Metam-sodium has been generally applied to control Pinus koraiensis, P. densiflora and P. thunbergii infected by pine wilt disease in the forest field of Korea. We determined the atmospheric concentration of nematocidal and insecticidal gaseous methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) and more volatile and toxic gaseous methyl isocyanate (MIC) in the metam-sodium fumigated fields depending on the distance from metam-sodium treated site, time and season by OSHA No. 52 method. Determined atmospheric MIC was below acute exposure limit (50 ㎍/㎥) and chronic exposure limit (1.0 ㎍/㎥) of EPA regulation in all detection point. In summer, the maximum of MITC and MIC was observed to 105.2 ㎍/㎥ in the 1st day and 0.41 ㎍/㎥ in the 4th day after metam-sodium treatment, respectively. On the other hand, in winter, the maximum of MITC and MIC was observed to 4.6 ㎍/㎥ in the 4th day and 0.52 ㎍/㎥ in the 5th day after metam-sodium treatment, respectively. Atmospheric concentrations of MITC and MIC were higher the closer to the metam-sodium treated site, but decreased below LOQ with distance (~ 50 m). This result showed that the reaction rate of metam-sodium to MITC is more affected by temperature and the translation rate of MITC to MIC is generally very low, regardless of season.

The human β-amyloid (Aβ) cleaving enzyme (BACE-1) is a target for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatments. This study was conducted to determine if acacetin extracted from the whole Agastache rugosa plants had anti-BACE-1 and behavioral activities in Drosophila AD models and to determine acacetin’s mechanism of action. Acacetin (100, 300, and 500 μM) rescued amyloid precursor protein (APP)/BACE1-expressing flies and kept them from developing both eye morphology (dark deposits, ommatidial collapse and fusion, and the absence of ommatidial bristles) and behavioral (motor abnormalities) defects. The RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that the protective effect of acacetin on Aβ production is mediated by transcriptional regulation of BACE-1 and APP, resulting in decreased APP protein expression and BACE-1 activity, and reduced Aβ production by interfering with BACE-1 activity and APP synthesis, resulting in a decrease in the levels of the APP carboxy terminal fragments and the APP intracellular domain, and finally, resulting in a decrease in the number of amyloid plaques.

목 적 : Moyamoya diseases는 특별한 이유 없이 두개 내 내경동맥의 끝부분 즉, 전대뇌동맥과 중대뇌동맥 시작 부분에 협착이나 폐색이 보이고 그 부근에 이상 혈관이 관찰되는 것을 말하는 혈관성 난치병에 속한다. 이러한 혈관성 질환을 진단하기 위해 시행하는 혈관조영술은 침습적이며, 혈관조영제가 가지고 있는 특성으로 인하여 반복 사용하는 데 있어서 제한이 있다. 따라서 비침습적이고 조영제 사용이 필요 없는 MRA가 혈관질환 진단에 많이 사용하고 있으며, 그 숫자가 해마다 증가하고 있다. 최근 MRA Data를 이용하여 혈관질환의 판단을 유용하게 할 수 있는 혈류측정 장치인 NOVA에 대하여 소개하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 1. 검사장비 - MRI 장비 : Discovery 750W 3.0T (GE healthcare system) - Coil : 32channel head coil - 혈류측정 장치 : Non-invasive Optimal Vessel Analysis(NOVA 7.1.1 T4, VasSol) 2. 검사대상 2014년 5월부터 2014년 12월까지 본원을 내원한 Moyamoya disease 환자 38명(남자 : 16명, 여자 : 22명, 평균연령 38.9세)을 대상으로 Q-MRA를 시행하였다. 3. 검사방법 본원의 MRI장비 Discovery 750W 3.0T에서 획득한 3D TOF를 이용하여 Both CCA, ICA, MCA, VA, ACA, STA의 Blood flow rate(ml/min)를 측정하였다. 단, Moyamoya disease의 특성상 측정하고자 하는 혈관이 협착이나 폐색등으로 보이지 않거나 불명확 할 경우 측정에서 제외하였다. 결 과 : Q-MRA는 MRI 장비에서 획득한 3D TOF를 NOVA Tech PC workstation으로 전송하여, 측정하고자 하는 혈관의 위치를 선택한다. 선택된 혈관은 다시 MRI 장비로 전송하여 PC(Phase-contrast)기법의 MRA를 획득하고 이를 NOVA Tech PC workstation에서 혈류량과 방향을 측정하였다. 혈류량과 혈류의 방향은 NOVA Tech PC에서 제공하는 Auto contours를 이용하였다(단, PC MRA를 획득하는 과정에서 두 혈관이 너무 인접해 있거나 환자의 움직임으로 인하여 Auto contours가 정확하지 못할 경우 Manual contours를 시행하여 보정하였다). 현재 본원에서는 Moyamoya disease 환자의 수술적 치료방법인 STA-MCA 직접 혈관 문합술을 시행하기 위한 환자에게 Q-MRA를 시행하고 있으며, Q-MRA의 도입 이후 검사건수와 신뢰도가 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 결 론 : Q-MRA은 혈관의 혈류량과 방향을 정량적으로 나타내어 혈관 수술의 적합성 여부를 확인할 수 있어 불필요한 수술을 막을 수 있고, 수술 후에는 수술 전후의 혈류량의 변화를 통하여 환자의 상태와 예후도 관찰할 수 있는 장점이 있으며, Stent 삽입의 시술 후 비 침습적인 방법으로 재협착 여부 등도 진단할 수 있어 Moyamoya disease환자에서 뿐만 아니라 다른 혈관성 질환에서도 Q-MRA 검사가 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

