Purpose: this study was to gain a full understanding of the experiences of sports counselors trainees during counseling training. For this purpose, this study explored the experiences and the meaning of counselors’ development. Methods: A phenomenological study was utilized and 6 participants who had several experiences of sports counseling were selected for the study. 3 categories, 8 subcategories, and 24 subjects were derived from in depth interviews and focus group interview. Data were analyzed based on the open coding, axial coding, and selective coding procedure of phenomenological theory. Results: First, trainees were motivated to introduce psychological skills to athletes, at the same time they were worried about immaturity of themselves as counselors. Second, trainees faced the difficulties of reality such as doubts about the effectiveness of counseling, differences between on-site and lectures. Also, trainees should apply different counseling techniques depending on the speciality of sport. Third, trainees grew through a variety of experiences as sport counselors. They preached the importance of sport counseling to the organizations such as professional teams and schools. Conclusion: Trainees developed their skills and professional counseling abilities through their training. This research may be used as basic data for counselors to adapt to sports setting, and to achieve better and professional counseling.

The objective of this study was to examine the torrefaction process of three lignocellulose biomasses (rice husks, coffee shell, and wood) produced in Vietnam. Three different torrefaction temperatures ranging from 200oC to 300oC and three residence times of 20, 40, and 60 min were considered. The result showed that temperature had a higher effect on torrefaction process of biomass than residence time. Based on the findings of this study, a residence of 40 min could be suggested for an effective and proper torrefaction process to recycle the agricultural biomass and wood at 300oC. The torrefied products become fuel sources which can be applied to replace with fossil fuels.

Environment-friendly growth enhancers for rice are being promoted to reverse the negative impact of intensive chemical-based and conventional rice farming on yield sustainability and environmental problems. Several rhizosphere microorganisms and pyroligneous acids (PA) had demonstrated beneficial influence on growth, yield and grain quality of rice. Since most of the previous study had evaluated the effect of PGPR and PA on paddy rice singly, the effect of combined application of these on the growth and yield of paddy rice and on some soil chemical properties were determined. A four factorial pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of PGPR, PA in combination with fertilizers and on different soil types. There were 54 treatment combinations including the control with three replications under complete randomized design. Plant growth parameters were evaluated using standard procedures during tillering and heading stages. Rice yield and some soil chemical properties were determined at harvest. Results showed that inoculation of Bacillus licheniformis and Fusarium fujikuroi enhanced plant growth by increasing the plant height which could be ascribe to its ability to promote IAA and GA production in plants. Inoculation of Rhizobium phaseoli enhanced chlorophyll content indicative to its ability to improve the N nutrition. However, these plant growth benefits during the vegetative stage were override by the fertilizer application effect especially during the maturity stage and grain yield. High fertilization rates on coarse-textured soil without nutrient loss resulted to high available nutrients and consequently high yield. Wood vinegar application however improved nutrient availability in soil which could be beneficial for improving soil quality. Further evaluation is necessary to fully assess the potential benefits that could be derived from inoculation of these organisms and wood vinegar application in different soil environment especially under different field conditions.

Global increase in energy consumption has been known to cause the depletion of fossil fuels, and results in the increase of coal and oil price. Recently, waste to energy policy has received attention more and more, Korea imports approximately 97% of its total energy consumed, and there is an urgent necessity for the development of alternative energy source. Domestic waste management policy aims at zero waste community, which can be explained as the concept of 4R. The 4R consists of existing 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) and Recovery policies. Conversion of waste to energy, a form of renewable energy, has been known as an effective alternative for the increasing energy crisis. In this study, waste wood generated in D city was investigated as one of the alternative energy source. Expecially, the conversion of waste wood to solid refuse fuel (SRF) as an energy source was focused on. As an initial step to evaluate the applicability of waste wood as the alternative energy source, the waste wood sample were characterized by a proximate analysis and element and heavy metal contents analyses. In addition, heating values of the waste wood were calculated by presumption equation and Dulong's equation, and measured by bomb calorimeter. In summary, waste wood can be considered as one of the alternatives for effective energy source by meeting Korea standards for the quality and grade of SRF such as in lowheating values, contents of moisture, sulfur, and chlorine, and heavy metal contents

