How will machines affect humans, can humans be leading in machine problems, or can humans present new possibilities beyond human-machine confrontation? This study attempts to reflect on the relationship between the high-tech revolution and convergence by focusing on the 'care problem'. First of all, in order to proceed with this study, I would like to discuss how artificial intelligence robots based on the Fourth Industrial Revolution are revealing their effectiveness in caring problems. In the interaction between humans and artificial intelligence emotions, it is emphasized that the question of right and wrong as to whether the other person's emotions are properly understood is not important, and that more valid justification can be secured for humans and artificial intelligence robots to reconcile and establish a relationship through emotional exchange. If this is the case, rather than discussing whether artificial intelligence robots can interact with humans through empathy, it should be focused on the fact that caring patients who require physical and mental care through artificial intelligence robots can achieve quite effective treatment effects through artificial intelligence robots.

정책은 정부의 공식적인 기본방침이며 정책목표와 정책수단까지 연결 되어 있다. 특히, 정책은 법률에 기반하여 집행되는데 이러한 목적 및 방 향에 영향이 있는 정책명 및 법률명이 명시되어야 한다는 것이다. 그러 나 우리 사회가 현재 직면하고 있는 인구구조변화와 관련하여 다양한 논 의가 진행되고 있으나 이러한 현상을 설명하는 개념으로서 인구감소와 지방소멸 등을 혼용하고 있는 부분에 대해 비판적 입장이다. 즉, 정책의 정의 및 의의를 기초로하여 볼 때, 인구구조변화에 대해 혼용하는 것이 아닌 일치된 용어가 우선 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 기본적으로 지방소멸은 지나치게 자극적인 용어의 활용으로 관심을 높이는 데에 급 급한 것으로, 현상의 해결이나 미래지향적인 방향성을 제시하여 정책의 궁극적 목적과 괴리감이 있다. 이러한 비판에 근거로 세 가지를 제시하 였다. 감소와 소멸의 개념에 대한 문법적 차이, 정책의 정의와 연계성, 특별법 우선의 원칙이다. 이러한 근거에 따라 지방소멸이 아닌 인구감소 를 사용하여 적절한 정책과 법률이 활용되어 집행과 평가가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

본 연구의 목적은 질적 해석적 메타통합(QIMS, Qualitative Interpretive Meta Synthesis)을 활용하여 장애인의 레질리언스 과정의 경험을 보다 새롭고 깊이 있게 탐색하는 것이다. QIMS는 전문직의 가치와 목표를 뒷 받침하는 사회사업을 위해 특별히 개발된 연구방법으로, 연구주제에 대 한 심층적인 이해를 창출하기 위해 특정주제에 초점을 맞춘 개별 질적연 구를 통합하는 방법이다. 2023년 9월 이전까지 국내에서 발표된 8편의 질적논문을 최종분석에 포함하였고, 총 69명의 장애인들이 진술한 내용 을 시너지적 이해로 분석하였다. 합의된 해석에 따른 시너지적 이해로 새롭고 의미 있게 생성된 주요주제는 (1) 선택의 여지없이 장애라는 삶 으로의 전환, (2) 장애를 갖게 된 것보다 더한 절망과 통증들, (3) 장애를 받아들임 그리고 새로운 삶의 의미추구, 총 3개의 범주로 구분되었다. QIMS 분석으로 도출해낸 결과를 바탕으로 장애인의 레질리언스 실천을 돕기 위한 사회복지실천 및 정책방안을 모색하였다.

The current study investigates the seismic performance of shear-dominant RC columns retrofitted with iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe SMA). Three RC columns with insufficient transverse reinforcement were designed and fabricated for lateral cyclic loading tests. Before testing, two specimens were externally confined with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets and self-prestressed Fe SMA strips. The test results showed that both CFRP and Fe SMA performed well in preventing severe shear failure exhibited by the unretrofitted control specimen. Furthermore, the two retrofitted specimens showed ductile flexural responses up to the drift ratios of ±8%. In terms of damage control, however, the Fe SMA confinement was superior to CFRP confinement in that the spalling of concrete was much less and that the rupture of confinement did not occur.