Seven outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) have occurred in South Korea during the period January 2000-September 2015. The Korean government changed national goal to FMD-free country with vaccination after the November 2010 outbreak when approximately 3.5 million cattle and pigs were culled. With regard to vaccination, Korean pig producers have claimed that the occurrence of injection site reaction (inflammatory or non-inflammatory granuloma) is potentially associated with intensive vaccination campaign since 2011. The present study was undertaken to assess the incidence of injection site lesions in slaughtered pigs caused by FMD vaccination and the corresponding economic losses. Data obtained from two meat packers were classified into 3 vaccination periods: non-vaccination (July-November, 2010, n=96,959); one injection (July-November, 2014, n=162,089); and two injections (March-July, 2015, n=161,928). A total of 420,976 carcasses from 6,526 farms were analyzed. The incidence of the lesions was 18.6% for non-vaccination, 46.5% for one injection, and 73.7% for two injections. Economic loss per head slaughtered due to removal of the lesions was estimated to 1,302 won (US$ 1.1) for non-vaccination, 8,286 won (US$ 7.2) for one injection, and 17,378 won (US$ 15.1) for two injections (converted using 2015 exchange rate where Korean won 1,150 = 1 US$). It was estimated that the national annual losses excluding costs of an FMD vaccine and its application is US$ 115 million for one injection and US$ 241 million for two injections. The adoption of measures that cause minimal tissue damages and economic losses would appear to be of high priority.

Epidemic model for the serious game for prevention of infectious disease was developed based on SI(susceptible-infectious) model and social network model. Epidemic spread has been understood as phenomenon of not only medical care but also preventive administration. Thus, prediction and isolation of infectious population based on social and mathematical information is the key to decreases damage to communities. Built on analysis of two model, developed game model considered indivisual vulneraasbility and the depth of social relationships between nodes. Users of this game are expected to learn how to predict the diffusion of disease with practicing computation by playing game, and realize the importance of preventive effort to restrict social outbreak caused by fatal and acute viruses.