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a highly effective technique for treating lignocellulosic biomass and organic waste of various shapes and moisture content. The solid product of HTC is friable, hydrophobic, and increased in mass and energy densification compared to the raw biomass. also solid product is similar regardless of the type of biomass used. A liquid solution of five carbon and six carbon sugars, along with various organic acids and 5-HMF, is also produced from HTC of lignocellulosic biomass. The gaseous phase product consists mostly of CO2. Solid product has the similar characteristics to low rank coal. The solid fuel characteristics of feedstock was increased with reaction temperature and time via HTC process. However, mass yield was decreased with increasing temperature and time. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the reaction temperature and time for HTC. The HTC process produces the solid product and a large amount of water. Thus the reuse or treatment techniques of liquid product is necessary. Therefore, potential of biological treatment of HTC liquid product was evaluated.

According to the quality standards of the BIO-SRF(Bio-Solid Fuel Products) in Act on the Promotion of Saving and Recycling of Resources enforcement regulations, chloride is regulated to less than 0.5wt.%. The reason why chloride was regulated may generate HCl and dioxin when bio-solid fuel was burnt. Chloride and chloride compounds can be presented the characteristic of corrosiveness. These materials is reacted with iron to produce ferric chloride. Ferric chloride is oxidized to ferric oxide and ferric oxide can cause a pipe corrosion to short boiler life in combustion facility. There are several reactions to reduce Cl concentration in organic wastes and some wastes can be used in nucleophile reaction as reductive agents. Nucleophile(Nu) material can be represented by phosphate, nitrate, sulfate etc. Nu materials can substitute them for chlorine-based compounds(X-: Cl-, Br-, I-). Nu materials can reduce the harmfulness and chlorine concentration by substituting them for chlorine-based compounds of the solid fuel product produced by carbonization. In order to produce solid fuel product from organic wastes, carbonization among pyrolysis processes is suitable because nucleophile reaction should be an endothermic reaction, which heat must be entered to solid fuel product from outside. In this study, sewage sludge is used as a reductive agent to evaluate the characteristics of the reduction reaction in carbonization process because a large amount of Nu material is contained in sewage sludge. In order to evaluate the effect of Nu materials to control chloride in the residue of carbonization, waste wood mixed with sewage sludge was used in carbonization process.

When processing with wood floor covering on wet ondol floor, there are frequent defects caused by floor condensation, floor loosening, lowering of adhesiveness, wood contraction and swelling. The working method is still conventional with problems of lower indoor heating efficiency. Accordingly, ordinary wood floor covering is too expensive without any special functions or features, and it is necessary to suggest reasonable solutions or methods.

This paper aims at developing an environmentally friendly modular dome structure system with highly filled extrusion wood-plastic composite (WPC) member, and manufacturing a real-size specimen by modularizing members and nodes. The member used in the model is the WPC member with 70% wooden fiber contests, which is higher then previous WPC one. Its members and nodes are modularized by analyzing geometric characteristics of icosahedral-based geodetic dome. Applicapability of the 6ea prototype nodes and 3ea prototype members to the modular dome is examined with the results of the modulaization and the making process for the real-size specimen. Besides, from the analysis results, the lowest buckling mode is expected to be a nodal buckling on a node near the boundary.

Recently, the energy supply uses mostly fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, natural gas etc... however, they are limited and they present an issue for the environment. Biomass derived energy is considered promising for reducing the emissions of CO2, the significant contributor to global warming. Also it can be converted to various forms of energy through thermochemical conversion processes. In this study, a screw gasifier has been engineered for wood biomass gasification. Waste wood chip was used as biomass and the producer gas, tar; char were then achieved by gasification in the presence of CO2. The results showed that with the increase of the gasification temperature, the producer gas increased and the tar decreased. Also, due to thermal cracking, the light tar increased by the decomposition of the gravimetric tar. And a development of char pore structure was confirmed by SEM. The gasification of biomass in the presence of CO2 at 800oC produced an increase in the concentration of carbon monoxide according to the Boudoudard reaction and an increase in the char pore surface as well as its adsorption capacity. Thus the biomass gasification in the presence of CO2 was confirmed to be effective for the production of CO and the development of char.