This study performed the seismic response analysis of an LNG storage tank supported by a disconnected piled raft foundation (DPRF) with a load transfer platform (LTP). For this purpose, a precise analytical model with simultaneous consideration of Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) and Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) was used. The effect of the LTP characteristics (thickness, stiffness) of the DPRF system on the seismic response of the superstructure (inner and outer tanks) and piles was analyzed. The analytical results were compared with the response of the piled raft foundation (PRF) system. The following conclusions can be drawn from the numerical results: (1) The DPRF system has a smaller bending moment and axial force at the head of the pile than the PRF system, even if the thickness and stiffness of the LTP change; (2) The DPRF system has a slight stiffness of the LTP and the superstructure member force can increase with increasing thickness. This is because as the stiffness of the LTP decreases and the thickness increases, the natural frequency of the LTP becomes closer to the natural frequency of the superstructure, which may affect the response of the superstructure. Therefore, when applying the DPRF system, it is recommended that the sensitivity analysis of the seismic response to the thickness and stiffness of the LTP must be performed.

이 연구는 국내 체류 외국인 유학생들의 성공적인 학업 적응 방안에 대해 제언하기 위해 충남 J대학 유학생 230명을 대상으로 학업, 대학생 활, 학업 적응 관련 요구 등에 대한 설문조사를 하였다. 외국인 유학생들 은 한국 기업에 취업하기 위해 한국의 대학에서 유학 생활을 하고 있는 데, 학업 과정에서 언어와 문화 적응에 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 이러한 어 려움은 주로 동일 언어권 유학생들 간 의지를 통해 해결하고 있는 것으 로 나타났다. 또한 수강 신청 과목 선택, 기숙사와 같은 거주 환경에서 다른 문화권 학생과의 생활, 취업 및 단기 아르바이트 정보 획득 등에서 어려움을 겪고 있었다. 유학생들의 학업 적응에서 가장 필요한 것은 튜 터링, 멘토-멘티, 한국어능력을 위한 한국어수업 등과 같은 한국어 능력 향상 프로그램이었다. 유학생들의 성공적인 대학생활과 학업 적응을 위 해서는 대학뿐만 아니라 지역사회도 많은 관심을 가져야 한다. 또한 유 학생들을 지역특화인재로 육성하는 시스템을 구축하고 특화된 교육콘텐 츠를 제공해서 보다 안정적으로 대학생활과 학업에 집중할 수 있도록 해 야 한다.

Background: Problem-based learning (PBL) is presented as a superior teaching method compared to existing lecture-based learning. Objectives: To analyzed the effectiveness of creative problem-solving competency, class participation, and self-efficacy in physical therapy students after PBL. Design: Questionnaire design. Methods: This study involved 29 physical therapy students and analyzed changes in their creative problem-solving competency, class participation, and self-efficacy and the correlations between these measurement variables before and after PBL on the “Therapeutic Exercise & Practice” subject. Results: PBL in the musculoskeletal exercise therapy-related subject significantly improved class participation and self-efficacy (P<.05) compared to conventional lecture-based learning, but there was no significant difference in creative problem-solving competency. There was also a positive correlation between a higher level of class participation and higher self-efficacy (P<.05). Conclusions: PBL in the “Therapeutic Exercise & Practice” subject in the Department of Physical Therapy can be an effective educational strategy to increase students’ class participation and self-efficacy. Accordingly, instructors in this department should systematically construct the design of PBL curricula to improve the quality of educational content.

Semiconductor-based photocatalytic carbon dioxide ( CO2) reduction is of great scientific importance in the field of alleviating global warming and energy crisis. Surface amine modification and cocatalyst loading on the catalyst surface could improve CO2 adsorption capacity and photogenerated charge separation. Herein, amine-modified brookite–TiO2 ( NH2–B–TiO2) coupled metal species (Cu, Ag, Ni(OH)2) cocatalysts have been successfully synthesized by chemical reduction method. The photocatalytic CO2 reduction results show that the CH4 production rates of NH2– B–TiO2/Cu, NH2– B–TiO2/Ag, and NH2– B–TiO2/Ni(OH)2 are 3.2, 12.5, and 1.7 times that of NH2– B–TiO2 (0.74 μmmol g− 1 h− 1), respectively. Results show the introduction of metal species on the surface of the catalyst enhances the absorption range of sunlight and the photogenerated carrier separation efficiency, resulting in enhancing the performance of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. This work provides a strategy for designing metal species-loaded amine-modified brookite–TiO2 by surface/interface regulation to improve photocatalytic efficiency.

