본 연구는 춘파 야생화초지의 생육특성, 계절개화분포 및 식생비율을 구명하고자 시험하였다. 공시초종은 기본초종인 잔디형 목초로 Sheep fescue (Azure), 야생화 초종으로는 국내산 야생화 4종과 외국산 야생화 29종 등 총 34종을 공시하였다. 시험은 충남대학교 초지시험 포장에서 2008년 3월부터 2009년 12월까지 수행하였으며, 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 야생화의 초장은 8~60 cm 범위로 상하 공간배치는 양호한 편이었으며, 꽃색은 9

This study monitored a variety of marine fish communities in artificial reefs unit of the total 5 types (Dice type, Octagonal turtle type, Two-stage tube type, Gazebo type, Tetrapod type) which are located in the marine ranching at Jeju island by scuba diving in May, July, October and December 2009. Underwater photographing was accomplished at total 3 phases (condition of artificial reefs photographing, concentric circle movement photographing and line transect photographing). The preservation condition of artificial reefs facility was very good, and the dominant species were Chromis notatus, Sebastes thompsoni, Oplegnathus fasciatus and Halichoeres poecilopterus. Fish abundance was high in May and June, and low in October and December, 2009. Chromis notatus was dominant at the all types of artificial reefs, Halichoeres poecilopterus for Gazebo type and Tetrapod type of artificial reefs, and Sebastes thompsoni for Dice type, Octagonal turtle type and Two-stage tube type of artificial reefs.

To investigate seasonal variation of fisheries resources composition and their correlationships with environmental factors in the coastal ecosystem of the middle Yellow Sea of Korea, shrimp beam trawl were carried out for the fisheries survey. Fisheries resources of 81 species, 57 families, and 6 taxa totally were collected by shrimp beam trawl in the middle coastal ecosystem of Yellow Sea of Korea. Species were included 6 species in Bivalvia, 6 in Cephalopoda, 22 in Crustacea, 2 in Echinodermata, 5 in Gastropoda, and 40 in Pisces. Diversity indices (Shannon index, H') showed seasonal variation with low value of 2.14 in winter, and high value of 2.67 in spring. Main dominant species were Oratosquilla oratoria, Octopus ocellatus, Acanthogobius lactipes, Cynoglossus joyneri, Rapana venosa venosa, Loligo beka, Chaeturichthys stigmatias, Raja kenojei, Microstomus achne and Paralichthys olivaceus, that were occupied over 58% of total individuals, and 55% of wet weight. Fisheries organism made four coordinative seasonal groups by the principal component analysis (PCA), showing stronger seasonal variation than spatial variation. PC from PCA showed statistically significant cross-correlationships with seawater temperature, NH4-N, TP and chlorophyll a (P 〈 0.05).

Insect pest monitoring program in subsistence warehouses can detect pest problems in early infestation stages. Temporal and spatial distributions of pests produced by monitoring allows facility managers and pest control operators to visualize pest problems and evaluate effectiveness of cleaning, sanitation and pest management practices. Pheromone-based insect monitoring traps were placed to study temporal and spatial distribution of Lepidopteran and Coleopteran stored product pests in two central distribution centers of United States Military Forces in the Republic of Korea, from March to December 2008. The two distribution centers receive store and issue subsistence and they are located in two different cities, Seoul and Taegu. As a result, three pests, Plodia inter punctella Hübner (Indian meal moth), Lasioderma serricorne F. (cigarette beetle), and Trogoderma variabile Ballion (warehouse beetle), were detected on the traps. P. interpunctella was most abundant, followed by L. serricorne and T. variabile. Different phenologies and spatial distribution of each species were seen from the two warehouses, that were related with internal temperature of the two warehouses and food availability. The program benefited to lead a better understandings for existence and extent of local pest problems in the two subsistence distribution centers, and also helped to find effective pest management periods and locations.

