고랭지 농업(해발고도 400 m이상)은 주로 해발고도가 높은 산지의 경사지에서 이루어지고 있고, 대부분 작물 재배기간이 5월부터 9월까지(5개월)로 짧아, 나머지 7개월은 토양 피복이 이루어지지 않은 상태로 있어 토양유실 가능성이 높다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위해 본 연구에서 고랭지 경사도 55% 라이 시미터(Lysimeter)에서 경관성이 높은 구절초를 식재하여 토양 유실 저감 효과를 규명하였다. 관행구로 나지(Control, TC) 대비 식재 밀도에 따라 구절초 적은 그룹(T1, 40주), 구절초 많은 그룹(T2, 70주)로 하여 총 3처리를 두었다. 구절초의 재배기간 (6-10월) 피복율을 조사한 결과 대조구인 나지상태인 TC는 0% 의 피복율인데 반해 구절초 식재한 T1 처리구는 43-59%의 피복율을 보였으며, T2 처리구는 63-81%로 경사지 토양을 피복시 키는 효과가 가장 좋았다. 재배기간 평균기온의 5개월 평균은 평균기온범위는 16.1℃로 나타났으며 강우량은 1207.9 ㎜로 나 타났다. 재배기간 동안 평균적인 지표유출량 경감효과는 TC 처 리 대비 구절초 피복처리구인 T1 처리구는 71%, T2처리구는 76%로 우수하였다. 또한, 토양유실량의 경우 TC보다 T1처리구 의 경우 84%, 재색밀도가 높은 T2 처리구의 경우 98%의 토양유실 감소효과를 보였다. 따라서, 고랭지 경사지에 영년생 자원식물 중 경관성이 뛰어난 구절초를 식재함으로서 경사지 토양유실을 경감시킬 수 있고, 부가가치가 높은 고소득작물로 활용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

Chrysanthemum boreale Makino (C. boreale) is widely distributed in Asian countries, and has traditionally been used to treat various inflammatory diseases including bronchitis. In this study, we aimed to isolate biologically active compounds from leaves and stems of C. boreale. Chemical components were purified by column chromatograpy and recyclic HPLC, and characterized from their spectral data (IR, MS, NMR). Biological activity experiments were conducted for Farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase) activity, apoptosis and nitirc oxide (NO) release. As a results, three sesquiterpene lactones were isolated. Compound 1 (4-methoxy-8-O-acetyl-10-hydroxy-2,11(13)-guaiadiene-12,6-olide) showed strong cytotoxic activities having an average growth inhibition of 50% (GI50) value of 1.89 ㎍/㎖against human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Compound 1 also showed a low half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 10 ㎍/㎖ for NO release. In the caspase 3 activity, compound 1 and compound 2 (8-O-(2-carbonyl-2-butyl)-3,10-dihydroxy-4,11(13) -guaiadiene-12,6-olide) exhibited 94% and 90% apoptosis inhibition activity, respectively. Compound 3 (4,8-O-diacetyl -10-hydroxy-2(3),11(13)-guaiadiene-12,6-olide) showed a strong inhibitory effect on FPTase activity with 90% inhibitory activity at a concentration of 100 ㎍/㎖. These results clearly show the presence of lactone compounds in the leaves and stems, which may partially contribute to the pharmacological activity of C. boreale.

This study describes an efficient and widely applicable droplet-vitrification following cryopreservation for shoot tips of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) cvs. ‘Borami’ and ‘Yes morning’. The shoot tips of Chrysanthemum were precultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium supplemented with sucrose (0.3-0.7 M). Precultured explants were treated with loading solution (LS, C6) containing glycerol 20% and sucrose 20% for 30 min and exposed to dehydration solution (B5) containing 40% of glycerol and 40% of sucrose for 60 min at 25℃, and then transferred onto droplets containing 2.5 ㎕ PVS3 on sterilized aluminum foils (4 ㎝ × 0.5 ㎝) prior to direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN) for 1 h. The highest regeneration rate (%) was obtained when shoot tips were precultured with treatment-2 (exposing of shoot tips to MS + 0.3M sucrose for 30 h and then treated with MS+0.5 M sucrose for 16 h) at 25℃ in both the cultivars. The viability of cooled samples, followed by culturing on NH4NO3-free MS medium for first 5 days was increased to two-fold (80.7%) regrowth rate over those cultured on normal MS medium or MS medium containing plant growth regulators. This result shows droplet-vitrification would be a promising method for cryobanking chrysanthemum germplasm.

