형법상 과실범이 인정되기 위해서는 객관적 주의의무 위반이 전제되어야 한다. 그런데 형법상 과실범의 객관적 주의의무 위반의 범위를 제한하기 위해 신뢰의 원칙이라는 법리가 발달되어 있다. 형법상 신뢰의 원칙이란 교통규칙을 준수하는 교통관여자는 다른 교통관여자들도 교통규칙을 준수하리라고 신뢰하면 족하고, 다른 교통관여자들이 교통규칙을 위반하는 것까지 예상하여 주의조치를 취할 의무는 없다는 것이다. 육상교통에 적용되는 이러한 법리를 해상에서의 선박충돌과 같은 해상교통사고에도 적용하여 주의의무 위반의 범위를 제한할 수 있는가에 대해서는 논란이 있다. 본 논문에서 필자는 이에 관해 대립되는 견해를 살펴보고, 해상교통과실범에는 해상에서의 선박충돌사고의 경우 다수의 인명피해와 대규모의 재산상 손해가 발생하는 특성상 신뢰의 원칙을 적용하는데 신중을 기해야 한다고 보았다

본 연구는 승마용 안전모의 신뢰성 확보를 위해 안전기준을 정립하기 위한 연구이다. 국내․외 레저 스포츠 안전모 관련 안전기준을 비교 분석하여 도출한 주요 시험평가방법을 현재 국내에 유통 중인 중저가 승마용 안전모를 대상으로 성능시험을 하였다. 충격흡수성 시험 시 1축과 3축 가속도 센서를 이용한 시험방법에 대해서 성능평가 데이터를 통해 1축 가속도 센서를 이용한 충격흡수성 시험으로 선정하였다. 유지시스템의 강도시험에서 헤드 폼 서포트 방식과 후크 서포트 방식으로 구분되던 것을 시료에 손상 없이 시험 가능한 헤드 폼 서포트 방식으로 결정하였다. 이와 같이 승마용 안전모의 안전기준을 정립하여 제품의 안전성 및 신뢰성을 확보하고 나아가 『품질경영 및 공산품 안전 관리법』에 규정함으로써 자국민의 안전을 확보하고 중국산 저가 제품에 대한 시장진입장벽을 구축하여 경쟁력 있는 안전모 시장을 구축하기를 기대한다.

In aerospace industry, MTBF(Mean Time Between Failure) and MFTBF((Mean Flight Time Between Failure) are generally used for reliability analysis. So far, especially to Korean military aircraft, MFTBF of avionic equipments is predicted by MIL-HDBK-217 and MIL-HDBK-338, however, the predicted MFTBF by military standard has a wide discrepancy to that of real-world operation, which leads to overstock and increase operation cost. This study analyzes operational data of avionic equipments. Operational MFTBF, which is calculated from operational data, is compared with predicted MFTBF calculated conventionally by military standard. In addition, failure rate trend is investigated to verify reliability growth in operational data, the investigation shows that failure rate curve from operational data has somewhat pattern with decreased failure rate and constant failure rate.

본 연구는 조직구성원들의 조직비전 인식이 조직변화에 대한 태도에 미치는 영향력과 이들 변수들의 관계에 있어서 조직신뢰의 역할을 실증적으로 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 조직비전 인식은 명료성, 공유성으로 구분하였으며, 조직변화에 대한 태도는 인지적 요소와 행동적 요소로 구분하였다. 조직비전이 명료하다고 인식하고 조직비전이 조직구성원들에게 공유되어 있다고 인식하는 조직구성원들은 조직에 대해 신뢰하고 이를 통해 조직변화에 대해 긍정적인 태도를 형성한다는 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of distance measurements from the medial border of the scapula to the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae when obtained using tape and photography measurements. The study included 20 healthy subjects (10 males, 10 females); for a total of 40 scapula measurements. The distance measurements made using tape or photography methods were conducted with the subject in a standing position. Repeated tape and photography measurements were conducted in two sessions on different days by two examiners to assess the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the two methods. The reliability of scapular distance measured using tape and photography methods was tested using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(3,1)) and the standard error of measurement (SEM). The inter-rater reliability of the tape measurement method was excellent (ICC=.77) and the intra-rater reliability was fair to good (ICC=.74). The inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the photography measurement method were excellent (ICC=.76 and .76 respectively). Our results suggest that photography measurement is an objective and qualitative measurement tool for scapular distance measurements.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of safety culture on job satisfaction and organizational commitment and mediation effect of Organizational trust between independent variable and two dependent variables. Based on the responses from 290 employees, the results reveals ; 1) Organizational safety culture has a positive effect on the job satisfactions and organizational safety culture effect positively on the organizational commitment 2) Organizational trust mediates the relationships between safety culture and job satisfaction. 3) Organizational trust mediates the relationships between safety culture and organizational commitment.

