This research conducted a vegetation survey on Mt. Changbai which are habitats of Papaver radicatum var. pseudoradicatum to obtain a basic data for artificial cultivation. The habitas of P. radicatum var. pseudoradicatum consisted of two communities as Dryas octopetala var. asiatica community and Aconogonon ajanense community. The community units as D. octopetala var. asiatica community and A. ajanense community belong to alpine vegetation in Mt. Changbai. A. ajanense community is distributed around altitude of 2007-2061m, and D. octopetala var. asiatica community is distributed altitude of 2350-2570m at relatively high elevation. According to the correlation between the vegetation structure and elevation. This vegetation structure can be simplified at the herb layer. The vegetation is classified into D. octopetala var. asiatica community and A. ajanense community on the axis 1 basis in the BC ordination analysis. Further, there appeared higher plant life totalling to 40 taxa comprising 35 species, 4 varieties and 1 forma with 20 families and 34 genuses at the whole survey area. Among these, Cyperaceae and Ericaceae plants excellent in resistance to environment was surveyed the most, accounting for 16%.

본 연구는 왕제비꽃 자생지의 환경요인, 토양 특성 및 식생을 조사하고 각 요인들 간의 연관성을 파악하여 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 조사 결과 왕제비꽃의 자생지는 총 7개 지역으로 해발고도 343-991 m에 위치하고 있었으며, 경사는 1-33˚로 대부분 북사면에 군락을 형성하였다. 토성은 대부분 사양토로 확인되었으며, 포장용수량은 평균 28.97%, 유기물함량은 16.63%, pH는 5.62, 유효 인산함량은 14.75 μg/g으로 나타났다. 18개 방형구에서 조사된 관속식물은 총 133분류군이었으며, 교목층에는 고로쇠나무와 신갈나무가 우점하였고, 아교목층에서는 고로쇠나무가 가장 높은 중요치를 보였다. 초본층에서는 왕제비꽃의 중요치가 9.66%로 가장 높았으며, 다음으로는 벌깨덩굴(8.53%), 개별꽃(6.51%), 피나물(5.15%), 큰괭이밥(4.52%), 덩굴개별꽃(4.15%) 등이 높게 나타나 이 종류들이 왕제비꽃과 비슷한 환경을 선호하는 것으로 판단된다. 종다양도는 1.32였으며, 우점도와 균등도는 각각 0.08과 0.89로 산출되었다. 환경특성과 식생조사 및 토양분석 결과를 바탕으로 한 상관분석 결과 왕제비꽃의 피도는 미사 및 모래함량, 관목층 이상 상층수목의 피도는 종풍부도와 높은 연관성을 보였다. 식생구조에 따른 군집분석 결과는 크게 3개의 군으로 구별되었다.

As air pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing urban environmental concerns, many studies have investigated the influence of air pollutants(ex: O3, NO2, SO2, Acid rain, etc.) on roadside trees and urban grove. In Korea, population density started to increase since the industrialization. Since dense population aggravates our living conditions, it's very important for us to preserve and keep a lively and refreshing nature in order to live with green nature in harmony under the current artificial environment-dominating world. In metropolitan cities, the production of pollutants increases in proportion to population growth. The vehicle exhaust gas and air pollutants from cooling and heating systems have been the major causes of acid rain. Furthermore, tire particles which are naturally produced by tire wearing on roads and other toxic substances in exhaust gas have caused a problem in human health directly and indirectly. In fact, a lot of studies have analyzed air pollution, roadside trees and plants in Korea. However, they are mostly limited to covering the influence of air pollution on the growth of plants. No paper has clearly explained why air pollution-resistant or-vulnerable species has shown different reactions yet. Even though a lot of urban roadside trees have died or stopped to grow from time to time, this kind of problem has not been properly examined. This paper is aimed to comparatively analyze physio-ecological characteristic such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll contents, soil volume water figure out their relationship with environmental factors against the expanding roadside trees in Cheong-ju, and provide basic data for management of roadside trees and elaboration of urban environment preservation policies.