This study investigated the potential associations of dog characteristics with serum serotonin (5HT) concentration in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). Client-owned dogs were prospectively recruited at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Chungnam National University between 2010 and 2011. Forty-two dogs (22 females and 20 males) were enrolled in this study. DMVD dogs included Maltese (n=12), followed by Shih-tzu (n=10), mixed breed (n=5), Chihuahua (n=4), Miniature schnauzer (n=3), Miniature poodle (n=3), Miniature pinscher (n=1), Pomeranian (n=1), Yorkshire terrier (n=2), and Spitz (n=1). As inclusion criteria for the study, dogs had to show either direct or echocardiographic evidence of DMVD. Platelet count significantly differed among the three groups, as the moderate (P<0.05) and severe groups (P<0.05) showed significantly higher platelet counts than the mild DMVD group. Additionally, significantly higher LVIDd, LVIDs, fractional shortening (FS), and LA:Ao ratios were observed in dogs with moderate (P<0.05) and severe (P<0.05) DMVD compared to the mild group, respectively. Significant positive correlations between serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) concentration and platelet count (r=0.273, P=0.03), LA:Ao ratio (r=0.459, P=0.001), and LVIDd (r=0.319, P=0.013) were observed in DMVD dogs. Therefore, serum 5HT concentration may be a potential cause of DMVD progression.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with multiple comorbidities, including depression, which carries a higher risk of exacerbation and hospitalization in patients with stable COPD. A newly developed questionnaire, the COPD Assessment Test (CAT), was developed as an alternative to other complex, time-consuming tools for quantifying the symptom burden of COPD in routine practice. It is possible that the correlation between the CAT and depression scales could be useful for early evaluation and management of depression in COPD patients. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the CAT and depression as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaires-9 (PHQ-9). We performed a retrospective observational COPD cohort study. A total of 97 patients were enrolled. The Korean versions of the CAT and PHQ-9 were completed for stable patients. A correlation analysis was performed between the PHQ-9 and CAT scores. Significant depression among the groups based on the 2011 GOLD guidelines occurred only in class Gold B and D patients (40% and 60%, respectively). The frequency of depression was significantly higher in the group with higher CAT scores (20~29 versus ≥30; odds ratio: 5.67 versus 22.66). Significant association was observed between the PHQ-9 and CAT scores (r=0.545 and P<0.001). As a result, the PHQ-9 score was significantly higher in COPD patients with a higher CAT score. The CAT is a simple and valuable predictor of depression in COPD patients, and it should be frequently used to detect COPD patients with depression in clinical practice.

The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is one of the major economical crops cultivated in Korea. This mushroom showed the 5th production to 11,493 M/T in 2014. Several fungus are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Cladobotryum mycophilum is the causal agent of cobweb disease of commercial mushrooms. Early symptoms were noticed as round, fleshy, yellowish brown lesions on mushroom caps. Late symptoms progressed when the parasitic fungus formed white cobweb circular colonies on dead or damaged pinheads, spread on the surface of the casing, and covered entirely fruiting bodies. A Gram-positive bacterium was isolated from mushroom media that markedly showed the antagonistic activity against Cladobotryum mycophilum, the most destructive pathogen of cultivated mushrooms. The HC57 strain was selected as antagonistic bacterium by inhibition zone method and it was identified as Bacillus subtilis by the cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics, and analysis of the 16S rDNA. The isolated bacterium is saprophytic but not parasitic nor pathogenic to cultivation mushroom. The isolated bacterium for Cladobotryum mycophilum cell, was sufficient for inhibition in vitro. Inoculation of the isolated bacterium prevents the development of bacterial disease in Cladobotryum mycophilum. Control efficacy of browning disease of strain HC57 treatment was 71% on Agaricus bisporus. The optimal culture medium for the antagonistic bacteria growth was determined as follows: 1.5% Xylose, 2% Soytone, 1% NH4H2PO4, 7 mmol CaCl2, and 0.5% Histidine at pH 6.0 at 25℃. The suppressive bacterium may be useful in future for the development of biocontrol system and the construction of genetically modified edible fungi resistant to the disease caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum.

키다리병 내성벼의 생리·생화학적 특성 연구를 알아보기 위해 남평벼와 호품벼를 비교하여 실시한 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 키다리병 발병률은 품종에 관계없이 병원균 포자의 농도,노출시간에 비례하여 증가하며 특히 감수성 품종인 호품벼는그 증가 속도가 더욱 심함을 알 수 있었고 이들 감수성 품종들은 염수선을 통한 종자정선이 키다리병 예방에 중요한 역할을 한다. 2. 키다리병 감염조건에서 남평벼가 호품벼에 비해 체내 전분 및 단백질 감소 정도가 더 작았으며 α-amylase, CAT,SOD 항산화 효소 활성은 다소 높게 유지되었다. 3. 키다리병 감염조건에서 SOD를 제외한 CAT, POD, APX유전자들은 남평벼가 호품벼에 비해 모두 2 ~ 3배 이상의 강한 발현증가를 보인 반면 호품벼에서 GA positive gene인Gα(D1), GID2의 발현이 높은 반면 GA deactivating gene인EUI의 발현은 남평보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