The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (BSF), has a worldwide distribution in the tropics and warm temperate regions and is active in the Korea from May through October. This species colonize a wide variety of decomposing vegetable and animal matter and oviposit in a variety of decomposing materials. In this study, how the BSF molting, adult emergence and mating rate changed by seasonal condition at the artificial rearing system was investigated. The black soldier fly larvae and pupae were reared under laboratory condition (27℃, 60% R.H.). Under the laboratory condition, molting and adult emergence were not influenced by seasonal factors such as climate, radiation intensity. But it is known that the sunlight is the most important factor of the mating. In the previous study the time of day, temperature, and humidity is significantly correlated with oviposition and mating. The rearing of BSF throughout the year is restricted by sunlight. In this study, the data shows definitely different mating numbers throughout whole year. The time of the day and sunlight density are changed with season and it influence on artificial rearing. To culture the black soldier fly throughout the year in Korea needs a more deep study under the artificial rearing system.

The traditional culture is fading away in a great speed due to the leading society. Both China and South Korea has a lunar calendar to follow a national holiday, and both don’t have much difference in the orthography. But in they looked at both Mongolian culture and South Korean culture in different seasons and concluded the difference between two cultures as following. So let’s have a look at the special features of seasonal culture in Korea. Firstly, Korea holds s special festival that is based on agriculture since ancient times. They pray for a rich year and abundance in harvesting. For example, the first full moon of the year in the spring and harvest moon festival in the autumn. Secondly, South Korea has very specific seasons so therefore they have a different festivals that fits the weather of the season. The special festivals in Mongol are; Firstly, since ancient times, Mongolians had played an archery and horse riding as they are nomads. They also have very unique traditional foods like lamb meat and dairy products because of their nature in life style. Secondly, as I mentioned before they are nomads who move around so therefore they have their own unique cultures. For examples, a tradition called ‘Nadam’ in summer. When this festival is on all the people who were separated over the country gather around for the celebration. Thirdly, they don’t divide the seasons in to four but in to two, so they have two different kinds of traditional festivals according to the seasons – summer and winter. When the countries around Mongol signifies the traditional festivals based on lunar calendar, but in Mongol they think of ‘Nadam’ as more important tradition which is held in summer, and start preparing for winter, making pelts. Even though the disappearance of traditional cultures in 21st century makes hard to find an actual tradition, I want to understand and look at the basic features for not just my own country but also the countries around myself.

본 연구는 춘파 야생화초지의 생육특성, 계절개화분포 및 식생비율을 구명하고자 시험하였다. 공시초종은 기본초종안 잔디형 목초로 Sheep fescue (Azure), 야생화 초종으로는 국내산 야생화 4종과 외국산 야생화 29종 등 총 34 종을 공시하였다. 시험은 충남대학교 초지시험 포장에서 2008년 3월부터 2009년 12월까지 수행하였으며, 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 야생화의 초장은 8~60 cm 범위로 상하 공간배치는 양호한 펀이었으며, 꽃색은 9가지로 다양하게 개화되었으나 8월, 9월 및 10월에는 1~3가지로 편중되었다. 개화는 5~6월에 편중되였고 8월부터는 야생화의 개화 및 영속성 유지가 상당히 어려웠다. 그러나, 2년차(2009)에는 월동 후 일년생 야생화초종의 식생 감소로 야생화의 꽃색, 계절분포 및 영속성이 문제시 되었다. 야생 화초지의 연평균 식생비율은 야생화, 잔디형 목초 및 잡초가 각각 1년차(2008)에는 24%, 62% 및 14%이었고, 2년차{2009)에는 각각 16%, 69% 및 15%를 유지하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 춘파 야생화초지의 경우, 파종당년보 다는 2년차에 야생화의 꽃 색, 계절개화분포 및 영속성을 유지할 수 있는 방안이 중요하다고 하겠다.

Locust gall midge (LGM), Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a cecidomyiid insect forming roll-up galls on leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia Linnaeus (Fabaceae). LGM, known as native to North America, was reported from Korea and Japan in 2002. LGM was observed weekly or biweekly to clarify their voltinism and distribution within the crown of the host tree in two sites of Osan and Siheung in Korea from May to August, 2007. Density of LGM was investigated based on the number of larvae per leaf. Two generations of LGM were observed in Siheung site whereas three generations in Osan site during the present study. The result indicated that LGM had at maximum three generations per year. The density of LGM in Osan was higher in the upper crown of the host trees than middle or lower part. In Siheung, LGMs were distributed more on the exterior of the lower crown than the interior. The average number of larvae per gall was 3.3±0.1 and 2.8±0.1 individuals per leaf in Osan and Siheung, respectively.