The IPCC methodology for estimating methane emissions from a solid waste landfill is based on the first order decay (FOD) method. One emission factor in the model is the methane generation potential (L0) that is estimated from the amount of decomposable degradable organic carbon (DOC) in a solid waste landfill. L0 is estimated based on the fraction of DOC in the waste, the fraction of the degradable organic carbon that decomposes under anaerobic conditions (DOCf), methane correction factor (MCF), and the fraction of methane in generated landfill gas (F). The other emission factor is the methane generation rate constant (k). The IPCC recommended that every country needs to develop country-specific key parameters (DOC, DOCf, k) more appropriate for its circumstances and characteristics. The objective of this research was to investigate the greenhouse gas emission factor (k) and parameters (DOC, DOCf) for wood wastes in a solid waste landfill. To investigate DOC, DOCf, and k for wood wastes, the biodegradable rate of wood wastes was determined by comparing the composition of excavated samples (L-1, L-2) with their fresh ones (F-1, F-2). The DOC values were found to be 48.36% and 45.27% for F-1 and F-2, respectively. It showed that the IPCC default value of DOC for wood wastes is appropriate for estimating methane emission. The maximum DOCf (0.17 and 0.18) or each wood waste excavated from G landfill was found to be lower compared with those for IPCC. The IPCC provided that default values of DOCf 0.5. The k values were found to be 0.0055 and 0.0058 year−1 for F-1 and F-2, respectively. The result confirmed that the biodegradation rate of wood wastes was very slow due to its lignin.

This study analyzed the effect of Greenhouse of wood pellet fuel conversing from Diesel. Analyzed through a life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide for the environmental assessment, In evaluation of the Ministry of the Environment, analyzed through the life cycle assessment of carbon dioxide emissions of the greenhouse gas and, In the case of economic evaluation, we analyzed the investment payback period to the total revenue generated by each of the calculated incentive based on the RHI and institutions reduction projects a reduction of costs associated with the reduction of fuel costs.

This study investigates the geodesic dome based on an icosahedron and development of joint modules that make up a dome structure in order to model the modular dome using the wood-plastic composite member with 70% of wooden fiber contests. The purpose of this work is used as a basis for verification of structural performance of WPC in the real structures.

We are now currently facing serious climate changes such as super typhoon, flood, intense heat, severe cold, super hurricane, drought, desertification, destruction of ecosystem, marine pollution, reduction of food production, destruction of tropical forests, exhaustion of water resources, climate refugees, etc. All of the above mainly derive from greenhouse gas exhaustion. Such harmful consequence might directly affect mankind’s sustainable development. If we keep using resources that emits greenhouse gases, the global temperature will rise about 3.2℃ by year 2050. In case of 3℃ rise in temperature, it will result in abnormal climate which will bring about severe property damage. Moreover, 20~50% of the ecosystem will become extinct. As Korea’s economy increasingly expands, so do our energy consumption rises. And because of the consequences that can be driven by increasing rate of resource use, not just Korea itself, but also the whole world should seriously concern about greenhouse gases. Although agricultural division only takes up about 3.2% of total greenhouse gas emission, the ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs are taking voluntary actions to gradually reduce CO2 and so does each and every related organizations. In order to reduce CO2, introduction of new and renewable energy in farm house warming is crucial. In other words, implementing wood-pellet boiler and geothermal heat boiler can largly reduce CO2 emission compared to diesel boiler. More importantly, not only wood-pellet and geothermal heat is pollution-free but they also have economic advantages somewhat. In this thesis, the economic advantage and sustainablity will be introduced and proved through comparing practical analysis of surveyed farm house under structure employing wood-pellet boiler and geothermal heat boiler with Agriculture-Economic Statistic of 2012 who uses diesel boiler.

