The present study attempted to find a direction forward for the legal services market in an era of creative innovation by reviewing the issue of conflict between online legal services platforms such as ‘LawTalk’ and the world of legal professions. Specifically, the study extracts and takes as analysis tools similar arguments from the cases of ‘TADA’, ‘Uber’, and ‘Airbnb’ and then comparatively examines overseas cases concerning legal services platforms. The essence of the argument surrounding platforms lies in whether platform services are simply ‘network services that provide a place connecting suppliers and consumers’ or whether platforms should be viewed as providing ‘substantive services such as transportation, lodgings, and legal defense’. The European Court of Justice(ECJ) states that a platform is exempt from existing regulations if the platform service is separable from offline services but subject to regulations if the platform and offline services are combined as one to form an overall service. Accordingly, Uber’s transportation intermediary service was viewed as a transportation service in substance(subject to regulations), while Airbnb’s lodgings intermediary service was viewed as an information society service(exempt from regulations). If that’s the case, are legal service platforms like LawTalk illegal? The issue is whether the LawTalk service falls under ‘acts of connecting or mediating between an attorney and a client or referring an attorney’, prohibited by the Attorney-at-law Act. Because LawTalk is an advertising platform that receives fixed advertising rates for providing an online advertising space, it is difficult to assess its services as ‘direct acts of connection’ prohibited by the Attorney-at-law Act. Moreover, attorneys must be allowed to promote themselves to unspecified persons and entice clients by paying advertising fees, and the platform business to achieve these ends must be allowed as well. However, an advertising platform is not allowed to exploit attorneys in the process of promoting the platform itself or make the mistaken impression that it is affiliated to an attorney, nor is the platform allowed to do advertisements with attorney contacts listed, with the ad exposed across an entire page. The ECJ’s ruling is applied as a standard in addition to interpretations of current law. The fact that attorneys can use traditional methods(mediums such as newspapers, magazines, broadcasts, and computer communications) rather than LawTalk for ads and searches, the fact that LawTalk does not prescribe legal fees for attorneys or an upper limit, and the fact that it is difficult to view LawTalk as exercising direct control over the signing of delegation contracts or the quality of legal defense render LawTalk services assessed as not the referral of particular attorneys and independent from actual legal defense services. It is more than necessary to listen to the criticism that platforms inundate the market with free ads or unfair cheap ads in the process of attorneys accepting cases, threatening the market order of fair case acceptance and attorney ethics, and that increasing reliance on platforms make attorneys beholden to these platforms. However, when considering the trend of the times involving legal tech and demand on the part of legal consumers, it is not desirable to completely ban platform services on the grounds of excessively strict interpretations. Moreover, advertising platforms, as opposed to intermediary platforms, are allowed overseas. If platforms provide a place connecting attorneys and clients rather than display an appearance of subordinating attorneys using their market-dominating position, then such a business model should be allowed. At present, adequate regulations that block the adverse effects of platforms while strengthening their positive effects are necessary, along with clear guidelines.

In recent years, juvenile offenders have made up an increasing number of all criminal suspects, and minor crimes are becoming a more serious social problem in most countries and regions around the world. While community correction occupies a very important position in the minor crime punishment system, current community correction risk assessments mainly depend on qualitative analysis or simple mathematical statistics using collected data. In combination with relevant theories and regulations, this paper offers a systematic look at the development and theories of community correction and the related risk assessment system and analyzes the characteristics of community correction risk assessment methods of juvenile offenders in different countries. Moreover, it discusses some new risk assessment technologies based on artificial intelligence theory for community correction risk evaluation of juvenile offenders. The effectiveness of the proposed community correction risk assessment method is verified using some real-world community correction assessments.