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological characteristic of native Parasenecio firmus population in Korea and China. The survey quadrates were located in the middle of the native P. firmus habitats. According to the field survey, the habitats of P. firmus were classified into same Tilia amurensis community in tree layer. The investigation of native habitat in Korea shows that P. firmus inhabited deciduous forest from with T. amurensis, Acer pictum subsp. mono, Carpinus cordata and Acer pseudosieboldianum, which was similar to vegetation structure of Mt. Laoling in China. The result of the cluster analysis which uses SYN-TAX 2000 program, dissimilarity from 53% level was on a large scale divided at 2 units. The research revealed 96 taxa in total, in which 51 families, 81 genera, 21 varieties, 5 forma, 1 sub-species and 67 species were checked in the flora of the native P. firmus habitats.

A village grove is the one fostered and protected for a district's traditional life near the vicinity of a ruderal village. This research is done to grasp potential natural vegetation, to use a basis data needed for its management and preservation as well as restoration project by examining the vegetation and flora targeting a village grove of the southern district of Gyeonggi-do which has been seriously damaged subsequent to a rapidly progressing city development. According to the survey, there appeared an outgrowth flora of Pteridophyta consisting of 69 families, 136 genera, 20 varieties, 3 forms, 170 species-totalling to 193 taxa. Urbanization index was revealed to 4.55% and naturalization rate 6.74%. In life-cycle pattern, perennials were found to show the highest distribution rate; in infiltration-multiplication strategies, human wave tactics type was found to be the highest 51%, consisting of 98 species, and naturalization rate also was revealed to be 6.74%. The vegetation unit was divided into a total of 11 patterns, such as a community of Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Pinus rigida community, Pinus densiflora-Castanea crenata community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus rigida-Castanea crenata community, Pinus rigida-Quercus acutissima community, Castanea crenata community, Castanea crenata-Quercus acutissima community, Quercus acutissima community, Quercus acutissima-Robinia pseudo-acacia community and Robinia pseudo-acacia community. Quercus acutissima community is of a community type dominated by Quercus acutissima, in place of Pinus densiflora community selected by natural succession.

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of native Asparagus cochinchinensis and ecological characteristic in South Korea. Natural vegetative areas were investigated at 5 areas; Taean, Buan, Geoje, Namhae and Jindo. In this study, the 5m×5m quadrat was established for recording coverage and appearance species by phytosociological method. The flora of the studied area in native habitats were listed as 130 species. The native habitats was classified into Pinus thunbergii community and typical community. Two communities were located in a coastal cliff and have been destroyed. Therefore Asparagus cochinchinensis native habitats must be protected by regulation. In the studied sites, soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg and cation exchange capacity were ranged from 5.1~5.7%, 1.77~3.59%, 0.19~0.54%, 5.4~18.7 (mg/kg), 0.24~0.48 (cmol+/kg) 0.76~2.83 (cmol+/kg), 3.11~6.22 (cmol+/kg) and 8.7~24.5(cmol+/kg), respectively.

광덕산에 자생하고 있는 쥐다래는 잎이 개화기에 분홍색으로 변하는 등 높은 관상가치를 지니고 있다. 이를 조경원예수종으로 개발하기 위하여 생태적 특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다.1. 광덕산 서식지의 해발표고는 최저 679m에서 최고1014m까지 분포하였고, 기상온도는 일년 중 최저기온이 -23.3℃, 최고 기온이 28.7℃로서 서울의 기온보다 각각 9.2℃와 6.0℃가 낮았다.2. 유기물 함량은 1.5~5.4%, 유효인산 함량은 16~ 49mg/kg, 토양산도는 5.2~6.0 범위였다. 3. 광덕산 쥐다래 서식지의 식생은 총 50과 99속 113종 17변종 이었다.4. 쥐다래 서식지는 임도주변 수광률이 높은 곳에 서식하고 있는데 목본은 산뽕나무, 물푸레나무, 당단풍나무가 우점하고 있으며 초본류는 내음성이 높은 넓은잎외잎쑥과 대사초, 큰개별꽃의 피복률이 상대적으로 높았다.

