부선의 50퍼센트 이상은 선박검사를 ‘무인부선’으로 받고 있다. 무인부선의 두드러진 이점은 유인부선에 비해 약 25퍼센트의 건현에 해당되는 화물을 더 적재할 수 있다는 것이다. 한편, 무인부선에도 항해 중에 선석 접안과 이안, 투묘와 양묘, 항해등화의 점등과 소등 등과 같은 업무를 담당할 선원이 필요하다. 피상적인 인식은 예인선이 부선 운항에 대한 책임을 진다는 것이지만, 부선 운항자가 예 선을 용선하는 경우처럼 다른 사례들도 다수 있다. 특정 계약관계에서는 예선이 부선의 운송인에 불과할지라도 예선 선장은 그 운송계약 (항해)을 완성하여야 하는 의무를 이행하여야 한다. 상당수의 예선 선장은 부선 제원과 선두 정보를 제공받지 못하고 있으며, 이러한 형태 는 선장의 권한을 존중하지 않는 것이며 관련 법령을 의도하지 않게 위반하게 된다. 이 연구는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 정책적 접근을 통해 무인부선을 유인부선화하고, 승무정원증서를 발급받도록 하며, 부선과 선두의 정보를 예선 선장에게 제공하는 등 세 가지 개 선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 이러한 제안을 통하여 선두의 권리를 개선하고, 법령(최대승선인원) 위반 부담을 해소하며, 예선 선장의 권한 을 보장할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In this paper, we propose a dynamic stability prediction method for heavy vehicles based on Lateral Load Transfer Ratio. The key factors influencing vehicle roll motion are the vehicle's load, the position of the center of mass, the tread and the vehicle speed. Using these factors, we derive the lateral load transfer ratio (LTR) formula. In addition, we investigated LTR changes and vehicle rollover of heavy vehicles in various scenarios using TruckSim. As a result, the threshold value of the change rate of the LTR at which the vehicle rolls over was 0.68-0.72. Finally, we performed a numerical experiment to prevent rollover by calculating the optimal speed in the rollover situation.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits onto the host when administered at adequate doses. Most widely used probiotics, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, are known to be elements of healthy gut microflora and hence are not considered a threat to the host. However, probiotics may pose a risk in certain populations with compromised immune systems or defects in gut barrier functions. Herein, we evaluated the safety of Bifidobacterium breve BB077, according to the safety evaluation guidelines for probiotics produced by the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS). The results show that B. breve BB077 is both non-hemolytic and non-cytolytic. In contrast, B. breve BB077 exhibited higher streptomycin and tetracycline resistance than the suggested NIFDS standard cut-off values. Hence, a genetic analysis of the streptomycin and tetracycline resistance genes was performed to determine the origin of antimicrobial resistance. Streptomycin and tetracycline resistance was shown have arisen from chromosomal mutations and considered intrinsic to the taxonomic group. In conclusion, the B. breve BB077 strain might be safe for human consumption.

In this study, we collect water control valves that have had accidents due to existing cracks, etc. are collected, and propose investigation items for strengthening the valve structural safety evaluation through a series of analyzes from valve specifications to physicochemical properties are proposed. The results of this study are as follows. First, there was a large variation in the thickness of the body or flange of the valves to be investigated, which is considered to be very important factor, because it may affect the safety of the valve body against internal pressure and the flange connected with the bolt nut. Second, 60% of the valves under investigation had many voids in the valve body and flange, etc. and the decrease in thickness due to corrosion was relatively large on the inner surface in contact with water rather than the outer surface. It is judged that the investigation of depth included voids is very important factor. Third, all valves to be investigated are made of gray cast iron foam, and therefore it is judged that there is no major problem in chemical composition. It is judged that the chemical composition should be investigated. Fourth, as a physical investigation item, the analysis of metal morphology structure seems to be a very important factor for nodular cast iron from rather than a gray cast iron foam water valve with a flake structure. As it was found to be 46.7~68.8% of the standard recommended by KS, it could have a direct effect on damage such as cracks, and therefore it is judged that the evaluation of tensile strength is very important in evaluating the safety of the valve.

