This study aims to investigate the effect of drying temperatures on the quality characteristics and physicochemical properties of vegetables. Lettuce and napa cabbage were dried at 40, 50, and 60oC and analyzed for various quality indexes. Higher drying temperature induced the lower L* and higher a* and b* values of samples. Also, it resulted in lowering the rehydration ratio, pH, and total free amino acid content of dried vegetables. The outcome might be due to the damage to the internal structure of vegetables and the decomposition of free amino acids during thermal treatment. Higher drying temperatures led to higher soluble solid and total polyphenol contents due to the conversion of phenolic compounds from combined to free form during the drying process, which changed phenolic compounds from combined to free form. Consequently, samples dried at higher temperatures had higher DPPH radical scavenging ability. The final moisture content and drying time decreased as the drying temperature increased; moreover, the antioxidant activity increased. A lower drying temperature is beneficial to maintaining the chemical characteristics of crops.

안트라센의 골격을 갖는 청색 발광 물질, 9-(2-naphthyl)-10-(p-tolyl)anthracene (2-NTA)를 기본으로 하고, 오렌지 도판트인 루브렌을 다양한 부피비로 사용하여 백색 유기발광소자를 제작하였다. 그 결과 C.I.E. 좌표가 (0.32, 0.39)인 백색 유기발광소자를 얻었다. 다양한 부피비의 소자 중 루브렌을 1.5% 이하로 증착된 소자가 3% 이상으로 증착된 소자 보다 전기발광 효율이 높았다. 더욱이 2-NTA를 포함하 는 백색 유기발광소자는 같은 조전하에서 2-NTA 만의 청색 유기발광소자 보다 낮은 턴온 전압을 갖는다. 결론적으로 2-NTA는 적은 양의 오렌지 도판트만으로 순수한 백색 유기발광소자를 구현할 수 있다.

This study used adult wistar-based rats to observe the sexual cycle as a morphological characteristic of vaginal epithelial cells by vaginal smearing, and investigated the fetal number through mating with male rats of the same strain. The target animal was a 12 to 13-week-old Wistar-based mature unlighted rat (weight 220 g to 240 g), room temperature 23 ± 2℃, 14 hours artificial lighting (05:00 to 19:00 hours), 10 hours Adapted individuals were used for rearing for at least 2 weeks under the conditions of the darkroom (19:00 to 05:00). The feed was managed for free feeding of pellet feed for animals and water. The vaginal smearing method was used for the experiments by observing the sexual cycle every morning and confirming that the normal sexual cycle of 4 or 5 days was repeated at least 2 cycles or more. As a result, the proestrus was found to have few red blood cells, the cells and nuclei were rather large and round, and many nucleated cells were identified. In the case of the estrus, the cells were large and the nuclei were not stained, and most of the keratinocytes were found. In addition, in the metestrus and diestrus, there were many white blood cells, and it was confirmed that nucleated epithelial cells and keratinocytes were significantly reduced. The pregnancy period was 21 ± 1.8 days, and the number of live births per delivery was 11.9 on average. The number of fetuses on the 8th and 10th days of pregnancy were 15.2 ± 0.4 and 15.4 ± 0.3, respectively. On the contrary, the number of fetuses on the 12th day of pregnancy was 12.9 ± 0.6, which was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to the 10th day of pregnancy, and the number of fetuses was similar until delivery. As a result of investigating the change of body weight according to the birth weight and growth stage after delivery, the birth weight of female and male was 9.2 ± 2.0 g and 9.8 ± 2.5 g, respectively. After that, until the 16th day, the female and the male showed similarly moderate weight gain, and then showed a rapid weight gain until the 21st day of lactation. With reference to the results of this study, it is expected to be used as basic data for determining the mating time of rodents and controlling pregnancy and fetal number.