In order to investigate the basic vegetation information for the efficient management of the Sorbus commixta habitat in Korea, 31 plots in Mt. Chiri area were selected of which vegetation types were classified in phytosociological method and ecological characteristics were identified. As a result, the habitat was classified as S. commixta community group which was then subdivided to Prunus padus group and Picea jezoensis group. Prunus padus group was classified in Ainsliaea acerifolia subgroup and Magnolia sieboldii subgroup, while the Picea jezoensis group was classified in Rhododendron mucronulatum subgroup and Echinopanax horridum subgroup. Thus, the forest vegetation of S. commixta was classified in 1 community, 2 groups and 4 subgroups, and found to have 4 vegetation units in total.

Living modified organisms(LMO) by modern biotechnology has played a highly visible role. But the public concerns relating to the environmental risk of LMO have been raised because of the potential benefits of this new technology. The recently adapted Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety contains an Annex on risk assessment, which specifies in some detail points to consider. All LMO should be evaluated according to their biological properties(phenotypic, genetic, agronomic and ecological characteristics) before release to the environment. To build up the capacity building of risk assessment method for LMO used environmental remediation, we engineered a model plant, Solanum nigrum L. expressing organomercurial lyase gene(merB). MerB transforms methylmercury to less toxic, non-biomagnified ionic mercury. In this report, we compared 8 different phenotypic, agronomic characteristics and rhizosphere microorganisms with control. The difference between transgenic and non-transgenic plant has not found.

This study was conducted to analysis the ecological characteristics of "Wando Holly"(Ilex × wandoensis) which is expecting as a possible ornamental tree with its beautiful leaves, flowers and fruits, and to find special breeding material which have particular characteristics and also provide correct environmental information which are required for commercial cultivation. The hill of Galmoon-Ri, Gunoei-Myon, Jeonnam Province, Korea, were reported as a original habitat of native Ilex × wandoensis. The investigation shows that soil pH of native habitat was 6.18, hardness was 2.39, humidity was 38.6%, direction of slope is SSW, and average inclination was 15°. The vegetation around I. × wandoensis is occupied by trees like an Quercus variabilis, Q. serrata, Q. acuta and so on. These are mixed forest of deciduous trees. Tree height reached up to about 12m and its coverage is about 30%. Q. salicina, Camellia japonica, I. integra, Cryptomeria japonica account for sub-tree layer. Tree height is around 8m and coverage is about 20%. Shrub layer was taken by Viburnum furcatum, Callicarpa japonica, Styrax japonica, Eurya japonica, Lindera obtusiloba, Ligustrum japonicum, Smilax china, Cornus walteri etc. Tree height reaches around 1.2m and coverage is around 20%. Herb layer includes Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Cymbidium goeringii, Dryopteris bissetiana, Disporum viridescens, Disporum smilacinum, Sasa borealis var. gracilis etc. Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, which are observed in southern evergreen zone, are dominant and its coverage is around 20%. The native habitat was in spoiled condition because of artificial thin out.

