1976년에 제정된 미국의 외국주권면제법은 외국정부의 주권적, 공법적 행위에 대해서는 미국법원은 원칙적으로 재판관할이 없음을 표명하면서, 예외적으로 그 외 국정부의 행위가 해당 주권면제법에서 규정하는 예외(exception)에 해당할 경우, 미국법원의 외국정부에 대한 재판관할을 인정한다. 특히“테러행위 예외(terrorism exception)”규정은 1996년에 외국주권면제법에 처음으로 추가되었으며, 외국 정부가 테러행위를 지원하여, 미국의 국무부로부터 “테러지원국”으로 지정된 국가의 경우, 해당 테러행위로 인해 신체적, 정신적 손해 를 입은 피해자들은 해당 테러지원국에 대해 민사상 책임을 묻는 민사소송을 미국 법원에서 제기할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 외국주권면제법 상의 테러행위 예외 규정과 1996년 제정 이후 개 정된 내용을 살펴보고, 법원에서 관련 내용을 어떻게 적용했는지를 검토한다. 특히 테러행위 예외규정을 해당 규정이 제정 또는 개정되기 이전의 테러행위에도 소급 적으로 적용할 수 있는지? 피해자들에게 징벌적 손해배상도 부여할 수 있는지? 또 한 미국법원에서 테러지원국의 민사상 손해배상 판결을 획득한 피해자들이 테러지 원국의 재산을 압류 또는 집행할 때의 문제점 등을 거론한 판례도 살펴본다. 추가 적으로 북한에 대해 테러행위 예외를 적용하여, 북한의 재산을 압류, 집행한 오토 웜비어(Otto Warmbier) 관련 판결, 이란의 미국 내 재산압류에 대한 미국 판결 등을 분석한다.

프리지아 ‘Sweet Lemon’은 2007년 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서 흰색 겹꽃 ‘Teresa’품종과 노랑색 반겹꽃 ‘Yvonne’ 품종을 교배하여 획득한 종자로부터 2007년 연노랑색 향기가 강한 겹꽃 프리지아 계통을 선발하여 품종으로 개발되었다. 2008년부터 2014년까지 개화 생육특성검정 및 육성계통평가회의 기호도 평가를 통해 선발되어 2015년 ‘Sweet Lemon’ 으로 명명되었다. ‘Sweet Lemon’은 연노랑색(RHS color chart Y2B) 겹꽃 프리지아 품종으로 화폭은 6.8cm이며 분지수는 6.7개로 다수확성 품종이다. 초장은 99cm로 초세가 강하며 대조품종 ‘Yvonne’ 91.7cm에 비해 34.7cm 더 크다. ‘Sweet Lemon’의 소화수 및 소화장은 각각 10.7개, 7.7cm로 ‘Yvonne’ 9.7개, 8.3이며 개화소요일수는 126일로 대비품종 보다 약 20일 정도 빠르다. 이 품종의 절화수명은 약 8.7일이며 자구번식력은 5.6배로 대조품종에 비해 우수하다. GC/MS를 이용한 향기분석 결과 총 58개의 방향성 화합물이 검출되었으며 주요성분은 linalool, alpha-Terpineol, alpha-Selinene, limonene이었다.

Ranunculus asiaticus characterizes colorful and attractive flower shapes that are related with the ornamental value of bulbous plants. Improving ornamental value of bulbous flowers has been the general goal of floricultural market. Gibberellic acid (GA3) and benzyladenine (BA) play an important role in growth and developmental processes in floriculture. Combinational treatments of these two hormones have been used in floriculture to improve flower quality. We assessed the effects of combined GA3 and BA, as well as the individual effects of each hormone, on growth characteristics using soil drench application to eight R. asiaticus cultivars, ‘Giallo Millepetali’, ‘Bianco Millepetali’, ‘Arancio Millepetali’, ‘Rosa SC’, ‘Arancio Pratolino’, ‘Giallo Pratolino’, ‘Bianco Pratolino’, and ‘Rosa Ch Pratolino’. GA3 treatments increased plant height and first flower size of R. asiaticus cultivars. Moreover, about 5 to 9 days to flowering were averagely shortened by GA3 treatments compared to controls. On the other hand, the opposites, including first flower size and days to flowering, were observed for cultivars treated with BA, compared with controls. Treatments of GA3 + BA generally affected growth traits, such as plant height, flower size, and the timing of flowering on some R. asiaticus cultivars. In particular, about 5 to 6 days to flowering were reduced on average by Treatments of GA3 + BA. Our results showed positive growth effects, including plant height, days to flowering, first flower height, number of flowers from the application of individual and combined hormones to R. asiaticus cultivars and demonstrate a role for these hormones in future bulbous floriculture.

