동소동속종인 복숭아순나방과 복숭아순나방붙이는 우리나라에서 여러 가지 과수의 주요 해충으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서 우리는 장미 과(Rosaceae) 과수인 복숭아나무, 자두나무, 사과나무, 배나무, 모과나무의 과실을 가해하는 복숭아순나방과 복숭아순나방붙이 유충을 채집하 여 분자동정법을 이용하여 종을 동정하여 과종별로 두 종의 분포 비율을 비교하였다. 유충을 동정한 결과, 복숭아 과실을 가해하는 종은 거의 대 부분 복숭아순나방이었던 반면, 자두 과실을 가해하는 것은 모두 복숭아순나방붙이인 것으로 나타났다. 사과, 배, 모과 과실은 두 종이 상당하는 비율로 같이 분포하였는데, 사과와 모과에서는 복숭아순나방붙이에 의한 피해가 상대적으로 많았으나 유의한 우점은 발견되지 않았고, 배 과실 에서는 복숭아순나방이 유의하게 우점하여 분포하였다. 이 결과들은 과수원에서 이 해충들의 합리적인 관리전략을 수립하는데 유용할 것이다.

팔레놉시스 주산지의 9개 농가를 대상으로 2013년 8월부터 2015년 6월까지 지상부에 발생하는 해충의 종류를 조사하였다. 양란주름응애 (Tenuipalpus pacificus Baker), 긴털가루응애(Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank), 꽃노랑총채벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande), 대만총 채벌레(Frankliniella intonsa Trybom), 파총채벌레(Thrips tabaci Lindeman), 볼록총채벌레(Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood), 난가루깍지벌레 (Pseudococcus dendrobiorum Williams), 긴꼬리가루깍지벌레(Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti), 무화과깍지벌레(Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus), 두줄민달팽이(Limax marginatus Müller) 등 총 10종이 확인되었다. 양란주름응애가 가장 많은 농가(66.7%)에서 발견되었다. 발생 빈도는 양란주름응애와 대만총채벌레가 총 96회의 조사 중 10회(10.4%) 관찰되어 가장 높았다. 긴꼬리가루깍지벌레는 발생농가율은 22.2%로 약간 낮은 수준이었으나 발생빈도(9회, 9.4%)와 밀도(2∼289마리/20주)가 높았다. 이를 종합해볼 때 양란주름응애, 대만총채벌레, 긴꼬리가루 깍지벌레가 팔레놉시스에서 가장 중요한 해충인 것으로 판단된다.

양송이버섯 재배지에서 LED 광원의 파장에 따른 큰검 점버섯파리(Lycoriella ingenua)의 유인력을 조사하였다. 시험은 용인과 부여의 양송이 재배지에서 수행되었으며, LED 광원은 백색광, 녹색광, 적색광, 청색광, 황색광을 이 용하였다. LED 광원 파장별 버섯파리 유인수는 용인과 부여에서 백색광 132.9마리, 3,272.5마리, 녹색광 120.3마 리, 3,109.5마리, 적색광 105.5마리, 1,910.1마리, 청색광 88.3마리, 2,708.3마리, 황색광 46.7마리, 2,465.6마리였다. LED 광원들은 무처리와 비교하여 2.7~3.5배 더 많은 큰 검정버섯파리가 유인되었다.

표고버섯좀나방(Morophagoides moriutii)은 최근 버섯 에 심각한 피해를 주는 해충으로 유충이 골목이나 종균, 자실체를 직접 가해하여 생산량을 감소시키고 상품성을 저하 시킨다. 표고버섯좀나방의 환경 친화적 방제에 이용 할 수 있는 가능성을 알아보기 위하여 국내 토양에서 탐 색된 토착 곤충병원성 선충 Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 계통의 접종 농도별 병원성, 침입수, 증식수를 표고 버섯좀나방의 령기에 따라 조사하였다. 선충의 표고버섯 좀나방에 대한 병원성은 접종농도가 높을수록 증가하였다. 표고버섯좀나방 2령충, 3령충에서 유충 한 마리당 선충 감염태 유충(3령충) 80마리 접종부터 100%의 높은 병원 성을 나타내었고, 표고버섯좀나방 4령충은 한 마리당 선 충 감염태 유충 40마리 접종부터 100%의 치사율을 나타 내었다. 선충의 표고버섯좀나방 유충 체내로의 침입수는 접종 농도와 령기가 높을수록 선충의 침입수도 증가 하였 다. 선충 감염태 유충 5마리 농도 처리에서는 2령충 1.3마 리, 3령충 1.7마리, 4령충 1.8마리 였으나, 160마리 농도 처리에서 2령충 12.3마리, 3령충 21.1마리, 4령충 22.5마 리로 조사 되었다. 끝으로 표고버섯좀나방 유충 한 마리 당 침입한 선충의 증식수는 같은 령기에서는 선충의 접종 농도가 많아질수록 증식수가 증가하였다. 또한 표고버섯 좀나방의 령기에 따라 선충 증식수의 차이는 많았는데, 선충 감염태 유충 160마리 처리농도에서는 각각 표고버 섯좀나방 2령충이 6,335마리, 3령충이 21,660마리, 4령충 이 88,700마리로 조사되었다. 따라서 토착 곤충병원성 선 충 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통은 표고버섯좀나방의 생물 적 방제를 위한 방제제로 활용할 가능성이 높음을 알 수 있었다.