본 연구는 일회성 발목가동성 운동프로그램이 만성적인 발목불안정성(CAI)에 나타나는 발목가 동범위와 통증 수준에 미치는 영향을 확인하는데 목적이 있다. 연구 대상자는 발목불안정성 설문지 검사에 서 좌, 우측 평균 점수가 24점 이하인 성인여성 20명을 선정 하였으며 집단은 일회성 발목 가동성 운동프 로그램 집단(Ankle mobility exercise program, AE, n=10)과 대조군(CON, n=10)으로 구분하였다. AE 처 치는 일회성 운동에 대한 반응을 확인하기 위해 좌·우측 발목을 각각 1회(20분) 실시하였으며 처치 전후 발목불안정성 검사, 통증 및 발목가동범위를 확인하였다. 먼저 AE 프로그램을 실시한 AE 집단의 통증 수 준은 사전과 비교하여 사후 유의하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(p<.01). 또한 AE 프로그램 처치한 AE 집 단에서 배측굴곡이 사전과 비교하여 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 이러한 결과를 종합해 보면 일회성 발목 가동성 운동 프로그램은 CAI에서 나타나는 발목 통증과 발목의 가동범위를 개선시켜 결과적으로 발 목 불안정성을 완화시킬 수 있는 효과적인 운동 중재 방법이라고 생각된다.

해사영어는 선박 운항, 해양 안전, 선내 의사소통 및 선외 교신을 위해 설계된 특수한 영어 언어체계이다. 국제해사기구 STCW(선원의 훈련, 자격증명 및 당직근무의 기준에 관한 국제협약)에 따르면 국제항해에 종사하는 항해사가 되기 위해서는 SMCP를 포함한 해사영어 대한 충분한 이해가 수반되어야 한다. 본 연구는 음성인식, 번역, 단어 기입 등 유형의 해사영어시험을 통하여 학생들 의 해사영어 활용 능력을 측정하고 플랫폼 사용에 따른 시험 점수 향상 정도, 나아가 초임항해사로 나가기 위하여 요구되는 해사영어 시험 플랫폼 활용 시간 등을 조사하고자 하였다. 실험은 먼저 초기 시험을 통해 학생들의 일반영어능력과 SMCP 활용 능력에 대한 연 관성을 조사한 후, 중간 시험 및 최종 시험을 통해 플랫폼 활용에 대한 점수 향상 정도, 응시시간 변화 등 요인을 측정하였다. 초기 시 험을 통해 개인 요인(예: 토익 점수, 본인 스스로에 대한 영어능력 평가)에 따른 그룹 간 해사영어시험 점수에 유의한 차이가 있음을 확인하였으며, 중간시험 및 최종시험을 통해 플랫폼 활용이 유의한 시험점수 향상으로 이어졌음을 확인하였다. 해당 연구는 해사 교육 분야에 다양하게 적용할 수 있는 학습 플랫폼 활용 효능을 조사하였으며 향후 해사영어 교육 외 그 범위를 넓혀 활용될 수 있을 것으 로 사료된다.