이 연구는 남해안 중부해역의 여름철 전 후 단계를 나누어서 6월부터 10월까지의 2004-2006년 장기간 해양환경 모니터링 및 식물플랑크톤 군집구조를 파악함과 아울러, Cochlodinium 적조발생에 관한 해석에 이용되고자 하는 것이다. 조사해역은 득량만, 고흥연안, 여자만, 가막만, 광양만, 여수연안, 남해연안으로 총 16개 정점이다. 수온은 19−29℃ 범위로 여름철 여자만에서 두 정점 모두 가장 높은 29℃C, 27℃ 를 나타내었다. 그러나 8월을 제외한 6월, 7월, 9월, 10월에는 조사정점에 관계없이 큰 차이를 보여주지 않았다. 염분도는 7월과 8월에 여자만과 광양만에서 다른 조사해역에 비하여 약 5-6 정도 낮은 25-27를 나타내었다. 클로로필의 경우도 7월과 8월에 각 조사해역별 큰 차이를 보이고 있다. 특히 광양만은 최고 5배 정도 많은 15μgl−1 까지 보였다. 투명도는 수온, 염분도, 클로로필과 다르게 조사기간 동안 해역에 관계없이 거의 비슷한 수준인 2-5m 정도로 보여주고 있다. 용존무기질소도 조사해역 중 광양만의 경우 7월과 8월에 가장 높은 0.53mgl−1 까지 보여 10배 정도까지 차이를 보였으나, 용존무기인 상대적으로 큰 차이를 나타내지 못하고 있다. 용존무기질소와 클로로필의 관계를 보면 7월에는 임의 상관성을 보여 클로로필의 증가에 따른 용존무기질소가 급속히 소모됨을 알 수 있지만, 8월에는 거의 오히려 양의 상관성을 보여주고 있다. 식물플랑크톤의 평균 세포수는 7월과 8월에 500 cells ml−1 까지 나타내었고, 대부분 규조류의 비율이 60% 이상 출현되었으나, 8월에 와편모조류의 점유율이 20-30%까지 보였다. 우점종으로는 Skeletonema costatum이 2004년부터 2006년까지 전 해역에 걸쳐 가장 많이 출현되었다. 각 해역별에 출현하는 식물 플라크톤의 집괴분석에 따르면 상호 혼잡되어 분포 되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 보면 여름철에 가장 큰 해양환경 변화를 보였고, 식물플랑크톤 중 S. costatum은 남해연안의 대표적인 기초생산 종으로 간주된다. 특히 여름철 Cochlodinium 적조는 득량, 가막, 고흥, 여수, 남해해역에서 3년 동안 계속해서 발생된 반면, 여자만과 광양만은 전혀 나타나지 않았다. 뚜렷한 차이점은 용존무기질소 Cochlodinium 적조 형성을 위한 요구량은 수중에 풍부하게 존재하고 있기보다는, 미량이라도 충분히 적조를 유발시키고, 외해역에서도 발생될 수 있다는 뒷받침을 하고 있다.

This study is carried out through ecological situation of native Bupleurum latissimum habitats and the research of environmental conditions for conservation of native sites, restoration of alternative habitats and preliminary data for application of useful medicinal plant. Native Bupleurum latissimum habitats were distributed on lower and middle part of the mountain from Altitude 54m to 185m, and the directions of slope were researched as usually northen and western slope. As a result of phytosociological research in 12 stands of native Bupleurum latissimum habitats, they were seperated to two communities(Bupleurum latissimum typical community and Bupleurum latissimum-Galium spurium community) in accordance with containable rate of the organic matter and soil hardeness. Soil condition is usually constituted as loamy sand and clay loam. Bupleurum latissimum is propagated in valuable soil conditions. Bupleurum latissimum lives with Morus bombycis, Reynoutria sachalinensis in Bupleurum latissimum typical community and Thalictrum aquilegifolium, Stellaria media, Hedera rhombea etc. is appeared with Bupleurum latissimum in Bupleurum latissimum-Galium spurium community. Especially, companion species were researched as Aster glehni, Dystaenia takeshimana and so on. The flora of vascular plants in this study is 44 families, 88genus 82species, 2 subspecies, 14 varietas, 4 forma and total 102 taxa. Plants of compositae occupied 10.78% among whole of them.