무농약 시설재배 오이에서 잎, 꽃 및 과실을 가해하던 응애를 채집하여 동정한 결과 오이긴털가루응애(Tyrophagus neiswanderi)로 동정되었 다. 오이긴털가루응애는 분류학상 응애목(Acarina) 가루응애과(Astigmata)에 속하며 형태적으로는 유백색의 계란형을 띄고 체장은 490.1㎛, 체 폭은 288.1㎛의 매우 작은 응애이다. 오이긴털가루응애는 잎, 꽃, 과실에 모두 발생하여 피해를 주었다. 피해증상은 정식 초기 유묘의 경우 신초가 수축되면서 연노란색으로 탈색이 되고, 심하면 신초가 멎는 피해가 나타난다. 또한 오이가 생육을 하는 과정에서 잎이 피해를 받으면 처음에는 오이 잎에 흰색의 반점이 나타나고 시간이 경과함에 따라 반점에 구멍이 나고 찢어진다. 꽃에서도 흰색 반점과 찢어지는 증상이 나타난다. 과실에서는 어린 과실일 때 피해를 받으면 과실의 비대가 저해되거나 기형과가 나타나며, 과실이 비대하더라도 코르크증상으로 인해 상품성이 떨어지게 된다.

Emergence of resistant two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) can induce the over usage of standard amount of acaricides and result in various side effects. Rapid resistance monitoring is essential step for the efficient management of resistant populations by enabling the selection of appropriate acaricides. Here, we evaluated the 19 acaricides to determine its suitability for residual contact vial bioassay (RCV) by using PyriF strain as a reference. Twelve acaricides (Amitraz Abamectin, Bifenthrin, Bifenazate, Chlorfenapyr, Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumetofen, Endosulfan, Fenothiocarb, Monocrotophos, Omethoate and Tebufenpyrad) revealed the dose-dependent mortality within 8 h, whereas other remaining acaricides (Dicofol, Etoxazole, Fenbutatin oxide, Fenpyroxymate, Flufenoxuron, Spiromesifen and Pyridaben) did not. This finding suggests that the application of RCV method is limited depending on the mode of action and physicochemical properties of each acaricide. Resistance levels to 12 acaricides were determined for four field populations of TSSM by using RCV diagnostic kit. All TSSM populations showed the highest sensitivity to cyflumetofen, indicating that it would be most effective in controling field populations. RCV diagnostic kit would enable to provide crucial information for choosing the most appropriate acaricides in the field.

The oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, is an oligophagous insect feeding on a few species of Solanaceae plants, including Nicotina tabacum. This study investigated the relationship between H. assulta and plants, focusing on oviposition preference and larval performance of the specialist in host and non-host plants. (1) In choice experiments, N. tabacum and Phaseolus vulgaris were put in a cage with 5 females and 10 males. Most of eggs (ca. 98%) were layed in N. tabacum, whereas few eggs in P. vulgaris. (2) In non-choice experiments, N. tabacum, Datura stramonium, or P. vulgaris was individually put in a cage with 3 females and 6 males, resulting that N. tabacum was the most preferred host, followed by D. stramonium and P. vulgaris. Oviposition was delayed about 2 days in P. vulgaris (a non-host plant) compared to the two host plants. (3) Larval performances were also compared with the three plants. Larval growth was better in N. tabacum followed by D. stramonium and P. vulgaris, High mortality (ca. 100%) of larvae was observed in P. vulgaris, suggesting toxic component(s) derived from the non-host plant might cause the death. The ovipositional avoidance in P. vulgaris is current being investigated to search for the oviposition deterrent, which could be useful for the environment-friendly pest management of H. assulta.

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the major insect pests of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. The spatial distribution and occurrence of Aphis gossypii Glover on greenhouse cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., were studied to provide an efficient and reliable sampling plan for its control. A highly clumped pattern was observed among plants (TPL b = 1.63) within a greenhouse. To develop a sampling plan for visual enumeration, leaves within plants were selected by different percentages of leaves (eg., 3rd and 6th, 6th and 9th leaf,…from the bottom of the plant) and then compared the accuracies and efficiencies by relative net precision (RNP). The results indicated that selecting leaves from the bottom of the plant by systemic sampling methods were relatively high as other sampling methods.