Chrysanthemum boreale Makino is widely distributed in Korea, China, Japan and Southeast Asian countries. C. boreale is one of the herbs used for treating various inflammatory diseases in oriental medicine. The present study was conducted to identify biologically active compounds from the leaves and stems of C. boreale. We isolated two sesquiterpene sactones from the leaves and stems of C. boreale using silica gel column chromatography and recyclic high perfomance liquid chromatography. The lactones were characterized by their spectroscopic data (NMR, IR, MASS). These compounds were subjected to Farnesyl Protein Transferase (FPTase) inhibition, Nitric Oxide (NO) release inhibition and apoptosis inhibition. The structur of the following isolated compound were elucidated 8,10-o-Acetyl-2-methoxy-10-hydroxy-3,11(13)-guaiadiene-12,6-olide and 4,10-dihydroxy -8-o-Acetyl-2,11(13)-guaiadiene-12,6-olide. In the NO release inhibition assay, compound 2 showed strong activities, with an IC50 value of 7 μg/mL, whereas compound 1 did not exhibit significant activity with an IC50 value of over 14 μg/mL against murine macrophage.

Acyltransferase (AT) catalyzes the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to an acceptor. ATs play important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis in the human body and have been linked to various diseases; therefore, several ATs have been proposed as potential targets for the treatment or prevention of such diseases. The AT family includes acyl-CoA:cholesterol AT (ACAT), diacylglycerol AT, and monoacylglycerol AT for the metabolism of lipids. Furthermore, recent molecular biological studies revealed the existence of their isozymes with distinct functions in the body. ACAT plays a critical role in the formation of cholesteryl esters from cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a potential target for treating hypercholesterolemia. During an experiment designed to discover biologically active compounds from herbal medicines, we isolated two known guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones from Chrysanthemum boreale Makino (Compositae). The lactones were characterized from their spectroscopic data (NMR, IR, MASS). These compounds were subjected to ACAT inhibition assay. Here, we report the isolation and structural elucidation of the compounds 8-o-acetyl-2-methoxy-10-hydroxy-3,11(13)-guaiadiene-12,6-olide and 8-acetyl-3,10-hydroxy-4(15),11(13)-guaiadiene-12,6-olide. In the ACAT inhibition assay, compound 1 showed strong inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value 45 μg/mL, whereas compound 2 did not exhibit significant inhibitory activity with an over 100 μg/mL.

This study was carried out to examine the effective wet harvesting solution for development of wet distribution system in standard chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) ‘Baekma’. The cut flowers were treated immediately in floral preservative solutions or dry condition after harvesting, and then the effects on quality of cut flower were compared. Also, we investigated the effects of NaOCl and sucrose on vase life and quality of cut flower. When the cut flowers were treated immediately in tap water, Chrysal OVB, Floralife, Hiflora solutions after harvesting, flower diameter and fresh weight of cut flower increased compared to dry condition treatment. In single treatment of 100 mg･L-1 NaOCl as wet harvesting solution, flower diameter and fresh weight of cut flower increased more than other treatments, and vase life was prolonged to 1.5 days than control. But, flower diameter and fresh weight of cut flower decreased in 0 or 200 mg･L-1 NaOCl. When the cut flowers were treated in combination solution of 100 mg･L-1 NaOCl and 0.1% sucrose, the flower diameter was the largest by 9.8 cm, and fresh weight of cut flower was maintained the highest in holding solution. On the other hand, flower diameter and fresh weight of cut flower were lowest in combination solution of 100 mg･L-1 NaOCl and 2.5% sucrose. There was no difference in vase life between treatments mixed with NaOCl and sucrose. Therefore, it was suggested that treatment mixed with 100 mg･L-1 NaOCl and 0.1% sucrose as wet harvesting solution was the most effective for vase life and quality of cut flower in standard chrysanthemum ‘Baekma’.

