글에서는 다수인이 창작과 연구과정에 참여 하여 만들어지는 공동저작물과 관련하여 기존의 규율과 비교적 최근의 분쟁사례를 함께 검토해보 고자 하였다. 특히 영상물제작과 실험 연구의 경 우 작업의 기획과 결과물의 규모 상 다수인의 협 력이 필요한 경우가 현대에 더욱 증가하고 있다. 이때 아이디어의 결합과 표현을 위한 노동이 불가 분적으로 이루어지는 경우가 더욱 많다. 이러한 공동저작에 참여한 다수인의 기여도와 기획자의 역할을 모두 고려하며 분배할 수 있는 모델을 모 색해 나가고자 현 제도와 윤리의 상황을 들여다보 고자 한다. 다양한 정보를 담고 있는 표현물을 만드는 일에 이른바 개성을 가진 한 사람만이 아니라 보다 많은 사람이 참여하는 경우가 늘어나고 있다. 영화와 드라마 등 영상을 제작하는 경우는 물 론, 자연과학계와 공학계에서 다수의 연구원이 실험에 참여하여 연구물을 산출하는 경우에도 공동으로 작업을 하여 저작물을 만들어 나가는 과정은 각종 기술과 도구의 발전으로 인해 더욱 빈번하게 일어나며, 물리적인 작업의 규모나 양 의 방대함으로 인하여 반드시 필요하기까지 한 경우가 많다. 이와 같이 다수인이 참여하는 저 작물의 산출에 있어, 다수인의 관계를 규율하는 저작권법 상 규율과 사례를 살펴보고, 저작권의 귀속과 행사의 양상에 있어서 최근 규율방식의 기준이나 목적을 아이디어의 기획과 실제 표현 물 창작시의 기여도의 측면에서 다루기로 한다. 특히 공동저작에 있어 실험연구를 통한 산물과 종합예술인 영상저작물의 제작을 중심으로 검토 하기로 한다.

This study investigated the effect of a load of 15% body weight on trunk, pelvis and hip joint coordination and angle variability in subjects with and without chronic low back pain (CLBP) during an anterior load carriage task. Thirty volunteers participated in the study (15 without CLBP, 15 with CLBP). All participants were asked to perform an anterior carriage task with a load of 15% body weight. The outcome measures included the means and standard deviations for measurements of three-dimensional coordination and angle variability of the trunk, pelvis and hip joint. As CLBP patient group .06, control group .70, the correlation coefficient between the groups showed a significant difference only in trunk-pelvic in the sagittal plane (p<.05). Angle variability of CLBP patient group increased significantly in the trunk in frontal plane, the pelvis in all sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane, and the hip in sagittal plane, the hip in frontal plane than angle variability of control group (p<.05). This results mean that the CLBP patient group showed a disconnected coordination pattern in the trunk-pelvis in the sagittal plane, an increased pelvic angle variability in all three planes, and hip angle variability in the sagittal, and frontal planes. The CLBP patient group may have developed a compensatory movement of the pelvis and hip joint arising from the changed stability due to the abnormal coordination patterns of the trunk-pelvic in the sagittal plane. Therefore, CLBP symptoms can potentially worsen in the pelvis and adjacent hip joint in CLBP patients who perform weight-related behaviors in their daily lives. Further research is needed to determine the three-dimensional characteristics of the electromyography and neuromuscular aspects of subjects with CLBP.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of joint position on the distraction distance in patients with adhesive capsulitis of glenohumeral joint. The study was conducted upon 20 adults in their 40's with the findings of adhesive capsulitis of glenohumeral joint. These subjects were subdivided into 3 groups, which were a group with neutral position(n=7), second group with resting position(n=7) and third group with end-range position( n=6). After having the subject wearing sleeveless shirts exposing armpit and lying straight on the plinth, a physical therapist with OMT qualification pulled glenohumeral joint at the Grade Ⅲ of Kaltenborn-Evjenth traction; and the distance between glenoid fossa and humeral head was measured with ultrasound. Following the application of traction, the group with resting position(.67±0.29) exhibited the longest distance between humeral head and glenoid fossa, and it was followed by neutral position(.50±0.25) and end-range position(.35±.21) in this order. From the comparison of these groups, there was no significant difference in distraction distance between resting position and neutral position; and there was again no significant difference in distraction distance between end-range position and neutral position. However, there was a significant difference in distraction distance between end-range position and resting position(p<.05). Upon application of the Grade Ⅲ of Kaltenborn-Evjenth traction, it was evident that the distance between humeral head and glenoid fossa can be varied depending on the location of the joint.