Emergence of resistant two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) can induce the over usage of standard amount of acaricides and result in various side effects. Rapid resistance monitoring is essential step for the efficient management of resistant populations by enabling the selection of appropriate acaricides. Here, we evaluated the 10 acaricides to determine its suitability on residual contact vial bioassay (RCV) by using PyriF strain as standard. Five acaricides (Abamectin, monocrotophos, tebufenpyrad, bifenazate and cyflumetofen) revealed the dose-dependent mortality within 8 h, whereas other remaining acaricides (Fenbutatin oxide, fenpyroxymate, flufenoxuron, spiromesifen and etoxazole) did not. This finding suggests that the application of RCV method is limited depending on the mode of action and physicochemical properties of each acaricide. Resistance levels to five acaricides (Abamectin, monocrotophos, tebufenpyrad, bifenazate and cyflumetofen) were determined for four field populations of TSSM by using RCV diagnostic kit. All TSSM populations showed the highest sensitivity to cyflumetofen, indicating that it would be most effective in controling field populations. RCV diagnostic kit would enable to provide crucial information for choosing the most appropriate acaricides in the field.

Rhabditis blumi, isolated from Exomala orientalis, is a necromenic type of nematode that possesses several attributes of a potential biological control agent such as ease in culture conditions, high rates of reproduction and virulence, short life cycle and rapid multiplication etc. Pathogenicity of R. blumi was tested against 5 coleopteran species and 5 lepidopteran species. All insect larvae were susceptible to R. blumi, showing over 60% mortality except for Holotrichia kiotoensis and Ectinohoplia rufipes. The highest mortality was observed in Plutella xylostella (88%), followed by Artogeia rapae, Exomala orientalis, Spodoptera litura and Anomala rufocuprea (over 70%). Reproductive capacity of R. blumi differed from each insect species, ranging from 17 to 656 dauer juveniles/mg of insect larva. Dauer juvenile production was most in Plutella xylostella larvae, producing 656 dauer juveniles/mg of host body weight, followed by E. orientalis, H. kiotoensis, and A. rapae larvae (over 100 dauer juvenile per mg).

Damages by Tyrophagus spp. (Acari: Acaridae) on horticultural crops were newly observed in recent years especially in organic culture greenhouses in Korea. The crops damaged by the mite species were Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), and Phalaenopsis schilleriana (orchid). The spinach inner leaf growth was halted affected by the feeding of Tyrophagus similis at the early stage of the shoot emergence. The young leaves of the spinach bud had small holes and the leaves were deformed as they grew up. The surface of young cucumber fruits became shiny and soft at the early damage stage and the damaged surfaces became corky as the plants grew up. The mite from cucumber was identified as Tyrophagus neiswanderi Johnston & Bruce. In phalaenopsis orchid, the flower buds became yellow and dropped and the lower side of the leaves had white spots. The damages were caused by Tyrophagus putrescentiae.

The two related species in the tribe Archipini, Adoxophyes paraorana and Pandemis heparana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), are insect pests of fruit trees in Korea. We investigated differences in pheromone system and seasonal flight of these two species. GC-MS analyses of pheromone gland extracts revealed that females of both species produce blends of Z11-14:OAc, Z9-14:OAc, and Z11-14:OH in similar ratios. The average ratio of three components in extracts was estimated to be 3:100:0.3 for A. paraorana and 3:100:2 for P. heparana. Field tests showed that Z11-14:OAc and Z9-14:OAc were essential for attraction of A. paraorana males and the presence of Z11-14:OH in primary binary blend did not induce any synergistic or inhibitory effect. For the attraction of P. heparana males, however, all three components, Z11-14:OAc, Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OH, were indispensable. These results suggest that male A. paraorana do not discriminate between conspecific females and those of P. heparana in the field. Comparison of the flight phenologies in apple and pear orchards showed that the two species are sympatric and overlap in flight periods. This finding eliminates pheromone specificity and seasonal separation as premating reproductive isolation mechanism between A. paraorana and P. heparana.