최근 들어 지속적으로 양서류의 종과 수가 감소하고 있으 며, 원인으로는 환경오염, 서식지 파괴, 질병 등이 거론된다. 주요원인 중 하나인 질병은 전 세계적으로 이슈가 되고 있 으며, 항아리곰팡이병(Chytridomycosis) 같은 질병은 한 종 을 멸종에까지 이르게 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 국내에서 는 현재까지 양서류 질병사례에 대한 관찰 및 질병 가능성 이 있는 균의 동정이 이루어져 왔으나, 국내에 허가된 양서 류 증식장과 관련된 질병의 검출 및 병원체의 규명 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 양서류 증양식장 내·외부에서 발병 하는 질병확인 및 관련 병원체를 동정하여 양서류 질병 연 구의 기초자료 확보하고자 2015년 5월부터 7월 사이에 증 양식장 내·외에서 채집된 북방산개구리의 유생과 아성체를 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 북방상개구리 유생은 공주와 인제 지역에 개구리 증양식장 내‧외부에서 각 10마리씩 채 집하였으며, 아성체의 경우 보령, 괴산, 공주, 인제 지역 증 양식장 외부에서 각 10마리씩 채집하였다. 멸균된 면봉으로 개체 피부 표면(외부)와 해부한 개체 내부를 스왑하여 병원 체(박테리아와 곰팡이)를 확보하였다. 병원체의 배양은 petrifilm APC(박테리아)와 Y/M(곰팡이)을 사용하였으며, 각 각 35℃에서 48시간, 25℃에서 120시간 배양 후 콜로니 수를 기록하였다. 배양된 콜로니 수는 SPSS(ver 18) 통계프 로그램 사용하여, 채집지역간, 증양식장 내‧외부간 그리고 개체 내‧외부간 차이를 비모수검정법으로 비교분석하였다. 또한 배양된 박테리아의 종을 동정하기 위해 각각의 콜로니 들을 PCR 한 후 결과를 NCBI에서 확인하였다. 연구결과, 유생의 경우 공주지역 증양식장 내·외부간 박 테리아 콜로니 수에서 의미 있는 차이를 보였으며, 아성체 의 경우 채집 지역 간 박테리아 콜로니 수가 유의한 차이를 보였다. 더불어, 인제의 아성체에서는 상대적으로 많은 곰 팡이의 콜로니 수가 관찰되었다. 배양된 병원체의 PCR 연 구를 통해 약 40 종의 박테리아가 동정되었다. 그 중 13 종은 양서류 질병과 관련 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 인간 에게 영향을 줄 수 있는 병원체 역시 전체 20%인 8종이 확인되었다. 추후 연구에서는 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 양서류 질병의 원인 병원체를 밝히고, 효과적인 치료법을 찾기 위한 연구를 진행할 계획이다.

Insects are among the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, representing more than half of all known living organisms. These insects are found in nearly every environment. Although humans regard certain insects as pests and attempt to control them using insecticides, most insects perform complex ecological functions, and provide either direct or indirect economic benefits to humans. Recently, the importance of insects used as food sources or as pets has increased in many countries, including Korea. In addition, several insects have a strong influence on people's emotion. Insect-mediated mental healthcare program is designed to help people who have disorders with physical, behavior and development. Children who have mental disorder, the experimental group that was provided with an insect-mediated mental healthcare program over a total of 8 sections, one section per week, 60 minutes per section, followed by pre-test and post-test. They responded to therapeutic effect after the completion of the program. Further research on the basis of this study is expected to help children with emotional therapy in other areas.

The current market size of insect industry in Korea is estimated at 300 million dollars and more than 500 local farms are related to many insect industry. One of the strong candidates for insect industry is Korean horn beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma. Early this year, we reported a viral disease extremely fatal to A. dichotoma larvae. While we were proceeding a nationwide investigation of this disease, several farmers answered that similar disease symptom has been occurred occasionally during past 10 years. The symptom can be easily confused with early stage of bacterial infection or physiological damage including temperature and moisture. A peroral infection with the purified virus to healthy larvae produced a result that only 21% of larvae survived and became pupae. Although some of the survived adult beetle were deformational, many of them had no abnormal appearance and even succeeded in mating. Later, these beetles were examined if they were carrying the virus, and all except one were confirmed as virus carrier. This implies that these beetle may fly out and spread the disease throughout the country. We found the evidence by collecting wild A. dichotoma larvae which were virus infected, near two local farms rearing the horn beetle. So far, transovarial transmission of this virus to the eggs, or horizontal transmission to other commercially reared insects are not known yet.

