Subsequently in Korea product liability has been introduced. The position of consumers for defective products have been disadvantageous. Defective products should be broght under the law. Then, while consumers would be largely protected, a producer would take the heavy responsibility by law, Therefore, a producer would not be able to take countermeasures for product liability. Object of this paper to investigate and analyze the actual state of management for product liability in advanced countries, and to join it with our quality management system.

본 연구는 한외여과 중공사형 모듈과 역삼투 나권형 모듈로 구성된 모듈 set 1∼7을 이용하여 모듈 set에 따른 순수 및 2차 처리수의 투과 flux를 고찰하고, 적용압력과 온도변화에 의한 한외여과 막과 역삼투 막의 분리 특성을 고찰하였다. 탁도와 SS는 한외여과 막에서 효율적으로 제거되며 COD, T-N, TDS 등은 역삼투 막에서 우수한 제거효율을 나타내었다. 적용압력과 온도의 증가에 따른 투과 flux는 선형적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이로부터 한외여과 및 역삼투 막은 정유공장 방류수의 고도처리 및 재활용을 위해 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

국가산업의 발전과 국민생활수준 향상에 따라 고압가스등 가스에너지의 이용분야가 확대되고 있는 현 시점에서 기술능력의 배양과 사고방지를 위한 노력의 필요성은 크게 증대되고 있다. 따라서 주요선진국은 물론 우리 나라를 비롯한 개발도상국에서도 가스안전관리에 관계되는 정책개선이나 입법체계의 개정 또는 규정의 제정 및 정비가 진행되는 등 세계적으로 법령 및 행정분야에서 예측할 수 없는 변화가 일어나고 있고, 국제적으로도 각국의 상호인정협정(MRA) 추진 등 세계적 표준화 기준의 개발과 인증 체제의 정립을 모색하고 있는 실정에 있다. 본 연구에서는 주요선진국의 가스안전법령체계의 비교와 입법동향을 조사해 보고 우리 나라의 가스안전관련 법령의 운영실태를 파악하여 향후의 가스안전관련 제도 발전을 위한 정책적 검토 시사점을 건의코자 하였다.

Large-size ceramic/metal bulk FGMs have been fabricated on a recently developed and the world's largest Spark Plasma Sintering(SPS) systems, As a part of the development program for practical production processes and machines for FGMs by SPS, the processes, mechanical properties, dimensional size and shape effects, and production machine systems were investigated. In the past, /TiAI, /Ni, /Ti, WC/Co, WC/Co/Steel, A1/P, Polymide, Cu/Polymide, nano-composites, porous and other combinations of bulk FGMs have already been processed using SPS. However, most of the specimen sizes were small, in a range of 20 to 30mm in diameter. Recently disk-shape sintered compacts with diameters of 100 and 150 mm, and thickness of approximately 15 and 17 mm, (3Y)/ stainless steel FGMs were homogenous consolidated in a shorter sintering time, while maintaining high quality and repeatability by utilizing a temperature gradient sintering method. The SPS heating up and holding time totaled less than one hour. Therefore, the SPS process in expected to find increased use in the fabrication of large-size FGMs as a new industrial processing technology. This paper introduces SPS systems, the processing principles, features and the characteristies of ceramic/metal bulk FGM.