This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci on welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L. var). The changes of welsh onion biomass and T. tabacci density were investigated after introductions of T. tabacci at different densities and days: By the results of the experiment in the early welsh onion cultivation periods (30d after transplanting), the biomass of welsh onion significantly decreased with increasing the initial inoculated density of T. tabacci. The relationship between cumulative insect days (CID) and yield loss (%) of welsh onion was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL and ET of T. tabacci on welsh onion were estimated at 24 and 20 CID per plant, respectively. By the results of the experiment in the late cultivation periods of welsh onion (about 120d after transplanting), the welsh onion biomass was also significantly different inoculation thrips densities to welsh onion. The EIL and ET were calculated as 35 and 28 thrips per welsh onion plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for T. tabacci management during the cultivations of welsh onion.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature and nematicides on endospore attachment characteristics of 2 Korean isolates of nematodeparasitic bacteria, Pasteuria penetrans. P. penetrans CJ-1 and 98-35 isolates and 3 species of root-knot nematodes in U. of Florida were used ; Meloidogyne incognita (MI), M. arenaria (MA), and M. javanica (MJ). Three nematicide levels of 2, 4, and 6 ppm were compared by treating Vydate and Nemacur in the endospore containing soils. The endospores were attached to the root-knot nematode juveniles by centrifugal method. Reproduction of the isolates was checked by observing root-knot nematode females harvested from inoculated tomato roots. 1. Among the two Korean isolates, 98-35 showed attachments to MI, MA, and MJ juveniles, but it could not reproduce in any species. CJ-1 reproduced on all the 3 tested root-knot nematode species. 2. Endospores pretreated in -14°C showed higher attachment rate than those pretreated in 4, 24, and 40℃. 3. Nemacur treatments significantly suppressed the attachment of the endospores to the juveniles, while Vydate treatment effects were negligible.

A storage mite (cheese mite), Tyrophagus putrescentiae, is known as the pest in storing grains and common health pest species in the dust around home. The mite directly affect our well-being as parasites, vectors of disease, and producers of allergens. But recently we found damages in horticultural crops especially in greenhouses. It is very difficult to diagnose the damage by the mite because of the tiny size of the mite. And the symptom is not clear at the beginning stage. In this study, observations were done on the mite and the crop damage symptoms in several horticultural crops under dissecting microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mite body size was 0.3~0.5㎜ and they had long hairs all around their body when observed under SEM. The characteristic damage symptoms in some horticultural crops are as follows. In phalaenopsis, the flower buds became yellow and the lower side of the leaves had white spots. The surface of young cucumber fruits became shiny and soft at the early damage stage. In the crops, the damaged surfaces became corky as the plants grew up. In peach tree, whole the trees lost vigor and flower drops were observed when the mite density was very high in greenhouse cultivation.

Synanthedon haitangvora (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) is an economically important pest of apple trees in Korea and China. We report here the identification of compounds in pheromone gland extracts of female S. haitangvora, and the male responses to blends of different components and ratios in the field. Two major components from pheromone gland extracts of S. haitangvora females were identified as Z3,Z13-18:OAc and E2,Z13-18:OAc, and the average ratio of these components was about 1:1. Seven minor components, Z9-16:OAc, Z11-16:OAc, Z9-18:OAc, Z13-18:OAc, E3,Z13-18:OAc, Z3,Z13-18:OH, and E2,Z13-18:OH, also were identified from gland extracts. Field tests showed that male S. haitangvora were attracted to Z3,Z13-18:OAc alone, but the maximum number of males was attracted to the binary blend of Z3,Z13-18:OAc and E2,Z13-18:OAc mimicking the blend found in female extracts. The addition of minor components to a 1:1 blend of Z3,Z13-18:OAc and E2,Z13-18:OAc did not increase the numbers of moths captured. The only significant effect of minor components was the strong inhibitory effect of adding Z3,Z13-18:OH to the primary binary blend. Increasing doses of the optimum pheromone blend in the lures from 0.1 to 2.0 mg increased trap catches of male S. haitangvora.

We tested differences in female pheromone production and male response in three species of the genus Adoxophyes in Korea. Females of all three species produced mixtures of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc as major components but in quite different ratios. The ratio of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc in pheromone gland extracts was estimated to be 100:198 for A. honmai, 100:23 for A. orana, and 100:3880 for A. sp. Field tests showed that males of each species were preferentially attracted to the two-component blends of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc mimicking the blends found in pheromone gland extracts of conspecific females. The effects of minor components identified in gland extracts on trap catches varied with species. Addition of 10me-12:OAc or E11-14:OAc to the binary blend of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc significantly increased captures of A. honmai males, whereas E11-14:OAc exhibited a strongly antagonistic effect on catches of A. sp. males. Moreover, Z9-14:OH or Z11-14:OH added to the binary blends increased attraction of male A. orana but not A. honmai and A. sp. males, suggesting that these minor components, in addition to the relative ratios of the two major components, play a noteworthy role in reproductive isolation between Adoxophyes species in the southern and midwestern Korea where these species occur sympatrically.