본 연구는 장미 순환식 수경재배 시 재배시기별로 적합한 배양액을 개발하고자 일본야채다업시험장 표준액을 1/4S, 1/2S, 2/3S, 1S로 하여 펄라이트와 입상 암면을 4:6 부피비로 섞은 고형배지를 이용하여 실험을 실시하였다. 고온기재배의 경우 1/2S 처리구에서, 저온기의 경우 2/3S 처리구에서 광합성 속도, 절화 품질 및 생육이 우수하였다. 이를 토대로 1/2S(고온기), 2/3S(저온기) 처리구의 양수분 흡수율을 기준으로 새로운 배양액을 조성하였다. 이온의 조성은 고온기의 경우 NO3-N 6.8, NH4-N 0.7, PO4-P 2.0, K 3.8, Ca 3.0, Mg 1.2, SO4-S 1.2me·L-1, 저온기의 경우 NO3-N 6.8, NH4-N 0.7, PO4-P 2.0, K 3.8, Ca 3.0, Mg 1.2, SO4-S 1.2me·L-1 이었다. 개발한 배양액의 적합성 평가실험 결과 UOS 배양액은 Ca, P 등의 이온이 장미의 양분흡수율보다 많이 함유된 기존의 배양액과 비교하여 근권 내 EC 변화가 안정적이었다. 또한 절화수량이 재배기간에 관계없이 기존 배양액보다 높은 결과를 나타내었고 특히 저온기 재배시 아이찌현 배양액 처리구에 비하여 수확량이 140% 증가하였다. 따라서 고형배지를 이용한 장미 순환식 수경재배시 새로 개발된 배양액을 사용할 경우 기존 배양액에 비해 비료절감의 효과와 함께 안정적인 생육 및 수량증대를 기대할 수 있다.

Major fruit moths in commercial apple orchards are known as Carposina sasakii and Grapholita molesta. In addition, recently G. molesta is dominant species compared with C. sasakii in apple orcahrds. In case of Japan, the fruit damage occurred a lot unexpectedly in apple orchards of the northern Nagano during the harvesting season in 2004. As the result of identifying after emerging the larvae collected from the damaged fruit, Grapholita dimorpha was found out. The morphology of Grapholita dimorpha are almost similar to that of Grapholita molesta, and the shape of the damaged fruits was too similar to distinguish them. We installed sex pheromone traps of Grapholita dimorpha in apple orchards to check if there were Grapholita dimorpha in Korean apple orchards and to survey seasonal occurrence. As a result of survey by installing sex pheromone traps of G. dimorpha at one apple orchard in Uiseong-Gun and Gunwi-Gun area respectively, we could find high population density of G. dimorpha in sex pheromone traps. The peak of the first generation of G. dimorpha was dated in early May. The first generation occurrence of G. molesta in sex pheromone traps was lower than that of Grapholita molesta. However, it had higher occurrence of sex pheromone traps than G. molesta since it increased after mid and late July. Also, as a result of identifying in G. molesta traps, there were 673 G. molesta and 8 G. dimorpha. As a result of survey of 1,102 G. dimorpha in its sex pheromone traps, there were 1,099 G. dimorphaand 3 G. molesta.

Adoxophyes spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are economically important pests of fruit trees in Asia and Europe. The geographical distribution of three Adoxophyes species, A. orana, A. honmai and A. paraorana, in Korea was surveyed using species-specific sex pheromone traps for males in 2006 and 2007. The distribution of A. orana was restricted in the midwestern area, while A. honmai was found mainly in the southern area. In contrast to these two species, A. paraorana was widely distributed. Moreover, A. paraorana coexisted with A. orana in the midwestern area, and with A. honmai in the southern area. The seasonal fluctuation of male catches was monitored with pheromone traps in 2008. In the central regions, males of A. orana and A. paraorana were captured from May to September, with peak numbers in late May, middle July, and late August. A. honmai males were trapped from late April to late September, with peak catches in middle May, late June, early August, and early September in Naju.

