The United States curriculum reform movement has recently started in each area of science education. The initiatives on curriculum reform stem from a notion that the low rate of science curricula offered in schools has been a serious problem. The schools in the United States are not only facing a lack of offerings within science curricula but also low enrollment in science courses, especially in physics, chemistry, and earth science. This trend resulted in low performances on international achievement tests including TIMSS and PISA. This paper introduces the efforts to solve existing problems through curriculum reform; including ChemCom, BioCom, EarthComm, and Active Physics. In this paper, a discussion is presented to show how the curricula can help address the status quo in science education. More specifically, this paper focuses on curriculum reform in high school earth science (EarthComm), providing a closer look at the scope and sequence of the reform movement. EarthComm was chosen because it was released based on the development of the National Science Education Standards (NRC, 1996). Consequently, EarthComm became a curriculum that espoused the visions of the Standards, which has been guiding the reform of the US curriculum. At the end of this paper, two research outcomes of the EarthComm curriculum implementation in schools are discussed in terms of student learning and differences from conventional curricula.

The purpose of this study was to improve the professional's development of skill in qualitative analysis of humanMovement fromthe various subdisciplines of physical education. The conclusions were as follows; First, Physical educators and coaches can impr

The aim of this paper is to figure out how to write the role of women in mission by analysing two writings of mission history: one from women's history (Dana Lee Robert's writing)and the other from feminist history (Lesley Orr Macdoland). This paper aims to demonstrate the historical perspective and methodology for women in mission and identifies a certain view of Asian women in mission in the fields of western historiography for women. This paper adapts critical analysis in terms of methodology and perspectives on the writings. Two important works on mission history have been published: firstly, American Women in Mission: A Social History of Their Thought and Practice written by Dana Lee Robert in 1997; secondly, A Unique and Glorious Mission; Women and Presbyterianism in Scotland, 1830-1930 written by Lesley A. Orr MacDonald in 2000. The two writings share some similarities and at the same time differences in terms of the women's and feminist concepts of history. Both historians' writings are overlapped and integrated in the same theme, namely women in mission. There are some discussible issues on the writings of women from a Asian perspective. First of all, the limited use of materials was problematic. Both historians used only English sources writing about women in mission fields where were located out of the United Kingdom and the U.S.A. Even though the stories were about western missionary women, the historians objectively needed to deal with the indigenous women's feeling and assessment of missionary women. Their use of sources thus reflects a kind of favouritism. Secondly, Women's history emphasises only the clear lack of historical achievements by male-centred studies in the existing histories. Feminist history stresses upon the dual structure between men and women with the analysis and method of women's story. Their historiographies are not appropriate in order to clarify the significance of women's role in the relationship between people in mission fields. The absence of such practical aspects of mission impairs their analysis of the story of women in history. Thirdly, they mainly focus on the public work and try to justify women's status in mission in terms of concord and discord between women and institutions, thus using the same criteria for success. If we regarded a lot of hidden women in mission in practice, the historical research has to possess much wider insight of research objects, women, in mission history. Through the research of this thesis and with an Asian view, the researcher obtains how to develop historical research on the role of women in mission into the way of historical writing for women in a manner that reflect the strengths of the methodologies review in this paper, and redress their weaknesses.

The purpose of the current experiment was to describe interlimb coordination when swing limb conditions are being manipulated by constraining step length or by adding a 5 or 10 pound weight to the swing limb distally. Subjects were asked to begin walking with the right limb to land on the primary target (normal step length) that is 10 cm in diameter. However, if, during movement, the light was illuminated, then the subject had to step on one of the secondary targets (long and short step length). These three step length conditions were repeated while wearing a 5 pound ankle weight and then when wearing a 10 pound ankle weight. Ground reaction force (GRF) data indicated that there were changes in the forces and slopes of the swing and stance Fx GRFs. Long stepping subjects had to increase the propulsive force required to increase step length. Consequently, swing and stance toe-off greatly increased in the long step length condition. Short step length subjects had to adequately adjust step length, which decreased the speed of gait initiation. Loading the swing limb decreased the force and slope of the swing limb. Swing and stance toe-off was longest for the long step length condition, but there was a small difference of temporal events between no weight and weight condition. It appears that subjects modulated GRFs and temporal events differently to achieve the peak acceleration force of the swing and stance limb in response to different tasks. The findings from the current study provide preliminary data, which can be used to further investigate how we modulate forces during voluntary movement from a quiet stance. This information may be important if we are to use this or a similar task to evaluate gait patterns of the elderly and patient populations.

In this paper we attempt to introduce a new teaching method for Spanish grammar education, based on the Movement theory of the Generative Grammar and we want to show that this new method can explain Spanish grammar phenomenon more easily and effectively than the existing school grammar. For this purpose, we start with some nominal phrases and simple sentences of the Korean and Spanish languages. We find out the basic difference of the two languages by comparing their nominal phrases and simple sentences from the point of view of Movement theory. The difference is that the Korean language does not have movement phenomenon but the Spanish language does. This difference is consistent in all of complex clauses with relative pronouns. We show that with this theory we can teach Spanish nominal phrases, simple clauses, exclamative clauses and relative clauses in a unitary and effective method of explication without a supposition ad hoc.