Abstract Purpose : The purpose of this study is to compare corneal curvature, corneal topography, and non-surgical in refraction correction surgery to determine the difference in corneal curvature and shape between the two groups. Methods : The subjects of this study were 30 persons (60 eyes) who underwent refractive surgery and 30 non-surgery persons (60 eyes) who had no systemic or eye disease over the age of 20. The research method measured refractive error and corneal curvature in two groups using an autorefractor-keratometer, measured curvature by area of the cornea using corneal topography, and compared refractive surgery eyes and non-surgery eyes. Results : In area-specific corneal curvature, the plan for refractive surgery was 8.48±1.05 mm in area A (0~1.5 mm), 8.49±1.58 mm in area B (1.5~4.5 mm), 8.19±1.87 mm in area C (4.5~7.5 mm), and 7.93±2.87 mm in area D (7.5~10.0 mm). In non-surgery procedures, the corneal curvature by area was 7.65±0.82 mm in area A, 7.77±1.56 mm in area B, 7.70±2.27 mm in area C, and 7.88±3.42 mm in area D. Conclusion : A side effect of refractive surgery, it is believed that it can be used as data to understand the shape of the cornea while using an Autorefractor-keratometer and a corneal topography as prior tests. Key words : Corneal topography, Keratometer, Refractive surgery

Abstract Purpose : The distribution of axial length and ocular dimensions was investigated, and each correlation according to gender and age was investigated. Methods : Among 847 eyes of 438 patients, 207 eyes in 20s, 210 eyes in 30s, 216 eyes in 40s, and 214 eyes in 50s were measured for axial length with IOL-Master 700. Refractive error was measured with KR-800. Corneal curvature radius and corneal eccentricity were measured with Keratograph 4. Results : Axial length (male: 24.57±1.22mm, female: 24.03±1.12mm) and horizontal corneal eccentricity (male: 0.58±0.11, female: 0.54±0.12) tended to increase in decreased age, male and myopia. Mean corneal curvature radius (male: 7.82±0.25mm, female: 7.71±0.25 mm), and horizontal corneal curvature radius (male: 7.91±0.26 mm, female: 7.79±0.26mm), nasal corneal eccentricity (male: 0.68±0.14, female: 0.66±0.15), and temporal corneal eccentricity (male: 0.45±0.14, female: 0.44±0.13) tended to increase in decreased age and male. Mean corneal eccentricity (male: 0.57±0.12, female: 0.54±0.12), vertical corneal curvature radius (male: 7.71±0.27 mm, female: 7.65±0.24 mm), vertical corneal eccentricity (male: 0.56±0.15, female: 0.54±0.15), and inferior corneal eccentricity (male: 0.52±0.19, female: 0.46±0.22) tended to increase in male. The correlation with axial length and corneal curvature radius showed a high correlation in emmetropia and the horizontal. Horizontal and temporal corneal eccentricity showed a low correlation. Conclusion : Axial length, corneal curvature radius, and corneal eccentricity (excluding vertical) were higher in males. As age increased, axial length, and corneal curvature radius decreased. Among the 4 quadrants of corneal eccentricity, only the temporal s ide showed a significant correlation with axial length. Key words : Age, Axial length, Corneal curvature radius, Corneal eccentricity, Gender Authors ORCID:†

Abstract Purpose : This study sought to find ways to improve awareness and ethics of opticians' code of ethics. Methods : A survey was conducted on 102 Korean opticians to investigate the awareness and performance satisfaction of the optician's code of ethics, as well as differences according to gender, age, education level, work experience, and workplace. Results : This study found no gender-based differences in opticians’ awareness and satisfaction with the code of ethics. However, age and education significantly influenced these factors, with higher levels observed among opticians in their 20s and 30s, particularly those in the early stages of their careers. Furthermore, a positive correlation was noted between education level and both awareness and satisfaction. The study revealed that opticians with volunteer experience exhibited higher awareness and satisfaction with the code of ethics than those without. This suggests that volunteering, which fosters professional identity and social responsibility, influences opticians’ ethical awareness. Additionally, groups with a strong interest in foreign languages and self-development demonstrated higher ethical awareness and satisfaction. Conclusion : This study underscores the need for enhanced ethical awareness among opticians. It advocates for the development of methods, case studies, and guidelines to address ethical issues not covered by the existing code, thereby revitalizing ethical practices in the profession. In addition, it is judged that active promotion and education on the code of ethics and professional ethics are necessary for the continuing education of opticians. Key words : Awareness, Code of ethics, Performance satisfaction