Busulfan is the most commonly used drug for preconditioning during the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells and male germ cells. Here, we describe side effects of high doses of busulfan in male mongrel dogs. Busulfan was intravenously administered to three groups of dogs at doses of 10, 15, and 17.5 mg/kg body weight. The total white blood cell, neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and platelet counts steadily reduced in a dose-dependent manner following busulfan treatment. The white blood cell, neutrophil, and monocyte counts recovered after 6 weeks of busulfan treatment, however, the eosinophil, lymphocyte, and platelet counts remained unaltered. Additionally, there was one fatality in the each of the groups that were administered 15 and 17.5 mg/kg busulfan. The gross lesions included severe hemorrhage in the stomach, intestinal tracts, mesentery and urinary bladder. Microscopic investigation revealed severe pulmonary edema and hemorrhage in the lungs, and severe multifocal to coalescing transmural hemorrhage in the intestines and urinary bladder. These results indicated that treatment with busulfan at doses higher than 15 mg/kg initiates severe bleeding in the internal organs and can have fatal results.

The present study analyzed small group interaction in the videoconferencing-mediated English class at a university in South Korea. Adopting the ‘affordance’ construct (van Lier, 2004) as a conceptual framework for interpreting small group work, the goals of the research are to 1) identify the types of linguistic affordances emerging in videoconferencing-mediated small group work and 2) examine learners’ perceptions and responses to the linguistic affordances. Data were collected from two major sources: 40 video recording files of small group observation and post-class interviews with four students. The paper analyzed 13 extracts selected from the transcription of the video recordings. The overall results of the research suggest that a range of linguistic affordances emerged through interaction and participants responded to the affordances they perceived in various ways. Three types of linguistic affordances were observed in the data: technology-generated affordances, learner-generated affordances, and learner-to-learner-generated affordances. The study findings have important implications for providing new insights into the operationalization of the affordance construct as well as advancing the understanding of the affordance perspective of L2 learning.

목포항은 우리나라에서 가장 많은 연안여객선과 연안여객선의 항로를 운영 중이며, 지형적인 영향으로 목포항으로 입출항하는 연안여객선은 서남해안 곳곳의 좁은 수로를 통항하고 있다. 상대적으로 대형선박이 이용하는 항로에 비하여 연안여객선이 이용하는 좁은 수로에 대한 해상교통환경의 안전성을 체계적으로 검토한 사례는 찾아보기 어렵다. 이에 본 연구에서는 목포항 항계 부근에 위치한 좁은 수로에 대하여 대상이 되는 연안여객선의 통항 안전성을 항만 및 어항설계 기준에서의 항로 폭, 수심, 굴곡도 기준에 따라 분석하였다. 분 석 결과, 맥도와 달리도 사이의 좁은 수로 폭이 대상 연안여객선이 통항 가능한 전장의 1.5배보다 좁을 뿐만 아니라, 수로의 굴곡 정도가 기준값인 30°를 초과하여 조선이 쉽지 않고, 좁은 수로 인근에 어구가 다수 존재하여 통항 시 지장을 초래하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 본 연구의 결론으로, 동 좁은 수로에서 대상 연안여객선의 주간 단독 통항 및 야간·시계제한·저조 시의 경우 항내의 지정 항로로 우회하 여 통항할 것을 개선방안으로 제시하였다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the productivity of whole crop silage wheat utilizing the paddy fields during a couple of years from 2019 to 2021 in Suwon, Korea. This investigation was used the two maturity types of wheat cultivar ‘Cheongwoo’ (early) and ‘Taeu’ (late). The heading date of 2nd year (Oct. 2020 to May. 2021) cultivation was delayed about 11 to 13 days by more than 1st year (Oct. 2019 to May. 2020). The growth characteristics were shown that the plant height was increased in 2nd cultivation, while the number of culms and the panicle part ratio were decreased. Moreover, the nutritive value of ‘Cheongwoo’ and ‘Taeu’ were also decreased in 2nd cultivation. These changes have thought to a difference of the precipitation by cultivation years. Because, the precipitation during the period from the end of winter dormancy to the harvesting stage in 2nd (337 mm) cultivation was more about twice than 1st (169.3 mm) cultivation. However, the dry matter yield of ‘Cheongwoo’ was not shown a statistical difference by cultivation years, while ‘Taeu’ was shown to decrease tendency. The total dry matter yield regardless of the cultivation years were higher in ‘Cheongwoo’ than ’Taeu’, and especially ’Cheongwoo’ was more 3 tons per hectare (15.3 t/ha) than ‘Taeu’ (12.6 t/ha) at 2nd cultivation (p<0.01). The trend of dry weight in ‘Cheongwoo’, early mature type, showed a relatively high ratio of dry matter (p<0.05) was considered that due to a high panicle ratio by a fast heading and an adequate weight of panicles by a sufficient maturing. In conclusion, selecting the early maturity cultivars could achieve a higher and more stable total dry matter yield considering the cropping system in the central region. Furthermore, it also has the advantage of being able to double-cropping system with forage rice, which has considered the maximum whole-crop forage production year-round. These results suggest that the ‘Cheongwoo’ be optimum cultivar to produce the year-round forage on paddy fields in the central region.