마오쩌둥(毛澤東)은 생전에 루쉰(鲁迅)을 평가하면서 여러 방면에 있어 상당히 높은 평가를 하였다. 예를 들면 중화민족 신문화의 방향, 위대한 문학가, 사상가, 혁명가, 중국 제1의 성인, 기수 등이다. 이는 루쉰이 생을 마칠 때까지 자신의 조국 중국의 민족해방투쟁과 반 봉건투쟁에 온 몸을 던졌다는 것을 의미하는 것이다. 궈모뤄(郭沫若)나 딩링(丁玲) 등 기타 작가들에 대한 평가도 그와 다르지 않다. 문학평론가가 아닌 마오는 작품의 문학적 가치나 예술성의 실현 여부 보다는 그 작품이 당시 중국인민들에게 얼마나 긍정적인 영향을 끼치고 그로인해 인민들이 투쟁의 한길로 함께하느냐 여부를 가장 중시하였던 것이다. 즉 마오의 현대작가들에 대한 평가는 문학적 관점 보다는 혁명적 관점, 정치적 관점을 가진 평가요 비평이었다. 논문을 마치며 가장 아쉬운 점은 필자의 능력 부족과 중국현대작가의 수가 워낙 방대 하고 숫자가 많아 이 짧은 논문으로는 다 다루지는 못하고 루쉰, 궈모뤄, 딩링, 야오쉐인(姚雪垠) 등등 몇 명의 작가만을 대상으로 살펴보았다는 아쉬운 점이다. 나머지는 이후의 과제로 삼으려 한다.

최근 한국에서 원전해체는 중요한 이슈이다. 원전의 운영 시와 비교해볼 때, 원전 해체 시에는 방사성물질의 방출이 크지 않을 것으로 예상되지만, 주민은 항상 방사선피폭으로부터 보호되어야 한다. 이에 대한 효과적인 관리를 위해, 연간 방출관리치와 방출한도치를 원자력안전위원회 고시 및 일반인 선량한도 기준으로부터 유도하였다. 기체상 유출물에 의한 대기 확산 및 침적 인자는 신고리 발전소 기상탑에서 2008년부터 2010년까지 3년간 수집 된 기상자료를 토대로 XOQDOQ 컴퓨터 코드를 이용해서 평가하였다. 선량평가는 ENDOS-G 컴퓨터 코드를 사용하였다. 이 컴퓨터 코드를 이용하여 기체상 유출물의 연간 방출관리치 및 방출한도치를 평가한 결과, 핵종별로 차이가 있었는데, 이는 연령에 따른 방사선민감도의 차이에 기인한다고 할 수 있다. 본 평가 방법 및 결과는 향후 원전 해체 시 방사성유출물 관리에 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

국내에서 오래 전부터 오미자와 칠해목은 약용식물로 이용해져 왔다. 오미자의 경우 생리활성 물질인 lignan을 통하여 여러가지 효능들이 연구를 통하여 알려졌으나, 칠해목의 경우 항염증과 관련된 연구가 진행되었을 뿐, 산화 스트레스와 관련된 연구는 미비한 실정이었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 오미자․칠해목의 추출혼합물을 이용하여, 과산화수소로 산화 스트레스가 유도된 SH-SY5Y 신경세포에서의 보호 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 과산화수소의 처리 농도의 경우, 신경세포 독성 실험을 통하여 100 μM의 농도를 본 연구에 사용하였다. 또한, 오미자와 칠해목 추출물은 SH-SY5Y 신경세포에서 세포 독성이 없음을 실험을 통해 확인하였으며, 과산화수소를 이용한 신경세포 보호효과를 확인한 결과, 30% 에탄올 추출물 50 μg/mL의 농도에서 각각의 추출물에서 가장 높은 보호 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 이에 오미자․칠해목 추출혼합물의 최적 효능 비율을 알아보기 위해서 각각의 추출물을 다양한 수율로써 6:4, 7:3, 8:2의 비율로 신경세포 보호 활성을 확인한 결과, 오미자와 칠해목 7:3의 비율과 50 μg/mL의 농도에서 가장 높은 신경세포 보호효과가 나왔으며, 이에 본 연구에서 오미자․칠해목 추출혼합물의 최적의 비율과 처리 농도로 사용하였다. Annexin V와 PI를 이용한 SH-SY5Y 신경 세포의 세포사멸을 확인해 본 결과에서도 오지마․칠해목 추출혼합물은 SH-SY5Y 신경세포의 세포사멸를 억제시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 오미자․칠해목 추출혼합물이 과산화수소로 유도된 산화적 스트레스에서 SH- SY5Y 신경세포에서 보호 효과가 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었지만, 그에 대한 메카니즘에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 차후 연구에서는 오미자․칠해목 추출혼합물의 산화 스트레스에 대한 정확한 기전을 파악하기 위하여 In vitro와 In-vivo에서의 후속적 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

