Fashion industry pressure on natural resources has grown dramatically as consumption grew in emerging countries and the principle of rapid change of fashions extended to mass market in western counties, at the same time supply chains expanded globally to countries with lower labor and environmental standards creating critical sustainability challenges. Meanwhile, sustainability has become a hot topic for consumers that hold brands responsible for sustainability performances along the whole supply chain. The paper traces developments in the fashion business commitment to sustainability over two decades, with a focus on the implication for SCM. Academic literature focuses mainly on partial issues, missing the overall picture, the interaction among a complex set of factors, and to account for the role of past decisions and mistakes on current SSCM (sustainable supply chain management) strategy developments. The time span considered captures sustainability awareness in the fashion business which is in its statu nascenti (nascent state) and the trial and error process that led to progressive refinements of both means and ends. The paper provides an extensive review of academic articles, business reports, technical documents, regulations and direct information from the field and identifies five key lessons learnt in this process that influence current fashion business strategies in sustainability and SCM.

It is not easy to clarify the historical perspective of architect through his architecture. Exceptional cases, it will be the time to design a history museum. As an institution, a Museum already became an apparatus to represent the history to it itself. Libeskind’s Jewish museum Berlin has been presented as the controversial case most of all. In particular, in that it instead of dealing with history positive, that contains a tragic history, this building is a building that history a unique interpretation of the architect has been a problem. Therefore, it is difficult to find a suitable example to Libeskind’s Jewish museum in Berlin to try and look at the problem of the history of contemporary history and interpretation of the architect. In this paper, I am trying to interpret Libeskind’s Jewish Museum Berlin through the aesthetics and history philosophy of Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin. They are Jewish and the central figures of the Frankfurt School, known as ‘critical theorists’. Their critical theory was formed based on the experience of the Jewish genocide and war.

Tokyo trial experienced a judgment circumscribed for a long period for publication during allied occupation years. This is Justice Pal’s dissenting judgment at the Tokyo trial; endeavored to seek Justice in a different way, justified ‘aggression’ not only considering subjective ends, rather extends beyond that. The present paper does not intend to justify the judgment which exceeds author’s competence, but also tries to extract the notion of aggression where Justice Radhabinod Pal is experimental. Where all acts are not act of aggression, the main concern is to segregate the concept of act of war and the act of aggression. Assertion becomes crucial when certain use of force can be legitimized under sovereign right of self-defense. This paper tends to clarify these ambiguities concerning the notion of aggression relying on Justice Pal’s opinion. Firstly, a progressive attempt has been made to identify the extent of use of force under sovereign right of self-defense, overriding that extent may tantamount to aggression. Then possible means have been drawn to limit the concept of aggression. Finally, the paper would shed brief light on the comparison of Justice Pal’s dissenting opinion with contemporaneous legal framework predominantly concerning the notion of aggression.

본 연구는 영국의 문화융성정책이 내포하고 있는 문화정체성과 세계화를 비판적으로 논의하고자 1990년대 영국에서 발현된 ‘창의산업’ 정책을 탐구하고 있다. 세계화와 정권 교체라는 국내외적 시대 상황과 깊은 관련을 맺고 있는 영국의 문화융성정책은 내적으로는 전통과 현대 문화를 경제와 산업에 동원해 신경제성장 동력으로 발전시키고자 했고, 외부로는 영국이라는 국가에 대한 이미지 쇄신 및 국가 결속력을 높이고자 했다. 특히 영국이 가지고 있는 다문화주의적 문화 정책성은 세계화 시대 상당히 부합하는 정신으로 다민족의 역사를 통합해 이끌고자 했던 당시 정치 상황에서도 관심을 두었던 주제이다. 결국 영국적인 것을 공감하고 만들면서 공유할 수 있도록 문화 정체성을 강조했던 영국정부는 창의산업이라는 문화융성정책을 계획하며 주도적으로 이끌었고, 그 지원 분야도 소설, 시 같은 문학뿐만 아니라 현대 미술, 패션, 영화, 도서, 텔레비전, 스포츠 그리고 대중음악까지 이르렀다. 특히 1990년대 후반에는 ‘쿨 브리타니아’라는 구호를 통해 전통과 현대 문화의 대중화, 상업화 프로젝트를 시행하면서 유니언 잭은 대중에게 이전보다 더욱 개방되었고, 브릿팝에서는 영국의 문화정체성을 보다 강화시키는 많은 사건들이 일어났다. 결국 문화를 통해 경제를 활성화시키겠다는 정책의 논리는 문화를 융성해야 하는 궁극적인 목적과 부합되는 부분도 있지만, 대치되는 지점도 분명히 존재하면서 창의산업 정책은 여러 가지 우려되는 상황을 낫기도 했다. 하지만 글로벌 문화 시장이 더욱 활발하게 교류·확산되는 세계화 시대, 문화융성정책은 문화 정체성을 지켜야 하면서 동시에 정치, 사회, 경제적으로 현명하게 접근하고 활용해야 하는 중요한 대상이 되었다.