Background : Chrysanthemum indicum L. is used in medicine, for bee, ornamental as multivoltinism plant resources. Since ancient times, Chrysanthemum indicum L. had been widely used as drug and tea. To diversity and increase the demand of Chrysanthemum, it is breeding for medicinal herb, tea and ornamental flower. Therefore size and shape of plant, color of flower have been used for cross breeding. CI2013 lines collected from Jeju have been used for landscape and ornament. and CI2010 lines collected from Sancheong have been used for medicinal herb tea. As a result, many new lines were developed. Therefore it was carried out to use as a date for new varieties through the characterization of good lines. Methods and Results : 7 lines were investigated and these plants were forstered and cultivated from Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services (Hamyang). Breeding Lines were CI201001, CI201002, CI201005, CI201006, CI201303, CI201307, CI201401. The shape of CI201303 and CI201307 were round, plant height is low and width is wide, it may be used for landscape and ornament. As the size of flower in CI201005 was big, it may be used for medicinal herb tea. Conclusion : CI201303 and CI201307 lines were good for landscape and ornament because of round shape. CI201005 line was good for medicinal herb tea because of big flower.

This study was carried out to examine the effects of NaOCl, sucrose, and BA concentration as pretreatment solution on quality and vase life of cut flowers in Dendranthema grandiflorum ‘Jinba’. Flower diameter, fresh weight, and vase life in control and 0 mg･L -1 NaOCl treatments decreased, and the treatment with 100~200 mg･L -1 NaOCl was more effective in the quality and vase life. In pretreatment with 2.5% sucrose solution, flower diameter and fresh weight decreased and vase life was shortest due to the rapid leaf wilting. However, pretreatment with 0.1% sucrose solution increased the flower diameter and fresh weight, and showed the longest vase life. When more than 80 mg･L -1 BA was treated with pretreatment solution, flower diameter and fresh weight decreased, and vase life was shortened. With pretreatment of 20 mg･L -1 BA, the flower diameter was bigger than in the other treatments, but it was no effect on fresh weight and vase life. Therefore, it was suggested that pretreatment solution mixed with 200 mg･L -1 NaOCl, 0.1% sucrose, and 20 mg･L -1 BA was the most effective for the quality and vase life of cut flowers in standard chrysanthemum ‘Jinba’.

Background: Planting vigorous cuttings that quickly develop shoots and roots is essential to the biological and economic success of producing medicinal flowers. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage temperature and duration on seedling capacity in the propagation of Chrysanthemum indicum L. and to investigate the effect of rooting media on the growth of C. indicum L. after cutting.Methods and Results:Returning cuttings to supplemental cold storage (2.0 ± 1.0°C) may extend duration of cutting viability 6 weeks, returning cuttings to supplemental warm storage (25.0 ± 1.0°C) is not recommended. The treatment of the growing media experiments, which were conducted in the 2014 planting seasons, included sawdust, river sand, topsoil + sawdust, topsoil + poultry manure, sawdust + river sand, river sand + poultry manure, topsoil + river sand + poultry manure, topsoil + poultry manure + river sand + sawdust. Result indicated that the topsoil + poultry manure media performed best and supported the highest number of branches (3.47), branch length (26.39), and number of leaves (88.63).Conclusions:The results of the present study suggest that cold storage and the topsoil + poultry manure growth media was superior in supporting the early establishment of C. indicum cutting, this result will have a tremendous influence on propagation of this species.

Background: Chrysanthemum indicum L. is used in medicine, for bee, ornamental as multivoltinism plant resources. Since ancient times, Chrysanthemum indicum L. had been widely used as drug and tea. From 2000, breeding began and the three varieties "Manhyang", "Geumhyang", Gamro" were developed so far. As demand has increased, growth traits of "Wonhyang" has been tested and fostered to report growth characteristics of "Wonhyang". Methods and Results: It is used New variety "Wonhyang" that were forstered in Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services. After going through selection, proliferation and characteristics of CI0901, production performance test carried out in 2012~2013. As a result, it had named as "Gamkuk 4" in high quality, quantity and of strong in the disease. Local adaptability trial test carried out in 2014~2015. Conclusion: "Wonhyang" was a good growth in plant height, lengths of branches. Leaf color is light green, flower color is light yellow. Disease and pest resistance of "Wonhyang" is relatively better than "Manhyang". Since plant height is small and plant width is big, "Wonhyang" is available for medicine, food and landscaping. As a result of local adaptability trial test, Yield(131.1㎏/10a) of three region Hamyang,Hapcheon,Changnyeongis 10% higher than "Manhyang". Based on the results of this study, "Wonhyang" was to be registered for a new breed through the breed fostering council.