알츠하이머병의 발병원인과 기전에 대하여 많은 연구가 진행되었으나, 아직까지 완전히 밝혀지지 않고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 STZ로 유도된 세포독성으로부터 노인성 질병의 예방과 항산화 효과로 잘 알려진 비타민 C를 이용하여 SH-SY5Y 신경세포 내 보호 기전을 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구 결과에 의하면, STZ를 SH-SY5Y 신경세포에 처리하였을 때, 세포사멸이 유도되는 것을 확인하였으며, 비타민C를 전처리함으로써 세포생존도가 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 비타민 C가 신경세포를 보호하는 기전을 알아보기 위하여 세포자멸사 과정에서 신호전달을 통해 다양한 유전자를 발현시키는 MAPKs의 인산화를 살펴보았다. 비타민 C 처리시 ERK의 인산화가 증가하며, 세포증식을 유도하는 것으로 확인하였으며, ERK와는 반대로 염증, 세포사멸과 관련된 JNK의 인산화는 비타민 C에 의해 인산화가 억제되는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 STZ는 Bax 단백질의 발현 증가와 Bcl-2 단백질의 발현을 감소시켰으며, apoptosis antibody array로 확인한 결과, Cytochrome C가 유도됨을 확인하였다. 이뿐만 아니라, 비타민 C 처리에 의해 Bcl-2가 증가하여 세포사멸이 억제되는 것을 확인하였으며, 항산화 효소인 Sod-1의 발현을 증가하는 것 또한 확인하였다. 이는 비타민 C가 항산화 방어체계를 강화시켜 STZ에 의한 세포손상을 보호하는 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구를 통하여 STZ로 유도된 SH-SY5Y 신경세포 손상 에서 비타민 C가 여러 기전을 통하여 세포자멸사를 억제하여 세포를 보호하는 효과가 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 연구는 일부 기전들만을 확인한 것으로 추후 연구에서는 다양한 비타민 C의 농도 및 처리시간에 따른 기전의 차이를 분석하고, 실험동물을 통한 검증 및 스트렙토조토신에 의한 아밀로이드베타와 타우의 관련성을 확인하고자 한다.

This paper analyzes Mao’s character building process, personality and identity formation process through analysis of reading inclination. It also examines the process of China’s revolution, the process of Chinese Communist Party’s development, and the influence of China on the formation of the regime. It should be remembered that Mao’s reading propensity does not end with the personal nature of Mao, the natural Mao’s reading propensity, but that they ultimately played a decisive role in China’s revolutionary process. This paper analyzes Mao’s diverse reading tendencies through reading analysis of Chinese classics, reading analysis of Marx and Leninism, and analysis of his readings on newspapers and magazines. And through that analysis, we can lay the foundations for understanding Mao and China. Mao‘s ideas and their influence are very important in understanding China. His influence is also presently underlining the whole of China’s ideological system, and its invisible influence will continue even to the present day Xi Jinping system. Of course, even the Xi Jinping system has its influence. A thorough analysis and inquiry into China through the study of Mao ideology will be a very important task for us. However, this paper is related to Mao’s reading tendency analysis which is attempted for the first time in Korea. Although originality is an advantage of this paper, its analysis and weakness of argument are weak points of this paper.