This study was to determine the reliability and validity of manual measurements of patellar height to standard radiographic measurements in 30 knees of 15 subjects. Patellar height was measured using manual and radiographic methods. The manual measurements were performed by two examiners using digital vernier calipers with the subject sitting and the knees in 30° of flexion. The radiographic measurements were performed in the same position. The reliability of the manual measurements was assessed by means of intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC(3,1)], and the validity was investigated using the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient and an independent t-test. The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of the manual measurement of patellar height were excellent (ICC=.86 and .88 respectively). The validity of patellar height measured manually compared to the radiographic method was good (Pearson’s r=.69). In conclusion, the manual method is an objective, qualitative measurement of patella height.

This paper is a case study of reliability assessment with field warranty data of Clutch Master Cylinder (CMC) in hydraulic clutch system. We estimate lifetime distribution using field warranty data which contain much useful information for understanding reliability of the system in the real-world environments. However, the estimated parameters are far from existing reference values, which seems to be caused right censored field warranty data. To modify the parameters, we use the information of the durability test which is performed to verify that the lifetime of the item meets the required level. After that, we can observe that the modified parameters are closer to the existing reference values. This case study shows a possible idea to supplement lack of right censored field warranty data and its applicability.

도로포장의 구조적 상태를 평가하기 위하여 FWD(Falling weight deflectometer) 시험이 널리 사용되고 있다. FWD 시험은 자유낙하 하는 추에 의하여 포장표면에 발생하는 처짐량을 측정하는 것으로, 이 표 면처짐량으로부터 포장체 각 층의 탄성계수를 역해석하여 추정한다. 역해석시 포장체의 두께는 코어채취를 통하여 측정한 실측값을 사용하거나 설계값을 사용한다. 실제 도로에서 포장체의 두께는 시공상태, 보수이력 등 다양한 원인에 따라 설계 두께와 상이하고, 두께 측정을 위해 코어를 매번 채취하는 것도 현실적으로 거의 불가능하다. 따라서 역해석시 정확한 포장층 두께를 고려하기가 어려운 실정이다. 이러한 부정확한 포장층 두께로 인하여 역산된 탄성계수의 신뢰성이 저하되고, 포장체 구조해석 및 공용수명 예측에 큰 오류가 발생할 수 있다. 포장체의 층두께를 현장에서 빠르고 정확하게 측정하기 위하여 지표투과레이더 (Ground penetrating radar, GPR)가 사용되고 있다. GPR 시험은 지표면으로 송출된 전자기파가 반사, 회절, 산란된 후 돌아오는 시간과 형상을 기초하여 층구조 및 매설물의 위치 등을 탐지할 수 있는 비파괴 시험이다. 본 연구에서는 최근 건설기술연구원의 일반국도 포장관리시스템(Pavement management system, PMS)에 도입된 접촉식(Ground-coupled) GPR을 이용하여 아스팔트 포장의 층두께를 측정하는 방법을 소개하고, 정확한 층두께가 역산된 포장체의 탄성계수의 신뢰성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 조사의 효율성과 공간적 데이터의 신뢰성을 향상시키기 위하여 접촉식 GPR 안테나를 기존 FWD 장비 하부에 설치하였다. 그림 1은 GPR 시험으로 측정한 데이터로 한 지점에서의 시간이력 데이터(A-scan)와 거리 에 따라 연속적으로 나타낸 데이터(B-scan)를 나타낸다. 그림 1b에 나타난 바와 같이 포장층의 두께가 거리에 따라 달라지는 것을 알 수 있다. 이러한 실제 층두께를 역해석에 고려하여 추정된 탄성계수와 가정된 층두께를 고려한 탄성계수를 비교하여 신뢰성 분석을 하였다.

PURPOSES : Benefits for improvement of travel time reliability obtained from construction of new highways should be considered as a major factor in the feasibility study for highway constructions. The purpose of this study is to develop a method of estimation for the value of travel time reliability. METHODS : Highway type (urban/rural highway) and traffic flow type(interrupted/uninterrupted) was considered to estimate he value of travel time reliability. And Double-bounded Dichotomous Choice among Contingent Valuation Method(CVM) was applied to survey the willingness-to-pay of drivers when travel time reliability is improved. Finally the value of travel time reliability was estimated using the results of survey and logit model. The value of travel time reliability was estimated considering travel objectives, time constraint travel and non-time constraint travel. RESULTS: The value of travel time reliability of business trip is higher than that of non-business trip. The value of travel time reliability of time constraint travel is higher than that of non-time constraint travel. The value of travel time reliability in urban area is higher than that in rural area. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the proposed method in this study is more realistic and proper to estimate the value of travel time reliability because it reflects the situations of time constraint travel and non-time constraint travel.