본 연구는 수증기 증류법을 이용하여 추출한 산국화 유래 hydrosol의 피부각질형성세포(HaCaTs) 증식 및 이주 유도 활성 평가를 통해 피부재상피화 및 상처치유 활성을 확인하였다. 산국화 hydrosol은 HaCaTs의 증식과 이주를 농도 의존적으로 유도하였으며, 특히 1 μg/mL에서 음성 대조군(control)에 비해 143.71 ± 3.37%의 증식과, 139.98 ± 5.72%의 이주 유도 활성을 나타내었다. 또한, 산국화 hydrosol은 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk 1/2)와 serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt)의 인산화를 유 의하게 증가시켰을 뿐만 아니라 collagen sprout out growth를 농도 의존적으로 유도하였다. 이러한 결과들을 통해서 산국화 hydrosol은 정상적인 재상피화 과정과 상처치유 등의 활성이 있음을 확인하였고, 향후 화장품 소재로서 응용가능성을 검증하였다.

본 연구는 국내에서 유통되고 있는 국화 147품종을 수집하 여 국화 품종의 식별을 위한 SSR 분자표지의 선발 및 이를 이용한 품종별 DNA profile 데이터베이스를 구축하기 위해 수행하였다. 품종식별에 적합한 분자표지를 선정하기 위해 20 개 품종을 대상으로 총 587개의 SSR 분자표지를 검정하여 다형성을 나타내는 27개의 분자표지를 선발하였다. 27개의 분자표지 중 다형성, 재현성, 반복성, 대립유전자 패턴 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 14개의 SSR 분자표지를 데이터베이스 구축에 활용할 마커로 최종 선발하였고 이를 이용하여 국화 147품종에 대한 SSR 분자표지 데이터베이스를 구축하였다. 국화 147 품종을 14개의 SSR 분자표지로 분석한 결과 대립 유전자 수는 79개, 마커별 대립유전자의 분포는 3 ~ 10개로 분포하였고, 분자표지 당 평균 대립 유전자의 수는 5.6개로 나타났다. PIC 값은 0.287 ~ 0.785 범위에 분포하였으며, 평 균값은 0.598로 분석되었다. 국화 147품종에 대한 덴드로그 램을 작성하였을 때 공시품종의 유전적 거리는 0.44 ~ 1.00 범위로 나타났으며, 147품종 중 143품종은 14개 SSR 분자표 지에 의해 식별이 되었으나, 돌연변이 육종법 또는 자연변이 를 통해 육성된 2품종은 원품종과 구분이 되지 않았다. 본 연구에 의해 구축된 국화 품종별 SSR 분자표지 데이터베이스 는 국화 출원품종의 대조품종 선정과 품종보호권 침해 및 종 자분쟁 발생시 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

In the genus Chrysanthemum, repetitive DNA sequences, the dominant part of a genome, are still to be elucidated. To explore the matter, the present study applied fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to the mitotic metaphase chromosome of Chrysanthemum boreale with C0t DNA as probes. Based on DNA re-assotiation kinetics, three kinds of C0t DNA exhibiting different degrees of repetitive nature were fractionated and used as FISH probes to map the repetitive sequences. Signals from all C0t DNAs were successfully observed but their coverage on the chromosomes was different among C0t-1, C0t-10, and C0t-100. C0t-1 FISH signals resulted to have its intensity on the telomeric region and were also dispersed on both chromosome arms except for some distal regions. In C0t-10, signals were observed in all parts of the chromosome with greater intensity around pericentromeric regions. FISH with C0t-100 DNA was observed in bright signals all over the chromosome. Signals of C0t FISH found in this study covered the regions where ribosomal DNAs and telomeric repeats of C. boreale have been distributed (previous report), thus signifying their repetitive attributes. The present results could enhance the efficiency of studying genomes, chromosomes and repetitive sequences of C. boreale and subsequently hasten the realization of the genetic scheme of Chrysanthemum.