미국 민사소송절차에서 적법절차 논의는 법정지에 거주하지 않거나 법정지 와 실질적 관련이 없는 피고에 대해 “적법절차 요건(due process requireme nts)”을 충족하는 판단기준에 관한 것이다. 적법절차는 민사 소송을 당하는 비 거주자인 피고(non-resident defendant)가 다른 주의 법원, 정부권력으로부 터 부당하게 권리를 침해받지 않도록 피고를 보호하는데 우선을 둔다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 미국 연방법원은 타주(foreign state)의 법원이 비거주자 피고에 대해 재판관할을 행사하기 위해서는 해당 “피고,” 법정지(forum, 즉 타주의 법원), 분쟁사안과의 “minimum contact”이 있는 지를 검토한다. 법정지의 성문법상 법정지 법원의 재판관할권이 인정되는 경우에도 법정지 의 재판관할, 특히 인적재판관할(personal jurisdiction)에 대해서는 최종적으 로 미국연방헌법에서 보장하는 적법절차 요건에 부합한지에 대한 검토가 필요 하다. 미국 민사소송의 피고에 대한 적법절차요건은 재판관할관련 판례의 기 본원칙으로, 법정지의 재판관할 유무를 결정함에 있어 원고의 편의도 고려되 어야 한다는 반대의견에도 불구하고, 1945년의 International Shoe 판례 이 후 지금까지 변함없이 지속되고 있다. 2014년도의 미국 연방대법원의 재판관할에 대한 판례는 피고를 위한 적법 절차 요건을 재확인시켜주었다. 이에 논문은 미국 연방헌법에서 보장된 적법 절차가 법정지의 재판관할을 부인하는 비거주자 피고에게 어떻게 적용되는지 를 검토한다. 또한 우리 법원이 국제사법 상 “당사자(원고와 피고)”와 법정지 인 한국 법원과 실질적 관련성이 있을 경우 국제재판관할을 인정하는 점은 미 국이 피고를 기준으로, 피고와 법정지와의 실질적 관련성을 검토하여 재판관 할을 결정하는 점과 법적으로 약간의 차이가 있음을 지적해 본다.

Climate change by global warming is predicted to affect on public health including increasing incidence of vector borne diseases. Vector borne diseases are transmitted by arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, chigger mites and ticks, and are highly sensitive to climate changes. The surveillance and R&D of infectious disease vectors are becoming important for climate change preparedness in Korea. So far, 10 regional vector surveillance centers (Incheon, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju) have been established to monitor vectors and their pathogens against endemic diseases (japanese encephalitis, malaria, scrub typhus and SFTS) and imported diseases (dengue fever, west nile fever and yellow fever). The information on geographical distribution as well as real-time monitoring of vectors and their pathogens will be presented by this surveillance system, ‘VectorNet’. The R&D plan on vectors and their pathogens is now discussing in government-wide R&D committee on infectious diseases. The R&D areas will be included: 1) establishment of nationwide monitoring system, 2) study on biological and molecular characteristics, 3) development of vector identification and pathogen diagnosis methods, 4) development of vector control techniques, 5) management and conservation of vector resources.

Nanocomposites comprised of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol-gel process. The synthesized samples were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The results show that the MgO nanoparticles, with an average diameter of 70 nm, are decorated uniformly on the surface of the GOs. By controlling the concentration of the MgO precursors and reaction cycles, it was possible to control the loading density and the size of the resulting MgO particles. Because the MgO particles are robustly anchored on the GO structure, the MgO/GOs nanocomposites will have future applications in the fields of adsorption and chemical sensing.