PURPOSES : The "Super-Bus Rapid Transit" (S-BRT) standard guidelines recommend installing physical facilities to separate bus lanes, so as to remove possible conflicts with other traffic when using an existing road as an S-BRT route. Based on a collision simulation, we reviewed the protective performance and installation method of a low-profile barrier, i.e., one that does not occupy much of the width of the road as a physical facility and does not obstruct the driver's vision. METHODS : The LS-DYNA collision analysis software was used to model the low-profile barrier, and a small car collision simulation was performed with two different installation methods and by changing the collision speeds of the vehicle. The installation methods were divided into a fixed installation method based on on-site construction and a precast method, and collision speeds of 80 and 100 km/h were applied. The weight of the crash vehicle was 1.3 tons, and the segment lengths of the low-profile barriers were 2.5 and 4.0 m, respectively. The lowprofile barriers were modeled as precast concrete blocks, and the collision simulation for a fixed concrete barrier was performed by fixing the nodes at the bottom of the low-profile barrier. The low-profile barrier comprised a square cross-section reinforced concrete structure, and the segments were connected by connecting steel pipes with varying diameters to wire ropes. RESULTS : From comparing and analyzing the small car collision simulations for the changes in collision speeds and installation methods of the low-profile barrier, a significant difference was found in the theoretical head impact velocity (THIV) and acceleration severity index(ASI) for the 2.5-m barrier at a collision speed of 80 km/h. However, the differences in the installation method were not significant for the 4.0-m barrier. The occupant safety index with a collision speed of 80 km/h was calculated to be below the limit regardless of the installation method, and the length of the segment satisfied the occupant protection performance. At a collision speed of 100 km/h, when the segment length of the 2.5-m barrier was fixed, the THIV value exceeded the limit value; thus, the occupant protection performance was not satisfied, and the occupant safety index differed depending on the installation method. The maximum rotation angle of the vehicle, which reflects the behavior of the vehicle after the collision, also varied depending on the installation method, and was generally small in the case of precast concrete. CONCLUSIONS : Low-profile barriers can be installed using a fixed or precast method, but as a result of the simulation, the precast movable barrier shows better results in terms of passenger safety. Therefore, it would be advantageous to secure protection performance by installing a low-profile barrier with the precast method for increased safety in high-speed vehicle collisions.

While protecting its lives and property from natural disasters such as floods and droughts, North Korea needs to develop into an informationized industrial society by securing renewable energy power in the era of energy transition. In addition, existing research has considered that a policy of continuous and consistent expansion of renewable energy based on the safety of the lives of ordinary people could be the solution. South Korea needs to recognize that the supply of energy for a minimum of living is more important to the North Korean people than the economic benefits of securing North Korea's renewable energy market. Therefore, in this paper, from that point of view, we have calculated the amount of electricity that North Korea lacks necessary for the lives of its inhabitants that can be replaced by renewable energy, and considered ways to estimate the market value.

The development of technology related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the growth of the online market due to pandemic are continuing the growth of the logistics market for product delivery. If it is difficult to deliver the product directly to the customer during delivery, storage and delivery using the unmanned courier box are being carried out. However, existing storage boxes are not actively used due to lack of usability even though they have the advantage of storing goods and delivering non-face-to-face. In addition, existing courier boxes are not prepared for cold chain transportation. The unmanned delivery storage device with ICT cold chain technology should be developed to prepare for the transition to non-face-to-face society, to improve logistics efficiency and meet user's requirements. Also, it is necessary to consider the measures to reduce the safety problems that may occur during the use and maintenance of the automatic system.This study conducted a model-based analysis for the development of unmanned delivery storage devices with ICT cold chain technology, and conducted a study to derive the system development specifications that meet the requirements and secure safety and apply them to the development process.

This study examined the certification effects of safety and health management system (SHMS) on the establishment level of SHMS and accident statistics in construction industry. This study obtained the establishment level of SHMS for 106 construction companies surveyed from our previous study. In addition, three major accident statistics (mortality rate, accidental mortality rate, and injury rate) for the companies were collected from the database in Korean Occupational Safety and Health Agency. The statistical analysis results revealed that the establishment level for SHMS certified companies was significantly higher than those for uncertified or certification preparing companies. Furthermore, SHMS certified companies showed significantly smaller accident statistics compared to uncertified or certification preparing companies. The results of this study support the positive effects of SHMS on reducing major industrial accidents in construction companies.