오늘날 대 산업분야는 과학 기술의 진보에 따라 비약적인 기술발달을 이루었다. 따 라서, 고객이 요구(Needs)하는 다양한 기능을 구현하기 위해 상당수 부분을 소프트웨 어 중심으로 달성하고 있다. 이렇듯, 과거의 하드웨어 중심의 자동차와 달리 소프트웨 어 중심의 기능 구현이 이행되고 있는 실정이다. 이렇다 보니, 시스템이 보다 복잡해 짐에 따라 시스템을 설계하고 제어하는데 있어서 상당한 어려움이 따르고 있다. 따라 서, 유럽에서는 자동차 분야의 전자제어 장비로 인한 기능안전을 달성하기 위해 ISO26262라는 국제표준을 제정하였다. 국제표준의 제정에 따라 국내 자동차 산업은 차량 시스템을 설계하는데 있어서의 노력, 뿐만 아니라, 기능안전이라는 안전부분을 대비해야하는 상황에 직면하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 자동차 시스템의 상위 수준의 설계인 개념설계 단계에서 FMEA를 통한 안전성 활동 반영을 통한 하나의 단일화된 개발 방법론을 본 연구를 통해 제시하고자 한다. 따라서, 본 연구를 기반으로 향후 추가 연구를 수행한다면, 국내 자동차 산업, 뿐만 아니라, 대형복합 안전 중시 시스템 으로 확대하여 설계단계에서 안전성을 동시 고려한 시스템 설계 신뢰성 확보를 위해 도움이 될 것으로 기대 된다.

The purpose of this study is to show how Korean English learners develop a critical lens to analyze graphic novels without much reflection. English as a second language studies have showed the effectiveness of using graphic novels. However, not much research has addressed teaching a critical approach to English reading at the elementary levels in English as a foreign language setting. This study describes how nine elementary school students were engaged in critical literacy practices when they read graphic novels. Their interactions during a 14-week literacy engagement with the researchers were transcribed and analyzed. Students were able to challenge the dominant ideology of the texts, sharing examples that did not fit with the beliefs presented and that represent missing perspectives. These were common reading practices that they engaged in as a means of confronting the dominant cultural representations. Some interactions demonstrated that students suggested alternative worldviews to interpret the texts, so that more democratic and broader considerations of multiple perspectives were represented. This critical literacy activity related to their empathetic connections to cultural minorities.

The demand from customers on better products and systems seems to be ever increasing. To meet the demand, the systems are becoming more and more complicated in terms of both scale and functionality, thereby requiring enormous effort in the development. One bright spot of this trend is that such effort has been the driving forces of the remarkable advancement in modern systems development. On the other hand, safety issues appear to be critical in many large-scale systems such as transportation and weapon systems including high-speed trains, airplanes, ships, missiles/rockets launchers, and so on. Such systems turn out to be prone to a variety of faults and thus the resultant failure can cause disastrous accidents. For the reason, they can be referred to as safety-critical systems. The systems failure can be attributed to either random or systemic factors (or sometimes both). The objective of this paper is on how to reduce potential systemic failure in safety critical systems. To do so, a proper system design is pursued to minimize the risk of systemic failure. A focus is placed on the fact that complex systems have a lot of complicated interfaces among the system elements. To effectively handle the sources of hazards at the complicated interfaces and resultant failure, a method is developed by utilizing a design structure matrix. As a case study, the developed method is applied in the design of train control systems.