진동만 잘피밭에서 서식하는 대형 부착해조류는 총 3종이었으며, 출현종은 갈조류의 Scytosiphon lomentaria, Colpomenia sp., 그리고 홍조류의 Gracilaria sp., 으로 구성되어 있었다. 한편 미세 부착해조류는 Cocconeis scutellum와 Cocconeis placentula가 우점하였다. 잘피에 부착하여 서식하는 부착해조류의 현존량은 계절 변동이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 대형 부착해조류는 2003년 11월에 3.3 g DW/m2, 미세 부착해조류는 2003년 6월에 43,153 cells/m2를 보이며 가장 높게 나타났다. 다른 해역의 잘피밭(광양만, 동대만 및 앵강만)과 비교해보면, 본 조사해역의 잘피밭에서 서식하는 부착해조류의 종 다양성 및 현존량이 매우 낮게 나타나 특이하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 잘피밭의 물리학적인 환경특성(예를 들면 조류 및 유속), 잘피 자체의 생물학적인 특성, 그리고 수질의 악화에 기인하였다.

낙동강 물금 지역에서 채집된 동물플랑크톤 중 윤충류인 Keratella 속을 대상으로 10년 전후(1995, 1997, 2005 그리고 2007)의 종조성 변화를 분석하고, 피갑형태에 다양한 변화를 보이는 K. cochlearis의 피갑 크기, 후돌기의 발현 여부 및 길이 그리고 후두돌기 길이의 연도와 계절에 따른 변화를 측정하였다. Keratella 속의 밀도는 봄에 높고 겨울에 낮은 뚜렷한 계절성을 보였다. 군집 내에서 K. cochlearis가 우점종이었으며 상대풍부도는 1995년과 1997년보다 2005년과 2007년에서 높게 나타났다. 연도별 K. cochlearis의 피갑 폭은 유사하였으나, 피갑 길이의 경우 여름에 감소하고 겨울에 증가하는 특징을 보였다. 모든 연도에서 후돌기를 발현하는 개체의 비율이 낮았고 특히 여름과 가을에 출현빈도가 낮았다. 후돌기의 평균 길이는 여름에 짧고 겨울에 길었으며 후두돌기 평균 길이는 겨울에 가장 짧은 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to identify the seasonal occurrence patterns of peach pyralid moth, Dichocroscis punctiferalis (Guenee), and persimmon fruit moth, Satthmopoda masinissa Meyrick, in persimmon orchards in four different regions, Ulsan and Jinyeong in Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Naju and Yeongam in Jeollanam-do. Three pheromone traps (Delta trap, GreeAgro Tech) for each moth species were installed at each site and checked with 1 week intervals. Peach pyralid moth and persimmon fruit moth occurred in all four study sites. Two moth species exhibited two distinctive peaks, but there were some time differences in the peak among sites. Peach pyralid moth first occurred in late May to early June in Ulsan, Jinyeong and Naju but occurred in late July in Yeongam. Overall, the first peak appeared in mid- to late June but the time of the second peak varied widely among sites. Persimmon fruit moth first occurred in early to mid-June in Ulsan, Jinyeong and Naju but occurred in mid-May in Yeongam. The first peak appeared in mid- to late June in Ulsan, Jinyeong and Naju but it appeared in late May in Yeongam. The time of the second peak was around late August in the study sites except Ulsan where the second peak time was in late September.

To investigate the ecological emergence of pine sawyer beetle adult, it was examined the escape time and period and daily escape according to the tree species at Cheongwon, Chungbuk from 2006 to 2008. In the emergence chamber with non-shading treatment, the adults began to escape on May 6 in Pine and Korean white pine, May 13 in Japanese larch, and the last day of emergence was examined the beginning to Middle of June in Pine tree, middle to last of June in Korean white pine, last of May in Japanese larch, it showed the difference among tree species. In the emergence chamber with shade treatment, the first day of emergence of adult was delayed the eleven to sixteen days and showed lower 2.22℃ in temperature compare to the emergence chamber with non-shading treatment. Escape period did not show the difference between males and females. Daily emergence was escaped throughout 24 hrs. Number of emergence adult in daily hours was highest emerged with 22.8% in 12-14:00 and lowest in 06-08:00. Among escaped adults from shaded chamber in 2007, ratio of the adults of one generation per year was showed 98.8% and ratio of one generation in two year was observed 1.1 % in 2008. From 2006 to 2008, sex ratio of emerged adult from Korean white pine was showed 0.53-0.58 and its average was 0.54.