In Part I, we disccussed of joint between PHC pile and steel column in foundation of large space structures, one prototype of a joint of PHC pile to steel pipe column was suggested on the basis of analytical studies. In this paper, I explain the Joint of PHC pile to steel tube column and more detail of analysis

To overcome disadvantages of usual spread foundation in large space structure, some prototypes of a joint of the PHC pile to steel pipe column that directly connects a column to a PHC pile are analytically studied. With the consideration of strength requirement and stress concentration of joint of the PHC pile to column, we suggest the most appropriate one.

JCP(Jointed plain cement Concrete Pavement) is severe affected by environmental load such as temperature, relative humidity. Concrete slab repeatedly shrink and expand due to environmental loading is referred to curling and warping. As a result, restraint stress increases and joint can be damaged. Under the tunnel condition, temperature and relative humidity variations are smaller as compared with outside of the tunnel. Therefore it`s expected that JCP under the tunnel condition is less affected by environmental load than JCP outside of the tunnel. Also Joint opening behavior could be differ JCP of each condition. In this study, air temperature and relative humidity varying distance from entrance of tunnel, temperature by slab depth, and displacement of joint are measured at outside and inside of three tunnels on the expressway, using I-button and VW crackmeter sensor. As expected, difference of joint opening behavior could be evaluated. According to measuring result, design of pavement section and joint spacing of JCP could be determined under the tunnel condition.

This study investigates the wear degree of the shock absorber at the artificial knee joint due to bending degree of knee. As the stress distribution due to this angle is understood when the knee is bent, it can be shown how much and which configuration the wear of the shock absorber progresses in. On the basis of the analysis result, the stress applied at the shock absorber becomes higher and the equivalent stress becomes higher as the bending angle of knee is increased. The walking habit as the right attitude can be examined by applying the general joint as well as the artificial knee joint by using this study result

본 논문의 연구목적은 합작기업 경영의 공정성(justice)이 한국측 파트너의 선진기술 습득에 미치는 영향을 조 사하는 것이다. 구체적으로, 분배공정성, 절차공정성, 그리고 상호작용 공정성으로 경영의 공정성을 세분하여 각 각의 공정성이 선진국 파트너와 설립한 합작기업에서 한국측 파트너의 기술습득에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 합 작경영의 공정성이 한국측 파트너의 학습을 촉진하는 것으로 가설 설정하였는데, 이에 대한 논리적 근거는 한국 측 파트너의 기술습득으로 인해 발생하는 선진국 파트너의 불안감을 합작경영의 공정성이 상당부분 해소시켜 줌 으로써, 한국측 파트너의 학습을 촉진한다는 것이다. 첫째, 분배공정성과 관련한 선진국 파트너의 불안감은 한국 측 파트너와 기술적 지식을 공유할 경우 그에 따른 보상이 제대로 이루어지겠는가 하는 것이다. 분배공정성을 통 한 선진국 파트너의 이 같은 불안감 해소는 한국측 파트너의 기술습득 촉진의 결과로 나타날 것이다. 둘째, 절차 공정성과 관련한 선진국 파트너의 불안감은 한국측 파트너의 기술 습득으로 인해 기술이라는 자신의 전문영역에 서 발휘되는 권력(expertise power)을 상실함으로써 한국측 파트너에게 행사할 수 있는 협상 교섭력이 감소하는 데서 오는 불안감이다. 이러한 협상 교섭력의 감소로 인한 불안감은 합작경영의 의사결정 절차의 공정성이 확립 되면 상당부분 해소될 것이다. 왜냐하면, 공정한 의사결정 절차가 확립되면, 더 이상 협상 교섭력에 의하여 합작 기업의 주요 의사 결정이 좌우되지 않을 것이기 때문이다. 따라서 절차공정성은 협상교섭력의 감소로 인한 선진 국 파트너의 불안감을 감소시켜서, 결국에는 한국측 파트너의 기술습득을 촉진할 것이다. 셋째, 상호작용 공정성 과 관련한 선진국 파트너의 불안감은 의도하지 않은 기술이전 또는 기술유출의 불안감이다. 파트너간 긴밀한 소 통으로 인한 정보의 투명성으로 정의되는 상호작용 공정성은 선진국 파트너의 이러한 불안감을 감소시켜, 한국측 파트너의 기술습득을 촉진한다는 것이다. 78개의 한국에 위치한 국제합작기업을 대상으로 조사한 결과, 경영의 공정성을 구성하는 요인 중에 하나인 분배 공정성은 한국측 파트너의 기술습득에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 절차공정성과 상호작용 공정성 은 한국측 합작파트너의 기술 습득에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결국, 본 연구결과는 한국측 합작파 트너가 경영의 공정성 원칙을 지키는 것이 선진국 합작파트너한테서 선진기술 습득하는데 중요함을 시사하고 있다.