It is known that cement, when mixed with wood chip, may face problems in hardening depending on the type of wood.This study examined the wood chip pretreatment effect of the method of soaking fine wood chip in 100oC water andthen drying it and the effect of hardening accelerator on the setting time, strength and thermal conductivity of normalconsistency wood chip mortar with a flow value of approximately 110%. Mortar experiment showed that use of woodchip caused the water content required to obtain the same flow value to increase and the setting time to be overly delayed.It was shown that water treatment of wood chip in boiling water to solve such problem was not so meaningful in normalconsistency wood chip mortar but that use of hardening accelerator was more effective in solving retardation of settingand improving compression strength and specific strength.

The development of functional finishes for the improvement of indoor air quality is one of important issues in the fieldof building materials. Indoor air quality can be affected by gases, particulates, microbial contaminants or any mass thatcan induce adverse health conditions. The purpose of this study is to develop eco-friendly internal material of acrylicemulsion mortars using light-weight aggregate carrier which contains pyroligneous liquid. Four types of light-weightaggregates (perlite, vermiculite, charcoal and zeolite) those are functionally used in interior finishing materials are selectedand the properties such as flowability, adhesion, water absorption coefficient, crack and impact resistance are evaluatedin accordance with KS F 4715. As a result, the properties of acrylic emulsion mortars using light-weight carrier in thisstudy are satisfied with KS requirements. Among the four types of mortars with light-weight carrier, properties of acrylicemulsion mortars using zeolite carrier is more excellent than those of other light-weight carriers.

In order to utilize waste wood chip for pavement, a polyurethane resin that is both eco-friendly and suitable for bindingwood chip was developed as the binder, and workability was examined through laboratory experiment for characteristicsof waste wood chip mixture using the polyurethane resin and through test pavement on the field. The new resin was aVOC reduction type free from plasticizer and solvent classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals and environmentalhazardous substances, and NCO equivalents were set at 8, 9, 10 and 11% by modifying the polyisocyanate-polyol ratio.Laboratory experiment showed that polyurethane resin with NCO equivalent of 9% and 10% had excellent characteristicsas binder for waste wood chip. In the field experiment applying waste wood chip and polyurethane resin in the massratio of 1:0.8, tensile strength of the pavement system was about 30% higher than that using polyurethane resin currentlybeing sold, and permeability coefficient and elasticity thereof were the same as that using the resin currently being sold.Also, examination of compaction methods for waste wood chip pavement system showed that non-heating hand rollerand compactor had the problem of the “waste wood chip - resin mixture” sticking to the roller during the compaction but that heating hand roller had excellent workability and could achieve good planation surface relatively easily.

The adsorption ability of wood-based activated carbon to adsorb methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solution has been investigated. Adsorption studies were carried out on the batch experiment at different initial MB and CV concentrations (MB=150 mg/L～400 mg/L, CV=50 mg/L～350 mg/L), contact time, and temperature. The results showed that the MB and CV adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and intraparticle diffusion was the rate-limiting step. Adsorption equilibrium data of the adsorption process fitted very well to both Langmuir and Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) by Langmuir constant was 416.7 mg/g for MB and 462.4 mg/g for CV. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° were evaluated. The MB and CV adsorption process was found to be endothermic for the two dyes.

A highly filled wood-plastic composite member and its production has become currently an important address of research concerned with environmental issues and engineering application of structures. Since the property of the composite material is manly depend on the wood content rate, a combination of compound, production order and so on, an investigation of production order and strength of the unit member in order to used in structures and building is important. In this paper, production and unitification of highly filled extrusion wood-plastic composite member are deal with. And also the flexural rigidity of the unit member is explained.

The structural damage patterns of the Korean Traditional Wood Structures classified as the Jushim-po and Da-po Type are investigated. The investigations are based on the reports of repairing or actual measurements for the Jushim-po and Da-po structures. Lastly, the vulnerable parts according ot structural systems are analyzed statistically.

Woods are used as a main material for the domestic Traditional Buildings and most Traditional Wood Structures should be conserved as Traditional Assets. To be conserved, structural performance should be evaluated. So traits of the materials are to be studied. Therefore characteristics of structural deterioration of Traditional Wood Structures are to be analysed on this study.