2012년 대륙붕한계위원회는 일본의 대륙붕 연장 신청에 대해서 권고를 내렸 다. 일본은 7개 지역에 대해서 대륙붕 연장을 신청하였는데, 이 중에서 1개 지 역에서는 연장 신청에 대한 심사가 이루어지지 않았고, 4개 지역에서는 연장신 청을 받아들이는 내용의 권고가, 2개 지역에 대해서는 연장을 인정하지 않는 내용의 권고가 내려졌다. 연장 신청에 대한 심사가 이루어지지 않은 지역은 큐 슈-팔라우해령(KPR) 해역으로 이 지역은 오키노도리시마를 기점으로 대륙붕 한계 확장 신청이 이루어진 곳이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 오키노도리시마에 관한 대륙붕한계위원회의 판단에는 문제점이 존재한다. 대륙붕한계위원회가 시코쿠 해분(SKB) 해역의 심사에 있어서는 오키노도리시마를 기점으로 200해리를 반 지름으로 하는 동심원 형태의 대륙붕의 존재를 인정한다는 전제에서 심사를 진 행한 것이다. 시코쿠해분 해역의 연장 신청에 대한 심사에 있어서 대륙붕한계 위원회는 이 해역에서 몇몇의 ‘60해리 고정점’이 오키노도리시마 기점 200해리 이내 대륙붕 위에 존재한다는 이유로 권고문에 그 좌표점을 확정하지 아니하였 다. 이러한 점 때문에 오키노도리시마를 기점으로 한 200해리 대륙붕의 존재를 대륙붕한계위원회가 사실상 승인해준 것은 아니냐는 의혹이 제기될 수 있으며 일본 외교부도 이러한 견지에서 오키노도리시마를 기점으로 한 대륙붕이 인정 받았다는 성명을 발표한 것으로 추론된다. 하지만 대륙붕한계위원회가 200해리 대륙붕의 존재를 전제로 심사한 것은 위원회의 직무상의 한계에 기인한 것이지 오키노도리시마가 200해리 대륙붕을 가질 수 있다는 사실을 인정한 것이라고 보아서는 안 될 것이다. 왜냐하면 대륙붕한계위원회의 임무는 어떠한 섬이 200 해리 대륙붕을 가질 수 있는지 여부를 결정하는 것이 아니라 200해리 밖의 대 륙붕 ‘연장’ 신청이 유엔해양법협약에 합치하여 이루어졌는지를 심사하고 이에 대한 권고를 하는 것이기 때문이다. 또한 명시적으로 대륙붕한계위원회가 오키 노도리시마를 기점으로 한 큐슈-팔라우해령에 대한 일본의 대륙붕 연장 신청 에 대해서 오키노도리시마가 200해리 대륙붕을 가질 수 없다는 점을 지적한 한 국과 중국의 외교서한을 제시하면서 이 문제가 해결되기 전까지는 권고를 할 수 없다고 결정한 사실도 이러한 입장을 뒷받침해주고 있다.

This study is on historiography of Modern Architecture since its beginning to present. As a critical review of the history of the writing history of Modern Architecture, this study tends to be a meta-history and criticism of historical text. This study try to analyse historiographical project of Modern architecture at specific phase since the beginning of modern architecture. The historiography of Modern architecture shows that writing a history is making a discourse of Modern architecture as a imaginative representation to define and justify Modernism in architecture. The analysis of canonic text since early 20th century proves that the history of writing history of Modern architecture played a critical role not only to shape of our ideal but the practice of architecture with a ideology construction in retrospect. With a name of truth or morality they made myths about the modernity in architecture. So we can find deep 'Hagelean Unconscious' in writing history of Modern architecture not even the first generation of historians but the second generation who were influenced by earlier writer in spite of their intention of revision and overcoming, which is in itself the key concept of Hegel's philosophy of History. Under this kind of 'operative' discourse our view point of Modern architecture were confined and the historiography of Modern architecture itself was narrowly defined as a kind of melodrama that a few architect and work of art matters. The rise of critical history fundamentally has changed the way of seeing and writing the history of Modern architecture. but it has also a new kind of dilemma as regard to writing history and involving practice. This review of historiography traces the texts of historians as like Pevsner, Giedion, Banham, Rowe, Tafuri, Frampton, and Curtis relating to different discours making. When we consider Benjamin's famous concept of constellation, writing history necessarily is a kind of montage making in time and we always need to recognize the historicity of historiography.

Modern systems development becomes more and more complicated due to the need on the ever-increasing capability of the systems. In addition to the complexity issue, safety concern is also increasing since the malfunctions of the systems under development may result in the accidents in both the test and evaluation phase and the operation phase. Those accidents can cause disastrous damages if explosiveness gets involved therein such as in weapon systems development. The subject of this paper is on how to incorporate safety requirements in the design of safety-critical systems. As an approach, a useful system structure using the method of design structure matrix (DSM) is studied while reflecting the need on systems safety. Specifically, the effects of system components failure are analyzed and numerically modeled first. Also, the system components are identified and their interfaces are represented using a component DSM. Combining the results of the failure analysis and the component DSM leads to a modified DSM. By rearranging the resultant DSM, a modular structure is derived with safety requirements incorporated. As a case study, application of the approach is also discussed in the development of a military UAV plane.