Interferon induced transmembrane protein-1 (Ifitm-1) has been reported to have an important role in primordial germ cell formation, and it has expressed in female reproductive organ. In the present study, Ifitm-1 gene expression was identified in testes and all part of epididymis using western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, Ifitm-1 expression was observed on the head of spermatozoa. To investigate the role of Ifitm-1 gene expression in behavior of spermatozoa after acrosome reaction, fresh sperm was incubated with calcium ionophore to induce acrosome reaction, whereas the expression of Ifitm-1 was not altered after the acrosome reaction. Then to identify the effect of Ifitm-1 in sperm motility and other seminal parameters, different concentration of Ifitm-1 antibody was incubated with spermatozoa, and seminal parameters were assessed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Interestingly, motility, progressive, and VAP were increased in the sperm with Ifitm-1 antibody treated compared to rabbit serum, however other parameters such as straightness were not changed. In order to identify the functional significance of Ifitm-1 in fertilization, capacitated spermatozoa were pre-incubated with anti- Ifitm-1 antibody and subsequently examined the ability to adhere to mouse oocytes. However, any defection or alteration in sperm-egg fusion was not found, Ifitm-1 antibody treated or non-treated spermatozoa showed a normal penetration. Although the precise role of Ifitm-1 in sperm motility and following fertilization need to be elucidated, this study suggests that the activation of Ifitm-1 on the sperm may enhance the motility of spermatozoa in mice.

It has been reported that light-emitting diodes(LED) can be used in the treatment of oral diseases. Although bio-stimulatory effects of LED irradiation such as promotes stimulation of wound healing have been well known, there are few reports about molecular mechanism associated with cell cycle by LED irradiation. The purpose of present study was to examine the molecular event in cell cycle of LED irradiation on primary human gingival fibroblast(hGF) in vitro. The source of light for irradiation was a continuous-wave LED emitting at a wavelength of 635nm, and manufactured that energy density was 5mW/cm2 on sample surface. The hGF were irradiated for 1 hour at 37℃ in 5% CO2 humidified chamber. Experimental samples were acquired at 0 (right after irradiation), 8 and 24 hour after irradiation. To investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with cell cycle, growth phase was determined by flow cytometry and mRNA expression of cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cdc2, PCNA, p18, p27, p21, and p53 were determined by real time RT-PCR. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated the percentage of cells in the G1 and S phase were decreased, but the G2 phase increased, which showed cells irradiated by LED were transitioned from S to G2 phase. For mRNA expression, cyclin B, cdc2, PCNA and p53 were increased at 0 hour after irradiation, and most of cell cycle molecules were increased at 8 hour after irradiation. At 24 hour after irradiation, cyclin A, cyclin E, PCNA and p18 were increased. Taken together, LED irradiation induced proliferation of hGF cells through transition from S to G2 phase.

The purpose 01' pl'esent study was to examine the molecular events in apoptosis by CoCl2, mimicking hypoxic cond ition and recovering effects by LED ir l'adiation on Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells The SOUl'ce 0 1' light for ir l'adiation was a continuous-wave LED emitting at a wavelenl양h of 590 nm, and manufactured that ene rgy density was 5 mW!cm2 on sample surface, After ir l'adiation, cell viabi lity was measured with BrdU , cell morphol ogy was examined with Diff- Quik staining, cell signaling was monitored with various apoptosis-related molecules using RNase Pl'otection Assay(RPA) , W11en treated with CoC12, apoptotic induction was found in the SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner , Diff-Quik s taining was revealed that DNA fragmentation re presented apoptosis was examined in CoC12-tl'eated group, Moreover, RPA assay of SH-SY5Y cclls lIs ing val'iolls apoptosis-related molecllles showed that the apoptotic cell population was mcreased J-loweve. there was sorne signifïcant change in LED irradiatied cells aftel' treatement of CoC12 The main mechanism for Lhese a poptosis appearecl to be mito c hondriεt - m ecliated pathway, such as cytochrome- c‘ caspase-9, caspase-3, pro-apototic protein ßax, anti-apototic protein Bcl-2, and death receptor• mediated pathway, such as Fas, cas pase- 8, a ncl TNFRl These results demonstrate that CoCI2 induce apoptosis in SH-SY5Y via different dual apop tosis pathway through death receptor pathway as well as mitochondria- dependent pathway and LED irradiation can recl llces the CoCl2-induced apoptosis by blocking their internal signaling pathway