An important business-field of world-wide steel-industry is the coating of thin metal-sheets with zinc, zinc-aluminum and aluminum based materials. These products mostly go into automotive industry. in particular for the car-body. into building and construction industry as well as household appliances. Due to mass-production, the processing is done in large continuously operating plants where the mostly cold-rolled metal-strip as the substrate is handled in coils up to 40 tons unwind before and rolled up again after passing the processing plant which includes cleaning, annealing, hot-dip galvanizing / aluminizing and chemical treatment. In the liquid Zn, Zn-AI, AI-Zn and AI-Si bathes a combined action of corrosion and wear under high temperature and high stress onto the transfer components (rolls) accounts for major economic losses. Most critical here are the bearing systems of these rolls operating in the liquid system. Rolls in liquid system can not be avoided as they are needed to transfer the steel-strip into and out of the crucible. Since several years, ceramic roller bearings are tested here [1.2], however, in particular due to uncontrollable Slag-impurities within the hot bath [3], slide bearings are still expected to be of a higher potential [4]. The today's state of the art is the application of slide bearings based on Stellite\ulcorneragainst Stellite which is in general a 50-60 wt% Co-matrix with incorporated Cr- and W-carbides and other composites. Indeed Stellite is used as the bearing-material as of it's chemical properties (does not go into solution), the physical properties in particular with poor lubricating properties are not satisfying at all. To increase the Sliding behavior in the bearing system, about 0.15-0.2 wt% of lead has been added into the hot-bath in the past. Due to environmental regulations. this had to be reduced dramatically_ This together with the heavily increasing production rates expressed by increased velocity of the substrate-steel-band up to 200 m/min and increased tractate power up to 10 tons in modern plants. leads to life times of the bearings of a few up to several days only. To improve this situation. the Mechanical Alloying (MA) TeChnique [5.6.7.8] is used to prOduce advanced Stellite-based bearing materials. A lubricating phase is introduced into Stellite-powder-material by MA, the composite-powder-particles are coated by High Energy Milling (HEM) in order to produce bearing-bushes of approximately 12 kg by Sintering, Liquid Phase Sintering (LPS) and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). The chemical and physical behavior of samples as well as the bearing systems in the hot galvanizing / aluminizing plant are discussed. DependenCies like lubricant material and composite, LPS-binder and composite, particle shape and PM-route with respect to achievable density. (temperature--) shock-reSistibility and corrosive-wear behavior will be described. The materials are characterized by particle size analysis (laser diffraction), scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. corrosive-wear behavior is determined using a special cylinder-in-bush apparatus (CIBA) as well as field-test in real production condition. Part I of this work describes the initial testing phase where different sample materials are produced, characterized, consolidated and tested in the CIBA under a common AI-Zn-system. The results are discussed and the material-system for the large components to be produced for the field test in real production condition is decided. Outlook: Part II of this work will describe the field test in a hot-dip-galvanizing/aluminizing plant of the mechanically alloyed bearing bushes under aluminum-rich liquid metal. Alter testing, the bushes will be characterized and obtained results with respect to wear. expected lifetime, surface roughness and infiltration will be discussed. Part III of this project will describe a second initial testing phase where the won results of part 1+11 will be transferred to the AI-Si system. Part IV of this project will describe the field test in a hot-dip-aluminizing plant of the mechanically alloyed bearing bushes under aluminum liquid metal. After testing. the bushes will be characterized and obtained results with respect to wear. expected lifetime, surface roughness and infiltration will be discussed.

The marine structures with sea water cooling system always expose to the oceanic atmosphere. Therefore, the protection of the equipments is very important. To investigate the effectiveness of advanced composite materials for the application in offshore environments, the tensile test, hardness test, undercutting property test, permeance test and the friction and wear test were carried out by using various applicable coating materials. The main results obtained can be summarized as follows; 1. The micro-hardness of the Archcoat 502B showed the highest value. 2. The coefficient of friction of the Rigspray coating at the speed of 2.21m/sec showed the lowest value, and that of the Archcoat 502B coating at 1.08m/sec and 0.18m/sec indicated the lowest values. 3. The wear mass at the speed of 0.18m/sec and 1.08m/sec in dry condition showed the smallest values. 4. The Archcoat 502B coating is fitted to the dynamic instruments in the range of low speed and middle speed. Rigspray coating is fitted to the dynamic instruments in the range of high speed. 5. The wear mass of five kinds of coating materials at the range of low speed was very small, and those of the Archcoat S02B, Archcoat 402B and Rigspray coating at high speed range were quitely smaller than those of the Modified Epoxy and Tar Epoxy.

The Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration were used to treat effluent of secondary municipal wastewater treatment system(Sequencing Batch Reactor). The cross-flow hollow fiber, UF 500,000(NMWC) and MF 0.65μ membrane were selected as suitable membrane. Short term and long term fouling effect were measured as a factor of flux decrease and the fouling removal effect of mixing air bubble in the penetrant was studied. The removal of anionic sulfactants before and after formation of micelle with several kinds of oil were checked. The test results show that removal of TOC was 70~80%, TN 28% and TP 16%. The decrease of flux due to fouling were 85%(UF) and 90%(MF) after running of 100hrs. The removal of anionic sulfactants were 60~70% notwithstanding micelle or not.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics and performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal system, Daewoo Nutrients Removal(DNR) system, and to find out the operating parameter for the system. During the study, $10m^3$ pilot plant was operated for the demonstration experiment and the primary effluent was taken from K domestic sewage treatment plant. The TN in the influent had been removed to approximately 70% through the nitrfication in the oxic tank and the denitrfication in the anoxic tank and the $PO_4-P$ and TP in the influent had been removed to 85% and 83% through anaerobic reaction and oxic reaction. The BOD and SS removal rate were 85 to 95% through the system. As the results, the values of effluent BOD, SS and slouble phosphorus were lower than A/O and $A^2/O$ processes. The SPRR (specific phosphorus release rate) at the anaerobic state of DNR system was ranged from 2.2 to 2.6mg SP/g VSS/h. The nutrient removal efficieny of the DNR system in view of the characteristics of the domestic sewage was higher than the pre-established A/O and $A^2/O$ processes. Finally, we believe that the DNR system was superior to the processes deveolped recently.