Purpose: This study aims to identify the differences in health behavior and depression before and during the COVID-19 pandemic for the aged in low-income homes in the community and to identify the factors that affect changes in depression. Methods: Participants were conveniently sampled 300 of 3,481 elderly people aged 65 or older registered as subjects of visiting health care services at a public health center in D-Gu, D City. The Linear Mixed Model was used to identify factors that affect the change in depression before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: In the comparison between the pre-pandemic and the pandemic, there was an increase in the number of people experiencing falling, mild depression, and severe depression, Compared to the male elderly, the degree of experience of depression before and during the COVID-19 pandemic increased significantly in the aged women, as the age increased, the subjective health was poor, and when there was a falling experience. It was confirmed that the factor influencing the change in depression before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were age, subjective health, and falling experience. Conclusion: Considering the age, subjective health, and falling experience, which are the influencing factors of depression change, when visiting health care services are limited to the aged in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to prioritize those with high age, poor subjective health, and those with falling experience.

국내에서 한시적 식용 곤충으로 등록된 아메리카왕거저리의 사육에 적합한 온도를 규명하고자 온도별 발육특성을 조사하였다. 25°C, 27°C, 30°C, 33°C 등 4개의 온도(9L/15D, 65% R.H., 1330-1800 lux 조건)에서 1-18령까지 발육기간은 30°C가 120.0 ±5.8일로 가장 짧았 고, 그 다음이 33°C (132.6±10.7일), 27°C (136.5±9.2일), 25°C (156.7±7.5일) 순이었다. 30°C는 25°C보다 36.7일나 단축되었다. 33°C의 경 우, 25°C, 27°C, 30°C에 비해서 폐사율이 2.7-3.3배나 높았다. 33°C를 제외하고 온도가 높을수록 발육기간이 단축되는 경향이었으며, 온도별 발육기간은 고도의 통계적 유의성을 나타내었다. 체중의 경우, 30°C가 가장 무거웠고 그 다음은 27°C, 33°C, 25°C 순이었다. 두폭, 체폭, 체장 도 체중과 같은 경향을 보여, 온도 간에 발육의 차이가 확인되었다. 온도와 발육기간, 체중, 체장에 대한 회귀분석 결과, 29-30°C가 가장 적합한 온도이었다. 온도별 전용율은 17령이 43.1%로 가장 높았고, 18령(30.3%), 16령(15.4%), 19령(7.1%), 20령(1.9%)순으로 88.8%가 16령-18령 사이에 전용이 되었다. 전용기간(15-20령)은 27°C와 30°C가 각각 18.8±1.9일, 18.8±2.3일이었고, 그 다음이 33°C (23.0±2.4일), 25°C (23.1±2.9일) 순으로 온도가 낮을수록 늦어지는 경향이었다. 번데기기간 또한 온도가 높을수록 짧아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 암수 간의 번데기 기간은 각각 11.1±2.2일, 11.6±2.4일로 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과들로 볼 때 아메리카왕거저리의 발육에 적합한 온도는 30°C로 판단된다.