In this paper, the 5 joint toggle link of an injection molding machine is optimized. A model considering toggle link kinematics, frictions at the pin joints, and stiffness is verified by a finite element analysis(FEA) and a measured result. The FEA was carried out by the commercial FEA software ANSYS and the clamping force was calculated by measuring the tie-bar deformation of the molding machine. The influence on the maximum clamping force and stroke ratio are analyzed for the length variations of links. Based on the mathematical model and design parameter, the clamping force, the stroke ratio, and the maximum stroke of moving plate are optimized by using the response surface method(RSM) for the length of the toggle link, where the lager-the-better, the norminal-is-best, and the smaller-the-better characteristics are applied for the clamping force, the stroke ratio, and the maximum stroke of moving plate.

주상절리에 관한 최근 연구를 살펴본 결과, 우리나라에 분포하는 주상절리를 이해하고, 활용하기 위한 연구 방향은 다음과 같다; 칼러네이드와 엔테블러춰의 기하학적 형태, 형성 메커니즘과 패턴의 변화, 수평단면과 내부 구조, 주상절리 상하부의 판상절리, 전분 혼합액의 건조실험, 절리 형성에 대한 수치 모델 및 컴퓨터 그래픽 활용, 화산암의 산출 상태에 따른 주상절리 형태와 크기, 모암의 암석학적 및 광물학적 연구. 이와 더불어 지표에 노출된 후의 변질, 풍화작용의 결과로 만들어진 너덜겅, 토르, 타포니 등과 같은 2차적인 경관에 대한 기재도 필요하다. 이 연구는 우리나라 주상절리와 신생대 용암류를 해석하는 중요한 역할을 할 것이다. 또한 연구 성과는 지질관광의 활성화와 지질학습장 측면에서 활용도가 높을 것이다.

Excessive lumbar flexion during sit-to-stand (STS) is a risk factor for lower back pain. Postural taping can prevent unwanted flexion of the lumbar spine. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of taping the lower back on the lumbopelvic region and hip joint kinematics during STS. Sixteen healthy subjects participated. All subjects performed the STS with and without taping of the lower back. A three-dimensional motion analysis system was used to measure the kinematics of the lumbar spine, pelvis, and hip joint during STS. The angle of the peak lumbar flexion, pelvic anterior tilting, and hip flexion and angular displacement of the lumbar spine between starting position and maximal lumbar flexion were collected. Paired t-tests, or Wilcoxon's rank-sum test for non-parametric distribution, were used to assess differences in the measurements with and without taping. A p-value ＜.05 was taken to indicate a significant difference. Significant differences were observed in the angle of the peak lumbar flexion, pelvic anterior tilting, hip flexion and angular displacement of the lumbar spine (p＜.05). Taping was associated with a significant decrease in the angle of peak lumbar flexion and angular displacement of the lumbar spine between the starting position and maximal lumbar spine flexion. In addition, the peak angle of pelvic anterior tilting and hip flexion were significantly increased with taping. The findings of this study suggest that taping the lower back can decrease excessive lumbar flexion, and increase the pelvic anterior tilting and hip flexion motion during STS.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of FES and ankle mobilization on the ankle motion and the quality of gait of chronic hemiplegic patients with limited ankle joint motions. As research subjects, 24 chronic hemiplegic patients who could walk independently, regardless of assistive aids, were selected. Then, 8 subjects received mobilization randomly and 8 subjects received FES and 8 subjects received mobilization and FES, at the same time. The dorsiflexion PROM significantly increased in the group of mobilization therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.01). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.01). The 10m walking test significantly decreased in the group of mobilization therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.05). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.01). The gait velocity significantly increased in the group of mobilization therapy, FES therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.05). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.01). The stride length significantly increased in the group of mobilization therapy, mobilization and FES all together(p<.05). There were statistically significant differences among the three groups(p<.05). In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that rather than only using one treatment technique, applying mobilization and FES together brings a more satisfactory result to hemiplegic patients with limited ankle joint motions.