Iris odesanensis Y.N. Lee is one kind of species among 54 endangered plant species designated by the Ministry of Environment in Korea. It is very rare native plant throughout the country. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the native Iris odesanensis in Mt. Naeyon for their distribution and ecological characteristics. They were mostly distributed mid-slope of the mountain from 443m to 498m altitude. They were located lower part of valley and provided enough humid condition. They had proper light and humidity conditions as they faced south south west, south south east, and south. They were also located at the places deciduous woody plants were distributed for proper light conditions for spring blooming. Iris flowered to use light at the period before the trees thickly covered with foliage. However this unfavorable light condition caused low percentage as 7.04% of blooming individuals in this study. In herbaceous, Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) W. Becker, Carex siderosticta Hance, Erythronium japonicum Decne., Oxalis obtriangulata Max., Hepatica asiatica Nakai, Lilium tsingtauense Gilg et cetera were appeared well. We propose that proper pruning of upper branches of the deciduous trees is needed for suitable light condition of management of native sites.

Scrophularia takesimensis Nakai called "Sum-Hyun-Sam", growing about 1m in high is a perennial plant of Scrophulariaceae. Because the number of these species is very limited in the world, the Ministry of Environment has appointed S. takesimensis as a preserved plant. The Korea Forest Service also protects it strictly by the law since S. takesimensis is an out-of-the-way plant and possible to be exterminated soon in Korea. Investigation for distribution and ecological characteristics of the habitat for S. takesimensis was carried out in Ulleung-do Island. S. takesimensis has a tendency to emerged with Calystegia soldanella Roem. et Schultb. and Artemisia japonica subsp. littoricola Kitam. C. soldanella community were developed on the dry and well-lighted as east or north facing conditions. A. japonica subsp. littoricola community have tendency to developed on the properly lighted as west or north facing and well maintained soil or air humidity. C. soldanella community were developed on the sandy gravel or gravel and grew with Farfugium japonicum, (L.) Kitam., Lonicera japonica Thunb., and Peucedanum japonicum Thunb.. A. japonica subsp. littoricola communities were emerged on the rock beds or pile of rocks and grew with Sedum oryzifolium Makino, Sedum takesimense Nakai, and Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb..

The purpose of this research was to investigate the characteristics of urban ecotopes and to classify ecotopes systematically from them. Total of 15 characteristics for classification of ecotopes were selected, and there were categorized 3 factors, that is abiotic, biotic and anthropological factors. The ecotope types in the study area were classified into 67. The classification of ecotope was made with SPSS for Windows Version 10.0 on the basis of the 15 characteristics. As the results of cluster analysis using the average linkage method between groups, groups of ecotope type were divided into 15 clusters. It was known that there was not a great difference in an affinity as the result of overlapping the maps of ecotope type and land use type. This research suggested characteristics for classification of ecotopes, but there was a limit to get the objective method for grade classification because of lacking in the basic data, the research of characteristics will be accomplished continuously.

자생 배나무속 유실수 식물유전자원으로 가치가 높은 취앙네의 대덕산 자생지 일대 5 지점을 조사하였다. 취앙네는 해발 1246-1310ｍ의 햇볕이 잘 드는 산 정상 혹은 능선부의 남서사면에서 주로 조사되었다. 자생지 식생에서 총40과 79속 83종 12변종 1품종의 식물들이 조사되었으며 호광성 식물인 국화과의 각시취, 수리취 등을 비롯하여 장미과의 양지꽃 등이 널리 분포하였다. 자생지에서 취앙네는 신갈나무와 거의 비슷한 세력으로 혼재하여 출현하였다. 터주형 생태전략 식물의 차지하는 비율이 54.17%로 나타났다. 취앙네의 자생지는 산불을 비롯한 교란행위에 의해 다양한 식물 종군의 2차 천이가 활발하게 진행중인 지역으로 Shannon-Weiner의 종다양도 지수는 4.592-5.270의 범위로 나타났다. 대덕산 일대에 자생하는 취앙네의 29%는 정상적인 생육을 유지하고 있으나 57%는 생육이 불량하거나 보통인 상태로 조사되었다. 그러므로 취앙네의 생육에 방해를 줄수 있는 덩굴성 식물 및 교목류들의 정기적인 제거작업에 의해 수관부의 수광량 확보와 종간의 경쟁을 피할 수 있는 조치가 필요하다고 사료되는 바이다.