항해 중 발생하는 선박의 화재는 외부로부터 소방 활동을 기대할 수 없으므로 선내에서 자체적으로 처리해야 하기 때문에 매우 위험하다. 더구나 여객선의 경우에는 재산상의 피해는 물론이고, 대형 인명 사고로 이어질 수 있으므로 더욱 심각하다 화재가 발생하며 연소과정에서 열 뿐만 아니라 많은 연기가 동시에 발생하고 다량의 유독성 연기는 질식사와 같은 인명피해를 가져오게된다. 이 연구의 목적은 선박의 실내공간에서 화재의 크기 및 위치에 따른 연기거동 특성을 규명하는 것이다. 화원의 크기를 두가지로 하고 세가지 형태의 화재 위치에 따라 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 그 견과 연기 및 열의 확산 특성은 모서리형 화재에서 가장 가파른 상승 곡선을 보였다.

We investigated the activation of the cerebral cortex during active movement, passive movement, and functional electrical stimulation (FES), which was provided on wrist extensor muscles. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study was performed on 5 healthy volunteers. Tasks were the extension of right wrist by active movement, passive movement, and FES at the rate of .5 Hz. The regions of interest were measured in primary motor cortex (M1), primary somatosensory cortex (SI), secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and supplementary motor area (SMA). We found that the contralateral SI and SII were significantly activated by all of three tasks. The additional activation was shown in the areas of ipsilateral S1 (n=2), and contralateral (n=1) or ipsilateral (n=2) SII, and bilateral SMA (n=3) by FES. Ipsilateral M1 (n=1), and contralateral (n=1) or ipsilateral SII (n=1), and contralateral SMA (n=1) were activated by active movement. Also, Contralateral SMA (n=3) was activated by passive movement. The number of activated pixels on SM1 by FES ( pixels) was smaller than that by active movement ( pixels) and nearly the same as that by passive movement ( pixels). Findings reveal that active movement, passive movement, and FES had a direct effect on cerebral cortex. It suggests that above modalities may have the potential to facilitate brain plasticity, if applied with the refined-specific therapeutic intervention for brain-injured patients.

The modern Korean missions movement cannot be accurately understood apart from its relationship to the church growth movement and the revival movement. Therefore, the main purpose of this dissertation is to examine the factors contributing to the development of the modern Korean missions movement via historical analysis. Chapter 1 introduces the primary purpose of this dissertation, explains and defines the dissertations title, provides a brief survey of the current Korean missions movement, and outlines the background for the proposal. It also describes the plan and methodology to be used for this work. Because these are some ambiguities about the definitions of the missions movement, this chapter clarifies the definition of the modern Korean missions movement. Chapter 2 examines the history of missions in Korea. Though Korea has a brief history of overseas missions experience, this chapter attempts a through study, in order to understand today's Korean missions movement. This chapter details the earlychurch's foreign mission efforts in Korea and examines the significant role of foreign missions after the Korean War. A brief survey of the monumental efforts toward modern missions are included. Finally, a discussion regarding college campus missions which have contributed significantly to the birth of the missions movement in Korea isfound in this chapter. Chapter 3 seeks to determine the direction that the Korean church is going in foreign missions in today's world. Accordingly, there are four major missions forces in the Korean church. There are also many denominations in the Protestant churches. This author discusses the mission boards of major denominations because they represent the Korean church. This chapter attempts to show how para-church missions are successful in Korea. It also explains well college campus missions which have been pivotal in the modern Korean missions movement. Finally, this chapter examines how local churches participate in foreign missions. Chapter 4 concerns the main thrust of this dissertation. This chapter examines four significant factors regarding the development and the contributions of the modern Korean missions movement. The important atmosphere of its socio-political factors is examined in this chapter. Economic factors that made rapid Korean church growth possible is studied as part of the missions movement. Theological factors also made a great impact on the Korean missions movement and are discussed in this chapter. Chapter 5 provides an overview of tomorrow's missionary efforts in the Korean church. It explains the strategic sending of missionaries under the current mission circumstances. It also discusses a paradigm shift for Korean missions. Finally, it covers missionary training and networking missions on the mission field. Chapter 6 is the conclusion. It summarizes the ideas and thoughts in a final form, emphasizing important facts presented in the dissertation.

