽕잎을 먹고 자란 누에가 사료를 먹고 자란 누에보다 생장주기가 일정하고 더 건강하게 생장한다는 것은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 또한 최근의 연구에 따르면 동물 장내 미생물이 동물의 면역과 생장에 큰 역할을 한다고 알려졌다. 이러한 사실로부터 뽕잎에 존재하는 미지의 미생물이 누에 생장과 면역에 관여할 수 있다는 가설을 세우고 이를 확인하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 뽕잎 내생균을 분리하기 위해 뽕잎을 5mm 크기로 잘라 표면살균 후, 배지에 치상하여 자라나오는 세균을 분리하여 동정하였다. 흥미로운 점은 100개 이상의 뽕잎 절편으로부터 동일한 세균이 검출되었으며 계통학적 분석을 통해 동정한 결과, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae(Pss)로 확인되었다. 또한, 뽕잎을 섭식한 누에의 장 속과 분변에서 이 균의 존재를 확인하였다. 누에에 병을 일으키는 곤충병원성 곰팡이에 대한 Pss의 항진균 효과를 확인하기 위해 곤충병원성 곰팡이인 Beauveria bassiana, Cordyceps militaris와 식물병원성 곰팡이 Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum을 대상으로 대치배양을 통해 균사 생장 억제 정도를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 식물병원성 곰팡이의 생장 억제효과는 관찰되지 않았으나 곤충병원성 곰팡이의 생장이 50% 이상 감소되었다. 특히, 다량의 포자를 생성하여 곤충에 치명적인 병을 야기하는 B. bassiana의 균사 생장이 C. militaris에 비해 더 크게 감소하였을 뿐 아니라 Pss의 배양 추출물을 처리하였을 때 B. bassiana의 포자 발아가 지연되었다. 앞으로 누에 장 속에 안착한 Pss가 곤충병원성 곰팡이에 대한 면역력과 누에 생장에 미치는 영향을 확인해 볼 계획이며 이를 통해 건강하고 안정적인 누에 사육에 활용될 수 있는 미생물 제제를 만들고자 한다.

꽃노랑총채벌레는 국화, 장미, 고추, 토마토 등 여러 작물의 잎, 꽃, 과실을 흡즙 및 산란을 통해 피해를 주며 토마토반점위조바이러스(TSWV)와 국화줄기괴저바이러스(CSNV) 등을 매개한다. 재배작기, 환경, 품종등에 따라 총채벌레류의 발생과 피해가 다양하게 나타나는 국화는 총채벌레류 및 매개 바이러스병으로 인해 약 20∼30%의 생산량이 감소된다. 또한 총채벌레류에 대한 약제저항성 계통의 출현이 지속적으로 보고되어 살충제의 교호사용에 주의가 필요한 방제가 어려운 해충 중 하나이다. 살충력이 높은 살충제를 선정하기 위하여 시판하는 국화 총채벌레류 등록 살충제 Acetamiprid, Acetamiprid+Spinetoram, Acrinathrin, Benfuracarb, Buprofezin+Thiamethxam, Chlorfenapyr+ lothiandin, Chlorfenapyr+Imidacloprid, Emamectin+Benzoate, Imidacloprid, Thimethoxam 10종을 꽃노랑총채벌레에 살포 한 결과 유효성분으로 Pyrroles계인 Chlorfenapyr를 함유한 살충제의 살충력이 가장 높았다. 총채벌레류의 화학적 방제 시 Chlorfenapyr가 함유한 살충제를 사용하는 것이 효과적이다.

2 week study was conducted to investigate the effects of Interferential Current(IC) and Kaltenborn-Evjenth Orthopedic Manual Therapy(KEOMT) on functional constipation. Interventions were applied to spinal segments between T9-L2 which provides innerva˗ tions to the gastrointestinal tract. Subjects(n=24) were randomly allo˗ cated to two treatment groups: the IC group or the KEOMT group. Results for the IC therapy demonstrated significant decrease with the colonic transit time(CTT) as well as scores on the constipation assessment scale(CAS). The frequency of defecations per week had increased significantly(p<0.05). The KEOMT displayed decreased CTT in the left colon region. The scores on the CAS were reduced and frequency of defecations per week had increased significantly (p<0.05). This study not only showed that both modes of therapy improved symptoms of constipation, but also optimized gastrointesti˗ nal content movement, eventuating in a more normalized CTT. In conclusion, both the IC therapy and the Kaltenborn-Evjenth Orthopedic Manual Therapy have shown to be effective interventions for improving functional constipation.