Abstract Purpose : This study sought to identify ways to develop the Korean optometrists to meet the diverse and growing social demand for eye health services. Methods : We analyzed the optometrist qualification system, scope of practice, educational qualifications, and types of qualifications in 38 OECD countries based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Union (EU) national occupational classifications of health care professions, data from World Council of Optometry (WCO) member countries, International Orthoptics Association (IOA), and databases of laws and occupational regulations in each country. Results : The occupational classification of the WHO and EU was classified into optometrists and dispensing opticians systems at the same level as medical personnel. However, the occupational classification in Korea is operating in a lower and monotonous structure. More than 78% of OECD countries operated optometrists system, and more than 67% of optometrists performed Category 3 or higher tasks, including prevention and management of abnormal visual function and primary screening and diagnosis of eye health. The educational level of optometrists was found to have a bachelor's degree or higher education than a bachelor's degree in more than 72% of countries. In addition, major overseas countries appeared to be developing into a system of subdivided qualification types such as orthoptist, advanced optometrist, therapeutic optometrist, independent prescribing optometrist, and ophthalmic medical technicians based on the optometrists system, essential clinical experience, and additional specialized education. Conclusion : The Korean optometrists system should introduce the international level as a national qualification, expand the scope of work to Category 3, and develop more specialized and subdivided qualifications. In conclusion, Korean optometrists need to have a standardized curriculum based on international standards, a bachelor's degree or higher, and certification with required clinical experience. Key words : Korean optometrist, Optometrist, Vision care Authors

The Korean military has sought to build an all-round military force against the national and international security environment and future asymmetric threats as well as the military threats it faces. However, while raising the need for timely electrification, there are few cases of quantitatively evaluating the loss when electrification is delayed, making it difficult for our military to provide a logical basis to support the importance of the electrification period. Therefore, through this study, we tried to analyze the index of loss cost that can support the need for timely electrification with logical and quantitative data and present it as a logical basis. To this end, the loss cost was calculated in terms of combat efficiency, equipment utilization rate, and maintenance requirements, which can be quantitatively calculated based on “combat readiness,” a general impact on the military in case of delayed timely electrification.

The 4th Industrial Revolution and the continuous development of Science and Technology have also required a speedy business promotion method in the defense industry. Advanced countries including the United States are already boldly innovating the existing high-cost and long-term acquisition system with the highest priority in weapons development to cope with the military rise of Russia and China. The Ministry of National Defense and the Defense Acquisition Program Administration have also recently introduced a quick acquisition system and are applying it to business promotion. In addition, some small-scale projects and weapons systems are being reorganized so that they can be managed by the units demanding them. After an organizational diagnosis of the Project Acquisition Group by the Ministry of National Defense in 2020, it has been reassigned as a subordinate unit of the Army Logistics Command from a direct unit managed by the Army HQ. As a result, problems such as work conflict or redundancy have been identified. In addition, a system has been implemented to shorten the acquisition period by applying a rapid acquisition program in the field of weapons systems by benchmarking the rapid acquisition program of advanced countries. The force support system project process will also need to introduce such a quick acquisition system. In addition, the Ministry of National Defense is considering ways to delegate some weapon systems to each military, which will then carry out tasks ranging from requirements determination to project management. Accordingly, it is now time to expand the organization for the management of the Army's weapons system acquisition project. Therefore, in this paper, the Army Project Acquisition Group was analyzed on its organization, acquisition procedures, and cooperation systems, with presentations of development plans for each field.