Amyloid-β protein (Aβ) is known to increase free radical production in neuronal cells, leading to cell death by oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of PineXol® on Aβ25-35 induced neuronal cell death. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells were pre-treated with 100 μg/mL of PineXol® for 2 h. The cells were exposed to single dose of 30 μM Aβ25-35 for 24 h. Cell death was assessed by a cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, lactate and dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. An Apoptotic process was analyzed by a protein expression of the Bcl-2 family using western blotting. Cell viability increased in PC-12 cells treated with both Aβ25-35 and PineXol®, compared to the control group. PineXol® induced a decrease of the Bcl-2 protein expression (p<0.05), while Bax and Sod1 increased (p<0.05), indicating attenuation of Aβ25-35 induced apoptosis. These results suggest that PineXol® may be a good candidate for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of PineXol® on H2O2-induced cell death in SK-N-MC cells, and in early stage focal ischemia rodent model. SK-N-MC cells were pre-treated with 200 μM H2O2 or various concentrations of PineXol® (10, 30, and 50 pg/mL) for 24 h, and then exposed to H2O2 for 3 h. Cell death was assessed by the CCK-8 assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and lactate and dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) expressions were also analyzed by western blotting. Focal ischemia rodent model was used as the in vivo model, and different concentrations of PineXol® (1, 10, and 100 mg/kg) were administered. One week after administration, reduction of infarct volume was analyzed by TTC staining. Cell viability of H2O2-treated SK-N-MC cells significantly increased by pre-treatment of PineXol® (p<0.05). PineXol® pre-treatment also induced significant decrease of ROS and LDH expressions. However, PineXol® did not affect the infarct volume. These results suggest that PineXol® has significant neuroprotective effect in vitro, but statistical significance was not confirmed in the in vivo focal ischemia mo

In conversation analysis (CA), wh‐questions are treated as invoking a claim that questioners have no knowledge about the information being solicited. This paper examines a particular form of wh‐questions that indexes an epistemic claim incongruent with such a claim of no knowledge. In particular, it examines wh‐questions that are marked with a committal suffix in Korean conversation, in which the committal suffix indicates that the speaker should have the information at hand. Using the method of CA, this paper shows that these wh‐questions indexing incongruent knowledge claims are used in contexts in which questioners know or should know about the information being solicited. First, they are commonly used to seek a particular piece of information questioners already know about, or should already know about, by reference to prior talk or shared knowledge with recipients. Second, wh‐questions marked with committal endings can be used as word searches. In these cases, they do not seek the other partyʹs active participation in finding solutions to the missing word(s) and thus are self‐directed. The analysis will suggest that wh‐questions with committal endings can serve to avoid a potential trouble or accountability in interaction.

Lee Seung-hee. 2015. “Closings of Calls to an Airline Service”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(3). 177~204. In conversation analysis (CA), closings of a conversation are explicated as achievements by parties working through structural problems of coordinating a simultaneous exit from the conversation. This paper examines closings of calls to an airline service in Korea using the method of CA. As calls to the airline service are built with an orientation to an expectably single business, resolution of the business at hand－typically a flight reservation－occasions the relevance of closing. Closings of airline service calls are structured into pre-closing and terminal sequences. Agents' announcement of a completion of the reservation, thus of the business at hand, constitutes a pre-closing move. Customers align with the pre-closing move normally by producing an acknowledgement in response. Following pre-closing sequences, agents initiate a terminal sequence by producing a terminal component in a standard format required by the institution. Customers typically respond with an acknowledgement ‘yes’ token, collaboratively achieving a termination. In the achievement of closing sequences, parties orient not only to the particular trajectory of activities and pre-closings they have been engaged in, but also to the particular type of conversation as one of customer service.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been synthesized by ferrocene-catalyzed pyrolysis of toluene. The influences of the experimental conditions on the morphology and microstructure of the product have been analyzed. To find the proper temperature for synthesis of CNTs, the experiment was performed in a temperature range from 800 to 1100℃. From content variation of ferrocene and thiophene as the catalyst, morphological change of carbon nanotubes has been observed. Also, the influence of the gas ratio of hydrogen and argon on the nanotube samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

Poly(imide p-alkoxycinnamate)s of various alkyl chain lengths were synthesized by esterifying chloromethylated polyimide (CMPI), a synthetic platform for functionalized polyimides. Soluble CMPI, obtained by chloromethylation of soluble polyimide from diaminodiphenylether and 4,4’-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride, was esterified with various p-alkoxycinnamic acids in the presence of base and phase transfer catalyst. The reaction underwent almost quantitatively. The structure of resulting polymer was characterized by 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic methods. Thin polymer film on a glass substrate was irradiated with polarized UV light, inducing a homogeneous liquid crystal alignment.