Mannitol is commonly used to reduce intracranial and intraocular pressures and to prevent dialysis-disequilibrium syndrome. However, intravenous mannitol infusion in various cases has the potential to result in acute kidney injury (AKI). We present a case of mannitol-induced AKI that developed after low dose mannitol infusion and resulted in recovery after hemodialysis. A 66-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of left middle cerebral artery infarction. On hospital day 5, cerebral edema was observed on a follow-up MRI. D-mannitol 35 g was given intravenously every 8 hours. Four days later, serum creatinine levels were elevated from 1.2 mg/dL to 3.5 mg/dL. The serum osmolal gap was found to be 52.4 mosm/kg H2O and urine output was reduced from 2.78 mL/kg/h to 0.69 mL/kg/h over three days. Hemodialysis over 2 hours was performed and renal function subsequently improved to baseline function. A potential risk of AKI exists even with low dose mannitol infusion in patients with advanced age, underlying renal impairment, and concomitant use of nephrotoxic agents. Mannitol-induced AKI may be rapidly reversed by short-term hemodialysis.

TILLING (Targeting Induced local Lesions IN Genomes) is known to be an excellent methodology for reverse genetics approach. About 15,000 M3 TILLING lines have been developed after gamma-ray irradiation to the rice seeds of Donganbye. In order to assess genetic diversity of the TILLING population. we have employed a multiple dominant marker technique, such as AFLP. A total of 96 (0.64%) lines including Dongganbye were randomly selected and their genetic diversity was assessed on the basis of AFLP marker polymorphism by using 5 primer combinations. An average of 100.4 loci with a range of 97 to 106 were detected by using the primer combinations, resulting in 173 (34.6%) polymorphic loci among 96 lines. A broad range of similarities with 80% to 96% was evidenced between Donganbye and each of 96 TILLING lines, reflecting genetic diversity of the TILLING population. About 30 polymorphic loci have been cloned and their sequences have been blasted against rice whole genome sequences. The sequences evidenced highly significant matches to each of genes including exons and introns, upstream sequences and downstream of genes, and intergeneic sequences. Therefore, the TILLING rice population would be valuable genetic sources for rice functional genomics.

The composition and distribution of seed storage proteins are important factors for eating quality such as grain flavor and quality in rice (OryzasativaL.) Rice protein disulfide isomerase (OsPDI) and binding protein (OsBIP) regulate synthesis, stability and sorting of storage proteins. We thus have tried to develop a marker protein for selection of rice cultivars which have different eating quality. Immunoblot analysis revealed that protein levels of OsPDI and OsBIP have no direct correlation with eating quality, suggesting that they may indirectly participate in control of eating quality through their-interacting partners or other regulatory mechanism.

Most vacuolar proteins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a proprotein precursor and then transported to vacuoles. In vacuoles, they are converted into the respective mature form. TaVPE1 and TaVPE2 were isolated from the cDNA library that was prepared from the wheat kernels at 16 and 18 days after fertilization (DAF). Additionally, putative TaVPEs (TaVPE3, TaVPE4) were isolated by inverse PCR (IPCR) using GrainGenes database. Each open reading frame (ORF) encodes 495, 497, 495, 456 amino acids, respectively. TaVPEs were closely related in respect to peptide comparisons and their sequence homologies were ranged from 84% to 93%. The TaVPE genes showed various expression patterns in response to exogenous treatment of phytohormones. The transcript of TaVPE1 was detected slightly and steadily after exposure to all phytohormones and the accumulation of TaVPE2 transcript was increased from 24 hours in NaCl treatment. The transcript of TaVPE3 was increased from 48 hours in response to H2O2 and decreased after exogenous application of ABA and salicylic acid. In case of TaVPE4, the transcript of TaVPE4 were weakly detected all time points of each phytohormone treatment.