In this paper, the 5 joint toggle link of a injection molding machine is analyzed. Considering toggle link kinematics and frictions at the pin joints, clamping forces for each cross head position are calculated. The maximum clamping force and the install position of a tail-stock are determined by the stiffness of links, plates and tie-bar. The kinematic results of a finite element analysis considering friction and stiffness are compared with measured results

Despite having many attractive properties, ZrO2 ceramic has a low fracture toughness which limits its wide application. One of the most obvious tactics to improve its mechanical properties has been to add a reinforcing agent to formulate a nanostructured composite material. Nanopowders of ZrO2 and Cr were synthesized from CrO3 and Zr powder by high energy ball milling for 10 h. Dense nanocrystalline 2/3Cr-ZrO2 composite was consolidated by a high-frequency induction heated sintering method within 5 min at 600˚C from mechanically synthesized powder. The method was found to enable not only rapid densification but also the inhibition of grain growth, preserving the nano-scale microstructure. Highly dense 2/3Cr-ZrO2 composite with relative density of up to 99.5% was produced under simultaneous application of a 1 GPa pressure and the induced current. The hardness and fracture toughness of the composite were 534 kg/mm2 and 7MPa·m1/2, respectively. The composite was determined to have good biocompatibility.

This paper investigates the characteristics of unstable behaviour and critical buckling load by joint rigidity of framed large spatial structures which are sensitive to initial conditions. To distinguish the stable from the unstable, a singular point on equilibrium path and a critical buckling level are computed by the eigenvalues and determinants of the tangential stiffness matrix. For the case study, a two-free node example and a folded plate typed long span example with 325 nodes are adopted, and these adopted examples' nonlinear analysis and unstable characteristics are analyzed. The numerical results in the case of the two-free node example indicate that as the influence of snap-through is bigger; that of bifurcation buckling is lower than that of the joint rigidity as the influence of snap-through is lower. Besides, when the rigidity decreases, the critical buckling load ratio increases. These results are similar to those of the folded-typed long span example. When the buckling load ratio is 0.6 or less, the rigidity greatly increases.