The main objective of the research was to deposit thin films of silver on a graphite carbon paste in a phosphate buffer medium using an electrochemical method. To construct a nitrofurazone detection sensor that is highly sensitive. Different manufacturing parameters, such as electrodeposition potential, pH effect, potential scan rate effect, and number of scan cycles, were examined in this section. The parameters were optimized to improve the deposited silver layers various electrocatalytic characteristics. The Nitrofurazone reduction process is diffusion controlled, as seen by the linear variation of Epc with log(v). The constructed Ag-NPs@CPE electrod has excellent electrical characteristics a large active surface area and low background with extremely high electrical conductivity, according to structural and electrochemical characterizations such as Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry. The constructed sensor has a very remarkable analytical performance for nitrofurazone molecule identification, with a very low detection limit of about 10– 8 M. The detection of nitrofurazone using our Ag-NPs@CPE sensors in real samples contaminated with the antibiotic nitrofurazone, such as tap water and urine. In the selected sample, the electroanalytical findings reveal a very satisfactory recovery rate of more than 94 percent.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the experiences of families caring for patients with home mechanical ventilation. The question was, “What is the caregiving experience of a family who has a member with home mechanical ventilation?”. Methods: This study was a qualitative study to explore and describe the implications of experiences of families caring through a phenomenological approach. One-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with family caregivers who worked as full-time for caring for patients with home mechanical ventilation, and the results were analyzed using Colaizzi’s (1978) phenomenological method. Participants’ relationships to patients were 1 spouse, 1 father, and 6 mother. The ages of the participants were between 33 and 59, with an average of 45.1. Results: In this study, family members’ caregiving experience was emerged. Analysis revealed the following themes: Felt burdened but had to accept it; Seized by fear; The weight I must bear alone; Everything is difficult and unfamiliar; Still, my home; and Sorry for the other family members. It was found that caregivers had decided to discharge their loved ones from the hospital out of a sense of duty. Conclusion: The families took care of the patients with responsibility and love. The study results should help with the understanding of a family with a member with home mechanical ventilation and should be used to develop nursing, mediating, and consulting programs for these caregivers

The sorption behavior of Se(IV) on montmorillonite clay, a promising buffer and backfill material, was investigated in the presence of aquatic fulvic acid. Selenium-79 is one of the major radioactive nuclides which are long-lived and highly mobile in subsurface environments. Moreover, it is highly toxic even in small amounts, so the selenium quantity in soil and groundwater should be assessed. Although natural organic matters such as humic and fulvic acids are present in the environment, the influence of natural organic matters on Se(IV) migration has not yet been extensively studied. The batch sorption experiments were performed under oxic conditions. Suwannee River III standard aquatic fulvic acid (International Humic Substances Society) was used to build an organicrich environment. The N2 – BET surface area of the montmorillonite (Clay Minerals Society) was 97 ± 5 m2·g−1. The montmorillonite suspensions with/without fulvic acid were equilibrated with air before adding Na2SeO3. The solid-to-liquid ratio was 5 g·L−1, the ionic medium was 0.1 M NaCl, fulvic acid concentration was 50 mg·L−1, and the final pH was 3. The horizontal vial roller was used to prevent the clay from sinking. After 7 days of sorption at room temperature, the suspensions were centrifuged at 10,600 g for 15 min and filtered through 0.2 μm PTFE filters. The colloidal fulvic selenide and free Se(IV) concentrations were entirely measured by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The sorption results were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich models. At concentrations lower than 20 μM, the distribution coefficients (Kd) were 50 ± 9 L·kg−1 without fulvic acid, and 36 ± 5 L·kg−1 with 50 mg·L−1 fulvic acid. For the concentrations between 20 and 100 μM, the Kd values without and with fulvic acid were 16 ± 7 L·kg−1 and 10 ± 1 L·kg−1, respectively. As a result, it turned out that fulvic acid interferes with the sorption of Se(IV) on montmorillonite in competition with the selenite anion. This indicates that such organic matter may facilitate the migration of selenium in deep geological groundwaters.