This study was performed to investigate the seasonal occurrence, developmental characteristics of each nymphal stages with different temperatures (20, 25, 30℃), longevity and fecundity of ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis, damaging by outbreaks in the orchard areas of Bitan-ri, Yeongdong, Chungbuk. Paratlanticus ussuriensis occurred from late-March to late-August with peak of mid-May. Newly emerged nymphs appeared from March and do damaged fruit orchards with peak of mid-May when P. ussuriensis existed as 4th and 5th nymphal stages. P. ussuriensis adult occurred from early-June to mid-Aug. with peak of mid-July. Total density of P. ussuriensis was showed highest in mid-May. P. ussuriensis goes through nymphal stages to 7th nymph, the ovipositor began exposed to outside from the 4th instar and the body weight increased heavily from this stage and the wings were observed from 6th instar. Developmental period was longer as increased the nymphal stages. Sex ratio of collected insect was showed as 0.57; females more than males. As increased the temperature, developmental period was to be short. Preoviposition was also to be short as 5.0, 4.3, and 3.4 days at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively, and fecundity increased as 69.0, 87.1, and 104.3 at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively. Longevity of male and female at 25℃ was showed the longest with 35.7, and 32.9 days and showed the shortest with 30.1 and 28.1 days at 30℃, respectively. The difference of developmental period in male and female were showed longer in female without relation of temperature. The eggs laid were frequently distributed 3 to 4 cm from soil surface, and showed the behavior laying eggs intensively when early oviposition period.

Paromius exiguus (Distant) has caused serious damage by pecky grains around Gimpo paddy fields in 2001. We conducted field and laboratory studies to determine the seasonal occurrence and age distribution of P. exiguus on the three major host plants. The overwintering P. exiguus was found mainly on the basal part of gramineae weeds in various localities. After overwintering, in mid-May, the adults aggregated on the grain parts of Imperata cylindrica, laid their eggs and nymphs developed into adults on the same host plants. By the time, the Calamagrostis epigeios colony had newly occupied I. cylindrica areas, the nymphs and adults of first generation had already moved to the second host. The second generation of P. exiguus, after having completed its life cycle on C. epigeios, the newly emerged adults migrated to the rice plants and other gramineae weeds in early August. Afterwards, they complete its third generation cycle where they can move to the overwintering site again. P. exiguus has the five nymphal stages and each nymphal stage could be determined by head or prothoracic width. On the I. cylindrica and O. sativa hosts, the age distribution of P. exiguus showed a simple structure as each stage ratio increased stepwise with time. But in case of C. epigeios, as the newly emerged adults and immature nymphs continuously migrate after a month from the I. cylindrica, the age structure became remarkably complex. The peak nymphal density was observed when the ratio of third and forth instar was the highest in the population. The finding about the specific age structure on each generation of the insect would be very useful in control decision making on the major host plants. It is also important to consider the host"s specificity to pesticide sensitivity in relation to various nymphal stages.

This study was performed to investigate the seasonal occurrence, developmental characteristics of each nymphal stages with different temperatures (20, 25, 30℃), longevity and fecundity of ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis, damaging by outbreaks in the orchard areas of Bitan-ri, Yeongdong, Chungbuk. Paratlanticus ussuriensis occurred from late-March to late-August with peak of mid-May. Newly emerged nymphs appeared from March and do damaged fruit orchards with peak of mid-May when P. ussuriensis existed as 4th and 5th nymphal stages. P. ussuriensis adult occurred from early-June to mid-Aug. with peak of mid-July. Total density of P. ussuriensis was showed highest in mid-May. Paratlanticus ussuriensis goes through nymphal stages to 7th nymph, the ovipositor began exposed to outside from the 4th instar and the body weight increased heavily from this stage and the wings were observed from 6th instar. Developmental period was longer as increased the nymphal stages. Sex ratio of collected insect was showed as 0.57, females more than males. As increased the temperature, developmental period was to be short. Preoviposition was also to be short as 5.0, 4.3, and 3.4 days at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively, and fecundity increased as 69.0, 87.1, and 104.3 at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively. Longevity of male and female at 25℃ was showed the longest with 35.7, and 32.9 days and showed the shortest with 30.1 and 28.1 days at 30℃, respectively. The difference of developmental period in male and female were showed longer in female without relation of temperature. The eggs laid were frequently distributed 3 to 4 ㎝ from soil surface, and showed the behavior laying eggs intensively when early oviposition period.