현대적인 기술의 연구개발(R&D)은 대형 조직 에서 진행되는 다수의 과학자와 기술자들의 협업 의 산물인 경우가 많다. 기업, 대학 및 정부기관과 같은 다수의 조직이 관련되는 차원으로 공동 연구 개발의 협력이 확대되는 경우도 드물지 않다. 따라 서 공동발명자성은 공동 연구개발에 대한 보상체 계로서 중대한 역할을 맡게 된다. 특허법은 기술개 발을 촉진하여 산업발전에 이바지하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 공동발명은 제약되지 않고 촉진 되어야 한다. 이러한 맥락에서 공동발명 원칙은 분 명하고 예측가능한 것일 필요가 있다. 그러한 기준 은 연구팀들이 공동발명자의 자격이 있는 자를 결 정하는 데 따른 무거운 부담을 덜어줄 수 있다. 공 동발명의 기준은 또한 효율적이고 공정하여야 한 다. 발명에 중요한 기여를 한 모든 협력자들이 또 한 그러한 협력자들만이 공동발명자로 인정되어야 한다. 그러나 공동발명자성은 악명 높게 어려운 개념 으로 알려져 왔다. 미국 특허법 제116조에서 공동 발명의 소극적 요건을 규정한 것 외에는 발명자성 내지 공동발명자성을 실질적으로 정의한 입법례를 찾기도 어렵다. 미국, 일본, 독일 및 우리나라는 대 부분 법원에서 판례법으로 발명자성을 판단하는 기준을 수립하여 왔다. 이 연구는 위 각국의 공동발명의 판례 사안과 원칙을 분석한다. 다음으로 특허제도에서 발명자성 에 관련된 다른 개념과 원칙에 초점을 두어 검토한 다. 연구의 주된 결론은 (1) 발명자성 판단은 특허 청구범위만을 고려하는 특허 침해 판단과 달라야 하고, (2) 발명의 완성과 발명자성을 정의하기 위 하여 착상과 실시의 개념을 재정립할 필요가 있으 며, (3) 신규성 및 진보성과 같은 특허성이 있는 부분이 공동발명자를 결정함에 있어 중요하고 실 질적인 요소가 되어야 한다는 것이다.

This study investigates area and size of stress part appeared when the continuous loads are applied at artificial joint. Upper and lower parts composed with polyethylene shock absorber and titanium alloy are applied with the loads. The configurations of stress distribution near the hole of support to fix the frame are investigated and secured as through this study. As the result of this study, the stress is concentrated from the edge end of upper artificial joint. The crack is initiated at this point. This analysis result is similar with the instance of tissue corruption due to the damage of artificial joint.

PURPOSES: This study is to compare load transfer efficiency of key joint and dowel joint for airport concrete pavement. METHODS: As AC150/5320-6D of FAA’s [Advisory Circular] was changed into AC150/5320-6E, Key joint type of rigid pavement were excluded from Construction Joints.. LTE(Load Transfer Efficiency) of dowel joint and key joint were compared by times and seasons through pavement temperature measurement, ocular investigation and HWD measurement. RESULTS: For the joint performance grade of No. 2(The second) runway of airport, 12% of poor rate was observed in key joint and 2% of poor rate in dowel joint. Poor rate of key joint was increased to 17%, if only No. 3~No. 6 slabs, which are mostly loaded from the airplanes, were applied for the study. In apron area, LTE poor rate of key joint was high in winter, and LTE poor rate of dowel joint was at least above ‘Fair’ grade. In summer, ‘Fair’ for key joint, ‘Acceptable’ for dowel joint appeared. CONCLUSIONS : As results, dowel joint was superior than key joint for LTE. Deviations of seasons and times were smaller in dowel joint’s result. And LTE in winter was lower than LTE in summer.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hip joint mobilization (HJM) on walking ability, balance ability, and the joint range of motion in stroke patients to minimize the problems of the musculoskeletal system in patients with central nervous system diseases. All volunteers were randomly assigned to the HJM group (n1=14) and the general neurodevelopment therapy (NDT) group (n2=16). The HJM procedure involved applying Maitland mobilization techniques (distraction, lateral gliding, inferior gliding, and anterior gliding) by grade 3 to both hip joint. The mobilization process included mobilization and NDT for 15 min/day, 3 days a week for 4 weeks. The outcome measures were evaluated, including the hip joint passive range of motion (ROM) test and femur head anterior glide test (FHAG) using prone figure four test, dynamic and static balance abilities [timed up and go (TUG) test and center of pressure (COP) analysis], and walking ability [10-meter walking test (10MWT) and 6-min walking test (6MWT)]. Both the groups showed significant post-training differences in the hip joint ROM (FHAG and degree of hip extension) and 10MWT. The post-training improvements in the TUG test were significantly greater in patients of the HJM group than in the NDT group; however, there were no post-training improvements in COP in both groups. Patients in the HJM group showed post-training improvement in the 6MWT; however, statistically significant differences were not observed. Patients in the NDT group showed post-training improvements in the 6MWT. These results suggest that HJM improves hip joint ROM, dynamic balance ability, and walking speed in stroke patients. However, further studies are required to evaluate the long-term therapeutic efficacy of HJM in stroke patients.