μ방lt emitting diodes (LED) devices are commercially introduced as an alternative for low-Ievellaser therapy (11ι，T) ， and it has several advantages over lasers such as a safe, efficient, and less-expensive altemative to treat wounds. And LED irradiation at the same biostimulatory wavelength has similar bíochemical effεαs. In the present study, to asses whether the I핑ht-emitting diode (LED) irradíation can stimulate bone regeneration, irradiated bony defects with or without grafting materials on rat calvaria were compared to corresponding nonirradiated control. Fifty male Sprague-Dawly rats weighing about 150g, were used. Factors for present study were designed as follows, 1) presence or absence of grafting materials, 2) with or without irradiation, and 3) number of irradiation. Two weeks after operation, rats were sacrifìced. Radiologic and 비stomorphologic fmdings were evaluated. Macrospically, there were no incidents of infection, dehiscence, hematoma and necrosis during study. Radiological findings showed greater radiopacity in the graft group and radiopacity increased as the number of irradiation increase. And microscopically, new bαle formation was great in the graft group and increased as the number of irradiation increase, Present study has shown that LED irradiation improved bone regeneration through radiologic and histomorphologic fmdings in rat.

Background : Unlike Dioscorea japonica or Dioscore opposita, Dioscore alata is a high-temperature crop mainly cultivated in Africa and subtropical regions. Due to recent climate change, its cultivation area is expanding in Korea. In 2016, the Institute for Bioresource Research clarified optimal harvesting stage to increase its tuber yield and ensure safe storability. Methods and Results : As the seed-tubers for this study, Dioscorea alata tubers were cut into a size of 50 g, disinfected with lime powder, dentated on the seed bed with electrothermal wire installed on March 20th, and then planted on the main field on April 15th. The planting distance was 120 ㎝ in width, where the furrows of 90 ㎝ were cladded with black vinyl, in two rows with a column spacing of 25 ㎝. The amounts of applied fertilizers were 2,000 ㎏ compost, 34 ㎏ N2, 28 ㎏ P2O6, and 28 ㎏ K2O. The compost and P2O5 were used in full, where as N2 and K2O were used as original fertilizer 14 (10 ㎏) and additional fertilizer 20 (18 ㎏), respectively. The crop was harvested in six times from September 20th to November 9th, in an interval of 10 days. While harvesting, the ground fresh weight yield and underground tuber yield were investigated. The underground tuber yield was 836, 1,744 and 2,975 ㎏ low at the early harvests on September 20th, 30th, and October 10th, respectively, while it was 3,622, 3,828, 3,818 ㎏ high on October 20th, 30th, and November 9th, respectively. The ground fresh weight yield remained the same. To clarify tuber storability by harvest time, they were stored at 15℃after harvest, and then healthy and corrupt tubers were studied on March 23th. The corruption ratio by harvest time was highest at 39.1% and 29.3% on October 30th and November 9th, respectively, when frost and low temperature damaged harvest. It was 59.0% and 42.8% at the early harvests on September 20th and 30th, respectively. The corruption ratio was lowest on October 20th and October 10th at 29.3% and 39.1%, respectively. Conclusion : Ford. Dioscore alata cultivation, Korea presents a premature and disadvantageous environment with lower temperature and pre-harvest frost at the time of planting. After raising seeding on an electrically heated hot bed, the optimal harvesting stage should be from planting in the middle of April where temperature rises above 1 5℃ to harvesting in the period October 10th - 20th so as to achieve the maximum tuber yield and high storability.