This study was conducted to examine the occurrence characteristics of pine trees infected by pine wood nematode in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Based on the GPS coordinate data of the infected trees at Yeongdeok-gun from 2013 to 2014 and at Andong-si in 2014, nearest neighbor analysis was conducted to analyze nearest distance between the infected trees. And the influence of geographical factors such as altitude, slope, and the distance from the road on the position of infected trees were identified. Our results showed that over 60% of the newly infected trees were found within 50m of the trees infected in previous year. Over 70% of infected trees occurred below 100m altitude in Yoeongdeok-gun whereas less 32% of total pine trees distributed below the altitude. 98% of the infected trees and 74% of total pine trees in Andong-si were found between 150 and 300m altitude, and altitudinal distribution of the infected trees was similar to that of pine forests. Only less 5% of infected trees found in the forests located below 5 degree of slope in Yeongdeok-gun whereas 18% of total pine trees existed in the areas. Over 50% of infected trees in the forests located from 10 to 20 degree of slope, and 47% of total pine trees were found in the forests located from 5 to 15 degree of slope. Most infected trees and total pine trees were found in the forests located below 15 degree of slope in Andong-si. Over 80% of the infected trees occurred within 1km of road in both study areas.

There are over 3,000 different species of mosquitoes throughout the world; currently 56 species are reported in Korea. Mosquitoes can act as vectors for many disease-causing viruses and parasites during blood sucking. Various species of mosquitoes are estimated to transmit various types of disease to more than 700 million people annually in Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico, Russia, and much of Asia, with millions of resultant deaths. At least two million people annually die of these diseases, and the morbidity rates are many times higher still. To prevent the spread of diseases, KNIH (Korea National Institute of Health) used three categorized methods; identifying or taxonomic analysis of mosquitoes, detecting virus caring mosquitoes, and detecting malaria from Anopheline mosquitoes. We have proved that taxonomic analysis using DNA barcording method (COI gene) is useful to complement identification of mosquito species. In detecting virus, we have reported Cx. orientalis as a new potential Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vector. We also reported that the Anopheline mosquito species composition and Plasmodium vivax infection rates in malaria hot spot in Korea.

Climate change by global warming is predicted to affect on public health including increasing incidence of vector borne diseases. Vector borne diseases are transmitted by arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, chigger mites and ticks, and are highly sensitive to climate changes. The surveillance and R&D of infectious disease vectors are becoming important for climate change preparedness in Korea. So far, 10 regional vector surveillance centers (Incheon, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju) have been established to monitor vectors and their pathogens against endemic diseases (japanese encephalitis, malaria, scrub typhus and SFTS) and imported diseases (dengue fever, west nile fever and yellow fever). The information on geographical distribution as well as real-time monitoring of vectors and their pathogens will be presented by this surveillance system, ‘VectorNet’. The R&D plan on vectors and their pathogens is now discussing in government-wide R&D committee on infectious diseases. The R&D areas will be included: 1) establishment of nationwide monitoring system, 2) study on biological and molecular characteristics, 3) development of vector identification and pathogen diagnosis methods, 4) development of vector control techniques, 5) management and conservation of vector resources.

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease is a newly named fibroinflammatory condition characterized by tumefactive lesions that contain dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates rich in IgG4-positive cells. Elevated serum IgG4 concentrations also often accompany IgG4-related disease. Many medical conditions that were long viewed as diseases confined to single organs (e.g., Mikulicz disease, type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis, Riedel’s thyroiditis, multifocal fibrosclerosis, inflammatory pseudotumor, mediastinal fibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and etc.) are now designated as part of the spectrum of IgG4-related disease. The preferred nomenclature suggested by a committee of international experts uses the prefix “IgG4-related-” for individual organ involvement, regardless of the organ system affected. One exception is type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (IgG4-related pancreatitis). Comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease and organ-specific diagnostic criteria (e.g., IgG4- related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis, type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis, IgG4-related kidney disease and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis) can aid clinicians in the diagnosis of this erratic condition.