국제교류의 빈번함으로 해상에서 국제범죄가 날로 증가하고 있을 뿐만 아니 라 그 형태도 조직화 교묘화 과격화되어 가고 있다 이러한 해상범죄는 절차 적인 측면에서 해상 관련법에 특별한 규정이 없으면 형사소송법이 적용된다 그렇지만 현행 형사소송법은 육상에서 일어나는 범죄를 전제로 하고 있어 해상 의 특수성을 충분히 고려하고 있지 않은 관계로 해상범죄의 수사에 미흡한 점 이 많다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 범죄혐의 선박의 압수 수색을 중심으로 해상범죄의 증거확보를 위한 법규범과 수사실무간의 간극을 해소하기 위하여 현 법제의 문 제점을 고찰한 후 비교법적 관점에서 미국과 독일의 압수 수색제도를 검토 하고 있다 이어서 헌법과 형사소송법의 영장주의와 적법절차의 원칙을 고려하 면서 범죄혐의 선박의 압수 수색에 따른 문제점을 개선하기 위하여 새로운 입법을 제안하고 있다

Natural biopolymers such as collagen and fibrin have been widely used in bone regenerative applications. Despite the frequent use, their comparative biological propertiesis are largely unknown. In a previous study, we found the superiority of fibrin to collagen in the adsorption of serum proteins and the proliferation and differentiation of cultured osteoblasts. In this study, we used an in vivo model to evaluate how effectively fibrin supports bone regeneration, as compared with collagen. Collagen and fibrin were placed in critical size defects made on rat calvarial bones. Compared with collagen, fibrin supported substantially more new bone tissue formation, which was confirmed by micro-CT measurement and histological analyses. The cells in the regenerative tissues of the fibrin-filled defects were immunostained strongly for Runx2, while collagen-placed defects were stained weakly. These in vivo results demonstrate that fibrin is superior to collagen in supporting bone regeneration

The crystallization effects of boron (B) powder on the phase, full width at half maximum (FWHM) values, and critical properties were investigated for in-situ reacted MgB2 bulk superconductors. The semi-crystalline B powder was heat-treated at different temperatures of 1000, 1300 and 1500˚C for 5 hours in an Ar atmosphere. Then, using as-received and heat-treated B powders, the MgB2 samples were prepared at 600˚C for 40 hours in an Ar atmosphere. As the heat-treatment temperature of the B powder increased, both the particle size of the B powder and crystalline phase increased. In the case of MgB2 samples using B powders heat-treated at above 1300˚C, unreacted magnesium (Mg) and B remained due to the improved crystallinity of the B powder. As the heat-treatment temperature of B powder increased, the critical current density of MgB2 decreased continuously due to the reduction of grain boundary density and superconducting volume caused by unreacted Mg and B.

Although many theoretical and empirical studies consider violent games, general causality between violent games and aggression or violence is ambiguity. To overcome such limitations, we try to identify the focal points of violent games. This study aims to explore the critical debate about violent games from research result in terms of heading in opposite directions. Furthermore, we analyzed the discourse of the violent game based on catharsis theory and cognitive neoassociation theory. Catharsis theory predicts that 'venting' aggression through exposure to violence will reduce the risk of later aggressive behavior. On the contrary, cognitive neoassociation theory posits that aversive events produce negative affect such as aggression. Several recent studies found little evidence for a relationship between violent games and aggression or violence. Given that aggression is not negative, it is reasonable to study the potential benefits of violent games. Therefore, we suggested several ways to application the violent games based on prior literature.

This paper investigates the characteristics of unstable behaviour and critical buckling load by joint rigidity of framed large spatial structures which are sensitive to initial conditions. To distinguish the stable from the unstable, a singular point on equilibrium path and a critical buckling level are computed by the eigenvalues and determinants of the tangential stiffness matrix. For the case study, a two-free node example and a folded plate typed long span example with 325 nodes are adopted, and these adopted examples' nonlinear analysis and unstable characteristics are analyzed. The numerical results in the case of the two-free node example indicate that as the influence of snap-through is bigger; that of bifurcation buckling is lower than that of the joint rigidity as the influence of snap-through is lower. Besides, when the rigidity decreases, the critical buckling load ratio increases. These results are similar to those of the folded-typed long span example. When the buckling load ratio is 0.6 or less, the rigidity greatly increases.