본 논문에서는 불확실성을 확률변수로 가정하고 구조물의 파손기준을 한계상태식(Limit State Equation)으로 정의하였다. 한계상태식을 Fleishman의 3차 다항식으로 근사하고 이론적인 확률 모멘트(Moments)를 계산하였다. Fleishman은 표준정규 분포 확률변수에 대해서만 3차 다항식을 제시하였으나, 본 논문에서는 이를 확장하여 베타, 감마, 균일 분포 등 다양한 확률변수에 적용하였다. 확률 모멘트를 계산하기 위해서 누률(Cumulants)과 정규화된 한계상태식을 활용하였으며, 피어슨 시스템(Pearson System)을 통해 한계상태식의 확률분포를 근사하였다.

When developing a product, ensuring the quality and reliability is essential. Reliability process is always underestimated compared to its importance, especially in the field of domestic medical devices. In this paper, reliability process developed for near-infrared solid microscope, based on a variety of existing practices and other product process. The following findings were obtained as research progressed. First, learning about the medical equipment needed to assure the quality and reliability standards. Second, reliability process established to design a product in the field of medical devices

In recent years, anti-PID (Potential Induced Degradation) technologies have been studied and developed at various stages through- out the solar value chain from solar cells to systems in an effort to enhance long-term reliability of the photovoltaics (PV) system. Such technologies and applications must bring in profits economically for both manufacturers of solar cell/module and investors of PV systems, simultaneously for the development of the PV industry. In this study two selected anti-PID technologies, ES (modification of emitter structure) and ARC (modification of anti-reflective coating) were compared based on the economic features of both a cell maker with 60MW production capacity and an investor of 1MW PV power plant. As a result of this study, it is shown that ARC anti-PID technology can ensure more profits over ES technology for both the cell manufacturer and the investor of PV power plant.

In recent years, there has been developed anti-PID technologies(Potential Induced Degradation) in various levels from solar cell to module and to system to enhance of the long life reliability of photovoltaics(PV) system. Such technologies must economically ensure profits for both manufacturers of solar cells and investors of PV system simultaneously for PV industry development. This paper describes a comparison between and selection from two anti-PID technologies in the solar cell level, ES(modification of emitter structure) and ARC(modification of anti-reflective coating) based on the economic features of anti-PID solar cell production system with 60MW capacity for a solar cell maker and a 1MW PV power plant installed with PV modules using anti-PID solar cells. From the comparison between ES and ARC, it is shown that ARC anti-PID technology can make more profit for both a solar cell maker and a PV power plant investor.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects on reliability of equipment or product which spends a great deal of its time in the non-operating condition. The paper will look at the effects on the failure modes, the failure rates, the failure distribution and the possible reliability models. Many military and commercial systems experienced periods of non-operating stage throughout their life cycle, such as periods of operational storage where the system waits, ready for use. The design of such systems must account for how these periods of non-operating effects system performance. The simulation methodology for reliability analysis was developed to support the evaluation of nonoperating modes of operation of systems and subsystems. For proper handling of the non-operating environment, issues relating to non-operating failures need to be taken into consideration from design stage of the life cycle. Furthermore, the relevant environmental concerns and issues that need to be taken into consideration are discussed.

In this paper, a mathematical model is developed for finding a degree of influence of risks affecting the project. At risk identification step, all risks are structured in forms of block diagrams after risks of project activities are identified. At risk analysis step, reliability functions are derived based on block diagrams of risks. Reliability function represents the probability of the project success. Based on the derived reliability functions, risks importance is defined as a criterion for expressing a degree of influence of each risk affecting the success of the project, which is. Risks importance includes the structural importance of risk, the probability of risk, and the impact of risk. It could be applied to determine the priorities of risks which should be controlled, and the use of such priorities could guarantee successful project activities. Finally, examples of the proposed mathematical models will be given.

This paper is a case study of reliability assessment with field warranty data of Clutch Master Cylinder(CMC) in hydraulic clutch system. We estimate lifetime distribution using field warranty data which contain much useful information for understanding reliability of the system in the real-world environments. However, the estimated parameters are far from existing reference values, which seems to be caused right censored field warranty data. To modify the parameters, we use the information of the durability test which is performed to verify that the lifetime of the item meets the required level. After that, we can observe that the modified parameters are closer to the existing reference values. This case study shows a possible idea to supplement lack of right censored field warranty data and its applicability

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of goniometer measurements of the hallux valgus angle (HVA) compared to radiographic measurements, which are the current standard. Twenty subjects (10 female, 10 male) were recruited for this study (40 feet). The HVA of the subjects was measured using goniometer and radiographic measurement. In three trials, measurements were taken of each subject by two examiners using goniometer and radiographic measurements using radiography in a standing position. The reliability of the measurements was investigated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(3,1)), and the validity was tested using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and an independent t-test. The intra-rater reliability of left and right HVAs were poor (ICC=.409 and .341, respectively). The inter-rater reliability of left and right HVAs were poor and moderate (ICC=.303 and .501, respectively). Left and right HVAs measured using goniometer and radiographic measurements were also poor and moderate (Pearson r=.246 and .544, respectively). These results suggest that goniometer measurements of the HVA are inaccurate and have unacceptable validity compared to radiographic measurements.