Pitfall traps that use ethylene glycol as a preservative solution are commonly used in arthropod research. However, a recent surge in cases involving damage to these traps by roe deer or wild boars owing to the sweet taste of ethylene glycol has prompted the addition of quinone sulfate, a substance with a pungent taste, to deter such wildlife interference. This study aimed to assess the effects of quinone sulfate on arthropods collected from pitfall traps containing ethylene glycol. We strategically positioned 50 traps using ethylene glycol alone and 50 traps containing a small amount of quinone sulfate mixed with ethylene glycol in a grid pattern for systematic sampling at the Gwangneung Forest long-term ecological research (LTER) site. Traps were collected 10 days later. The results revealed a notable effect on ants when quinone sulfate was introduced. Specifically, it decreased the number of ants. In a species-specific analysis of ants, only Nylanderia flavipes showed a significant decline in response to quinone sulfate, whereas other ant species remained unaffected. Additionally, among the arthropod samples obtained in this survey, we identified species or morpho-species of spiders, beetles, and ants and assessed species diversity. Consequently, the utilization of quinone sulfate should be undertaken judiciously, taking into account the specific species composition and environmental characteristics of the monitoring site. Our study also highlighted the significant response of various arthropod groups to variations in leaf litter depth, underscoring the crucial role of the leaf litter layer in providing sustenance and shelter for ground-foraging arthropods. Furthermore, we have compiled comprehensive species lists of both spiders and ants in Gwangneung forest by amalgamating data from this investigation with findings from previous studies.

Background: The flexible flatfoot is characterized by a flattening of the foot arch due to excessive bodyweight. The use of shoe insoles or taping methods has been identified as effective in realigning the navicular or calcaneus bones and addressing supination in pronated feet. Objects: This study aimed to analyze the difference between the arch taping attachment method, introduced in a previous study, and a novel taping method designed to provide support to the inner aspect of the heel bone in cases of flexible flatfoot. Methods: A navicular drop test was performed to discriminate flexible flatfoot. To analyze the differences in pressure distribution during walking for each taping method, the subjects underwent testing in the barefoot state with no attachments. The procedure included a sequence of arch taping and heel taping. Subsequent analysis of pressure distribution during walking utilized the GaitRite® system (GAITRite Gold, CIR Systems Inc.). Results: Arch taping and calcaneus taping significantly reduced the integrated pressure over time and peak pressure on the medial side of the midfoot for both feet compared to the barefoot state. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that supporting the inside of the heel through calcaneus taping, without direct stimulation to the longitudinal arch and navicular bone, is an effective intervention for flexible flatfoot.

For the past 70 years, an intense rivalry has persisted on the Korean Peninsula, and North Korea's nuclear and missile threats are becoming increasingly imminent. Facing a shortage of military resources, South Korea has pursued a national defense reform, significantly reducing the number of units and troops while focusing on ground forces. However, North Korea's strategic objective of unifying South Korea through surprise attacks, prompt responses, and combined nuclear and missile assaults remains unchanged. The central issue in this context revolves around determining the appropriate size of the Korean military's standing forces. This study employs the concept of net assessment as a novel method to ascertain the optimal size of the Korean military. Threats, strategic objectives, doctrine, and unit rotations are simultaneously considered from the enemy's perspective. In anticipation of security risks on the Korean Peninsula, an acceptable troop size will be proposed using the net assessment approach to calculate the appropriate standing force size.

Background: Estrus in cows can be detected through vaginal electrical resistance or conductivity. However, there are no studies measuring vaginal electrical resistance in Hanwoo cows. This study aims to measure the vaginal electrical resistance value in Hanwoo cows and compare it with estrus and ovulation. Methods: Vaginal electrical resistance values of 73 Hanwoo cows were measured before and after estrus at the Gyeongsangbuk-do Livestock Research Institute. Measurements were taken on days -6, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6 of artificial insemination. Large follicles and ovulation were confirmed using transvaginal ultrasonography. Results: The vaginal electrical resistance averaged 225.6 ± 6.3 Ω days before the artificial insemination date, decreasing until the day of artificial insemination. The average vaginal electrical resistance was 163.7 ± 4.6 Ω on the date of artificial insemination, and 188.8 ± 4.3 Ω one day after artificial insemination, when large follicles were observed. In addition, on the 6th day after artificial insemination, the vaginal electrical resistance averaged 231.4 ± 5.5, which was similar to the 6th day before artificial insemination (222.5 ± 6.3). Transvaginal ultrasonography showed that most of the cows ovulated one day after artificial insemination. Conclusions: The accuracy of estrus is high if the vaginal electrical resistance is measured for cows with confirmed estrus, making is a potentially useful for determining the timing of artificial insemination.