Recently, concern regarding disposal of cellulosic material is growing as cellulose is known to produce complexing agent, isosaccharinic acid (ISA), upon degradation. ISA could enhance mobility of some radionuclides, thus increasing the amount of radionuclide released into the environment. Evaluation on the possible impact of the cellulose degradation would be an important aspect in safety evaluation. In this paper, the maximum safe disposal amount cellulose is evaluated considering the disposal environment of silos of 1st phase disposal facility. The key factor governing the impact of cellulose degradation is pH of disposal environment, as cellulose is known to degrade partially at pH above 12.5, and completely at pH above 13. Thus, disposal environment should be analyzed as to determine the extent of degradation. As silos are constructed with large amount of cement, porewater within concrete walls would be of very high pH. However, for high pH porewater to be released into the pores of crushed rock, which is filling up the silos, lower pH groundwater (commonly pH 7) should flow into the silos through the concrete walls. This causes dilution of the high pH concrete porewater, resulting in a lower pH as the silos are filled, reaching to expected pH of 11.8–12.3, which is below cellulose degradation condition. Thus, cellulose degradation is not expected, but to quantitatively evaluate safe disposal amount of cellulose, partial degradation is assumed. Upon literature review, the most conservative ISA concentration, enhancing radionuclide mobility, is determined to be 1.0×10−4 M and to reach this concentration, cellulose mass equivalent to 6wt% of cement of the repository, is required to be degraded. However, this ratio is derived based on complete degradation of cellulose into ISA, so for partial degradation, degradation ratio and yield ratio of ISA should be considered. Commonly, cellulosic material (e.g. cotton, paper, etc.) has degree of polymerization (DP) between 1,000–2,000, and with this DP, degradation ratio is estimated to be about 10%. Furthermore, yield ratio of ISA is known to be 80%. Considering all these aspects, about 1.79×107 kg of cellulose could be disposed, which if converted into number of drums, considering cellulose content of dry active waste, more than 100,000 drums (200 L) could be disposed with negligible impact on safety. Based on the result, negligible impact of cellulose degradation is expected for safety of 1st phase disposal facility. In future, this study could be used as fundamental data for revising waste acceptance criteria.

With the increase of temporarily-stored spent radioactive fuels, there is an increasing necessity for the safe disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW). Among various methods for the disposal of HLW, a deep geological disposal system is adapted as a HLW disposal strategy in many countries. Before the construction of a repository in deep geological condition, a performance assessment, which means the use of numerical models to simulate the long-term behavior of a multi-barrier system in HLW repository, has been widely performed to ensure the isolation of radionuclides from human and related environments for more than a million years. Meanwhile, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) is developing a process-based total system performance assessment framework for a geological disposal system (APro). To improve the reliability of APro, KAERI is participating in DECOVALEX-2023 Task F, which is the international joint program for the comparison of the models and methods used in deep geological performance assessment. As a final goal of Task F, the reference case for a generic repository in fractured crystalline rock is described. The three-dimensional generic repository is located in a domain of 5 km in length, 2 km in width, and 1 km in depth, and contains an engineering barrier system with 2,500 deposition holes in fractured crystalline rock. In this study, a numerical simulation of the reference case is performed with COMSOL Multiphysics as a part of Task F. The fractured crystalline rock is described with the discrete fracture matrix (DFM) model, which expresses major deterministic fractures explicitly in the domain and minor stochastic fractures implicitly with upscaled quantities. As an output of the numerical simulation, fluid flow at steady-state and radionuclide transport are evaluated for ~106 years. The result shows that fractures dominate the transport of radionuclides due to much higher hydraulic properties than rock matrix. The numerical modeling approaches used in this study are expected to provide a basis for performance assessment of nuclear waste disposal repository located in fractured crystalline rock.

The design of nuclear fuel storage and handling area includes the activities related to the storage and inspection before fuel loading, transfer into the reactor, removal of irradiated fuel to the spent fuel storage rack, underwater handling and storage, and handling into a shipping cask. The purpose of this study is to provide the design requirements for the spent fuel pool to be prevented from the loss of cooling water and for heavy load control to prevent any load drop resulting in damage to safetyrelated systems during heavy load handling in accordance with the regulatory guidelines. And another purpose is to review the sizing of minimum wet storage capacity in the spent fuel pool based on the maximum refueling batch from the core during refueling plus a full core off-load of fuel assemblies and the minimum discharge burnup spent fuel storage during the design life of plant requested by the utility. As the results of this study, the current general arrangement for the spent fuel storage and handling area and the minimum storage capacity are evaluated. These can be good recommendations to enhance more safe and efficient if implemented to the new nuclear power plants.