The effluent from conventional nightsoil treatment plants contains nutrients, color and chlorides, in addition to residual organics and suspended solids, and thereby causes substantial pollution problems in receving water resources. In order to verify the usefullness of electrolysis in removing those residual pollutants from such conventional nightsoil treatment plant effluent, a bench scale experiment was conducted using sufficiently dilluted human nightsoil as experiment feeds. The result showed mean removals of 45% of total phosphorus and 85% of color, in addition 87% of residual BOD, 47% of residual COD and 85% of residual SS. The optimum electric current was found to be 15 ampere and the optimum hydraulic residence time 21/2 hour.

This study was conducted to develop a new RBC process available for the effective removal of organic matters and nitrogen in sewage. The RBC process for the oxidation organic compounds and nitrification was designed to occur at the 1st-stage and next-stage RBC respectively. Then nitrified water was recycled to the denitrifying RBC located at the lower part of the 1st-stage RBC. Some results were summarized as follows. 1. The loading limitation was represented as $60g{\cdot}COD/gm^2/day$ in experiment of simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen. The maxmum COD % removal was 85% at the load $35g{\cdot}COD/m^2/day$. 2. The $NO_3-N$ % removal was approximately 80% at the load $60g{\cdot}COD/m^2/day$ and the maximum $NO_3-N$ remaval rate was $3.9g{\cdot}COD/m^2/day$ and the overall C/N ratio of 11.0 as required to achive 80% of $NO_3-N$% removal. 3.$NO_3-N$ removal rate was rapidly decreased above the load $7g{\cdot}NH_4{^+}-N/m^2/day$ and the maximum $NO_3-N$ removal rate was $3.7g{\cdot}NO_3-N/m^2/day$. 4. Irrespective of the recycle ratio, the COD % removal at the system of 2-stage RBC unit was nearly constant as 89% while the maximum one in the 1st-stage unit was 77% in the case of 50% recycle. 5. The maximum COD % removal in the 3-stage RBC system was 93% while 1st-stage one being 80%, under the $NH_4{^+}-N$ load of $7.4g/m^2{\cdot}d$. Also maximum percentage of nitrification and denitrification was 69% and 41% respectively, under the same $NH_4{^+}-N$ load.

유전적분형 물성방정식에 근거한 선형 점탄성문제의 효율적인 수치해석을 위해서 새로운 유한요소해법을 공식화하였다. 각 시간구간에서 변수변화를 선형적으로 가정하고 유전적분의 계산을 매우 효율적으로 처리하였다. 그 결과 과거의 해석법에 비하여 수치정확도 및 경제성에서 큰 향상을 얻었다.

분말야금 또는 분말재료공정은 금속과 세라믹에 기초를 둔 신소재 가공기술로서 점차 그 역할이 증대되고 있다. 분말 공정은 합금의 신축성이라는 고유 잇점을 비롯하여, 조성적 균질성, 미세한 조직특성, 그리고 완성 또는 준 완성형태의 성형가능성 등을 제공하는 것으로 특징지워지는데 이러한 모든 것들은 첨단 재료의 제조가공을 위해서 요구되는 특징들이다. 본 강연의 전반부에서는 분말야금공정의 일반적 특징과 이제까지 개발된 첨단 재료들을 분류하고 그 현황을 살펴보았

선형탄성파괴역학에서 특히 균열 쉘의 응력집중계수 산정을 위해 p-version 유한요소법에 기초한 선진유한요소기법이 제안되었다. 세가지 균열된 쉘 예제를 통해 응력집중계수 산정은 종래의 h-version 유한요소모델에 비하여 p-version 유한요소 모델이 수렴성과 정확도 면에서 훨씬 더 적합함을 보여주고 있다. 이 기법의 주요 이점은 근사해의 정확도가 요소분할이나 균열선단요소 또는 혼합형 변분원리등의 특별고려가 없이 확보될 수 있다는데 있다.

이 연구는 Skype를 활용하여 일본인 고급 학습자의 구어 오류 양상을 분석하고 교육적 의의를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 학습자 발 화 2,947어절을 대상으로 오류 양상을 분석하였다. 그 결과 문법 오류가 34건으로 가장 많았으며 어휘(26건), 발음(22건), 담화(4건) 오류 순으로 나타났다. 이로써 알 수 있는 것은 첫째, 고급 학습자임에도 불구하고 모국 어 간섭의 영향을 여전히 받고 있다는 점. 둘째, 어휘 오류에서는 학습 어휘량이 많아지면서 유사 어휘에 의한 오류가 많이 나타난 점. 셋째, 두 언어의 문법 체계가 비슷하다고는 하지만 그럼에도 문법 오류가 가장 많이 발생했다는 점이다. 향후 일본인 학습자를 대상으로 교수를 할 때 이런한 점을 고려하여 이루어져야할 것이다.