Tuna purse seine fishery (TPF) constitute more than 60% of distant water fishery production in Korea based on a statistic of 2018, and 28 ships from four different companies were under operation at the western and central Pacific Ocean. On this research, common risk factors during TPF were investigated via enumeration of five years Korean fisherman’s insurance payment statement, followed by some counterplans to diminish the accident rate. The accident rate of TPF on the Pacific Ocean peaked by 43.0% in 2014 and constantly decreased to 23.0% until 2018, presenting an average of 33.6%. Meanwhile, the accident rate on the Indian Ocean reached the highest point 55.1% in 2014 and declined to 11.6% in 2016, having an average of 24.7%. The average accident rate of the Indian Ocean scored 8.9% lower than the rate of the Pacific Ocean, but no statistic significance was observed. Depending on the process of operation, ‘casting or hauling of net’ was the most frequent part that people received an injury (40.4%). When the accidents were classified by their types, ‘falling down’ was the most recurrent cause of the injuries (28.5%). At the point of severity, the worst injuries were induced by crush hazard. Considering aforementioned accident frequency and severity, all the factors on the accident type list were divided into three different groups including high risk, moderate risk, and common risk. This study is expected to contribute to the reduction of occupational accidents during the work of fishermen and establishment of a safety management system for distance water fishing vessels.

인천광역시에서 유통 중인 농산물을 대상으로 2019년부 터 2021년까지 최근 3년간 잔류농약 모니터링을 실시한 결과 총 7,069건 중 83건(1.2%)이 잔류허용기준을 초과하 였다. 농약 잔류허용기준을 초과한 부적합 농산물의 비율 은 1.0%, 1.4%, 1.1%으로 매년 유사한 수준으로 나타났으 며 잔류농약 검출율은 8.2%, 8.4%, 7.4%를 보였다. 최근 3 년간 diazinon, flubendiamide, procymidone, fluxametamide, fluquinconazole, hexaconazole 등의 순서로 부적합 검출빈 도가 높았으며 농산물 분류별로는 전체 농산물 중 엽채류 와 허브류에서 매년 83% 이상 발생하였다. 부적합 발생 빈도가 높았던 농산물은 고수(잎), 참나물, 취나물, 파 등 이었으며 고수(잎)은 3년 연속으로 부적합 건수가 가장 많 았다. 농산물 생산지역별로는 경기, 인천, 충남, 전남 순으 로 부적합 건수가 많았으나 지역별 출하 농산물의 검사건 수 대비 부적합율은 1.5% 내외로 큰 차이는 없었다. 일부 농산물에서 농약 잔류허용기준의 최대 250배까지 잔류농 약이 검출되는 사례도 발생하므로 부적합이 자주 발생하 는 농산물, 부적합 검출빈도가 높은 농약 성분들의 철저 한 관리가 요구된다. 특히, 농약 사용량 및 사용법 준수, 출하시기 조절 등 농민들의 교육 및 인식 개선이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 안전이 확보된 농산물의 생산과 유통, 소 비자의 안전한 식생활을 보장하기 위해서는 농산물에 대 한 잔류농약 모니터링을 지속적으로 실시하여 부적합 발 생 농산물의 유통을 사전에 차단하는 것이 무엇보다 중요 할 것으로 판단된다.

This study aimed to investigate the levels of perception of, knowledge of, and attitude toward patient safety and identify factors that affected patients’ attitude towards patient safety. In this descriptive study, participants included 196 patients hospitalized at a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaires. Perception of and attitude towards patient safety were measure with a tool developed by Ahn Jin-ok, and the questionnaire for knowledge of patient safety was developed by researchers based on a literature review and validated by an expert group. Data were analyzed with Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression. The average perception of patient safety was 35.48(±6.80) out of 50; the average knowledge of patient safety was 84.33(±8.66) out of 100; and the average attitude towards patient safety was 36.88(±3.74) out of 50. The perception and knowledge of patient safety, level of hospital safety, and age were identified as influential factors explaining 13% of the variation in attitude towards patient safety. The results showed that the direct and indirect educational experience of patients may increase their perception and knowledge of patient safety that can influence their attitude towards patient safety. Therefore, patient education would be an important intervention to improve patients’ attitude towards patient safety. We recommend further studies with educational interventions for improving patient safety activities.