본 연구에서 해양플랜트 구조물에 주로 사용하고 있는 알루미늄 합금 A6082-T6의 재료특성을 반영한 사각형 판에 대한 패치 로딩의 구조 안정성 문제를 검토하였다. 구조 안정성 문제를 검토 시 네 가지 패치 로딩 형태와 종횡비 효과, 주변지지조건을 적용하여 임계 탄성 좌굴하중을 산출하였다. 고유치 좌굴해석 간 사용한 요소는 4절점 쉘요소 shell181을 적용하였다. 패치 로딩을 받는 판은 균일 축 압축하중과 비교 시 상이한 탄성 좌굴거동이 발생되는 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며 하중형태와 위치, 종횡비 효과 등과 같은 변수에 대해 상당히 영향을 받고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 또한, 종횡비(a/b) 1.0, 하중길이(rb) 200 mm 단순지지 사각형 판에서 패치 로딩 형태에 따른 임계 탄성좌굴하중은 67 %(하중 I), 119 %(하중 II), 76 %(하중 III), 160 %(하중 IV)이 각각 산출되었으며 하중 I과 III은 하중 II와 IV보다 훨씬 더 탄성 좌굴거동에 강한 것으로 판단할 수 있다.

Sales of luxury goods have increased drastically in the Asian marketplace over the past decade and therefore imply high potential for further future developments. While Japan has been an important market to luxury brands for a longer period of time, especially China and South Korea have gained in importance due to high sales volumes and increased desire to purchase luxury goods. Especially due to the economic crisis in Europe, luxury brands have to focus on the potential of these emrging Asian countries. In order to adapt and improve the marketing communication strategies successfully to the respective countries, an intensive analysis of the local luxury market, local competitors and the performance of leading luxury brands have to be examined. This is especially crucial to luxury brands since consumers are highly sensitive to the brand image and identitty which is why marketing strategies and brand positioning have to be considered carefully. The purpose of this study is 1) to examine the current luxury market in Japan, China and South Korea according to major fashion industries; 2) to analyze the critical success factors and marketing strategies of leading and aspiring local and global fashion luxury brands in the respective country 3) to give meaningful implications for existing and aspiring luxury brands. For that, after giving an overview of the luxury market in the respective country, case studies on leading and aspiring luxury brands in the major fashion cities (Shanghai, Beijing, Seoul and Tokyo) will be conducted to examine critical success factors. By that, we will give an overview on the market entry and marketing strategy, such as social media, the usage of IT, and general ads as well as retail trends and communication channels. The findings indicate the current trends of luxury fashion brands in China, South Kore and Japan. Through this data review, case studies and suggestions, both academia and industry will gain important insights of the current tendencies of brands and consumers. Global marketers will understand the Asian luxury market better; local brands may find implications of how to enter other Asian markets and aspiring brands can learn about the critical success factors in the market.

With globalization, observation was made for the need to challenge cultural homogeneity and to diversify readers’ interpretations, defining this as critical literacy. There was a lack of research on engaging the dominant in developing critical minds. This study investigated reading practices of students from privileged background when they were asked to critique what was hegemonic in a globalized society. Three Korean students were from upper-middle class backgrounds and were successful academic achievers. A qualitative research design guided the data analysis of students’ emerging patterns in reading practices. Readers took complicated paths: students were explicit in current beliefs about poverty, were critical about those naturalized view, and were bought into the dominant belief system. The reading practices that re-visit readers’ cultural view and consider diverse perspectives were suggested. Hybrid literacy practices, as opposed to having ability to read across spaces or not1 was important. Critical positions emerged when including those missing perspectives.

The study attempts to show that the theory of critical environmental variation quantum(CEVQ) has a sound logical basis and empirical support. It is well known that the theory of critical environmental variation quantum is derived from the theory of biological probability distibution function and the central limit theorem(CLT) in statistics. The study uses the case study of fisheries damages compensation caused br the public marine construction undertaken in the area do Anjeong Bay in the city of Tongyeong for empirical test of theory of CEVQ. The results shows that the CEVQ theory perfoms a good job in measuring quantatively fjsheries damages caused by outflow of cold water due to the operation of LNG company since 2002. Therefore the study proves that the CEVQ theory is a good theory having internal consistency and empirical applicability.

This paper provides detailed analysis of the so-called ‘Rusk Letter’ which has been generally referred to as an evidence of Japan’s territorial claim to Dokdo island. The Rusk Letter is a diplomatic epistle which was drafted by Dean Rusk, the US Assistant Secretary of State and sent to the Korean Embassy in the US on August 10, 1951. This letter considers Dokdo as Japan’s territory. However, the Rusk Letter has been legally and historically criticized from mainly two aspects. First, the Rusk Letter referred to the ownership of Dokdo only considering the Japanese position which was not true. Second, this letter was a confidential and unofficial document which was sent only to Korea; Japan and even the US Embassy to Korea did not know the Rusk Letter. It did not influence on the decision of Peace Treaty. Therefore, the Rusk Letter cannot be a critical evidence of Japan’s territorial claim over Dokdo.