여수 돌산도의 동쪽 승망 어장 주변 해역을 중심으로 수온, 해저지형, 조류의 이동과 어획량을 조사하여 대상어장의 환경을 평가하였다. 또한 동 해역의 5개 정점에서 체장 22.0~51.0cm의 숭어 160마리를 5회에 걸쳐 표지 방류하여 숭어의 이동방향을 파악하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 승망 어장에서 수온은 2월에 가장 낮고, 3월 이후 점점 상승하여 8월에 최고가 되며 9월부터 다시 하강하여 10월과 11월 사이에 급격하게 하강하였으며, 그 범위는 6.9~27.4℃이었다. 월별 숭어의 여획량은 3월부터 9월까지 양호하였으나, 10월과 11월 사이에 수온이 급격하게 하강하면서 어획량이 줄어들었다. 숭어는 연중 수온범위 6.9~27.4℃에서 어획되었으며, 특히 수온이 높아지기 시작하는 15.0~25.0℃의 범위에서 어획이 양호하였다. 2. 돌산도 동쪽 해역의 승망 어장에 분포한 등심선은 승망 어구가 설치되어 있는 연안쪽에는 6~13m의 범위로 조밀하게 분포하고, 어장의 외해쪽에는 14m 이상의 넓은 간격으로 분포하고 있다. 3. 승망 어구가 설치되어 있는 연안쪽에서 낙조류와 창조류는 해안선을 따라 각각 남류와 북류하였다. 연안 외해측에서 조류는 우전환류가 나타나 낙조류는 남동류로 평균유속은 43cm/secdldjTdmsk, 창조류는 북서류로 평균 유속은 25cm/sec이었다. 4. 숭어의 표지방류 후 재포율은 평균 9.4%로 높게 나타났으며, 어장별 재포율은 계동 연안이 33.3%로 다른 연안어장보다 높았다. 돌산도 연안에서 숭어의 이동은 육수의 유입이 많은 내만을 찾아 이동한 경향이 뚜렷하였으며, 남하이동보다는 북상이동하는 경향을 나타내고 있다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the presence of ipsilesional movement deficit, with segmental performance in each proximal or distal upper extremity. The visuoperceptual complex task of the ipsilesional upper extremity was investigated in patients with unilateral brain damage and a control group of healthy sex-age-matched controls. Tracking movements were tested in the proximal and distal upper extremities. Movements were measured by the accuracy index, which was normalized to each subject's own range of motion and took into account any differences between subjects in the excursion of the tracking target. The findings revealed that stroke patients experienced difficulties with tracking movement of both proximal and distal segments in the upper extremities on the so-called "non-affected side", irrespectively of the extent of patient's age, time since onset, or severity of contralateral upper extremity. Therefore, the unilateral brain damage affected ipsilateral motor function of the proximal and distal upper limbs in the performance of complex motor tasks, requiring central processing and the higher order cognitive function in the integrity of both hemispheres.

The Purpose of this study was to investigate how an approach to qualitative analysis models of human movement from many of the subdisciplines of physical education : biomechanics, motor development, motor learning, pedagogy. the resuls of the study were a

The purpose of this study was to show the efficient aspect and the proper time of feedback for the ball movement teaching when the rhythmic gymnastics exercises are practiced in the class room situation, concerning that the method and the time of feedback

본 연구의 목적은 관절계 댐핑특성을 상용 에르고미터(BIODEX)의 등속운동을 이용하여 파악할 수 있는지를 평가하는 것이다. 제안된 방법은 등속운동을 유지하기 위해 인가한 외부토크와 하퇴의 관성토크의 차로부터 슬관절의 댐핑토크를 계산하는 것이다. 댐핑토크는 여러 가지 관절각속도에서 산출되었고, 이로부터 댐핑특성을 유도하였다. 실험장치는 BIODEX 시스템과 별도의 힘센서 및 Labview 시스템으로 구성되었다. 댐핑특성의 해석에는 Matlab을 사용하였다. 실험결과로부터 등속운동의 기동 및 종료를 위한 크랭크 암의 가속 및 감속으로 인한 미세한 각속도의 변화가 댐핑토크의 영향보다 큰 관성토크를 유발하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 현재의 등속운동장비로는 댐핑특성을 추정하기가 어렵다고 보여진다.

This paper began by recognizing the critical issue that the emergence of AIC has impacted on the growth of African Christianity. The purpose of this study is to examine the reasons for the emergence and rapid growth of AICs, to briefly give typology of the churches, to describe the general theological characteristics of the churches, and to evaluate the significance of AICs for missiology. And finally 1 will try to give future direction and development of the churches Many scholars defined African independent church as a church which has been founded in Africa, by Africans, and for Africans. But later many African churches founded by European mi ssionaries became independent. So this term became inadequate and the term African indigenous churches was proposed. As mission-founded churches have been regarded as indigenous, it was also inadequate “ African initiated churches" and “ African instituted churches" are terms that avoid these difficulties. There are six causative factors of the emereæ nce and !!:rowth of AICs with which various scholars agree: ( 1) oppressive colonial situations making AICs be home of Africans as socio- political factor; (2) Protestant denom inationalism creating separate denominations ; (3) Bible translation giving AICs an ability to interpret the Bible; (4) accidental and incidental factors such as personal crisis and various epidemics; (5) strong reaction to western missions and colonialism; and (6) re]jgious factor as the most important one The AICs has contributed to shape African theology. Several theological characteristics of AICs can be pointed out. First, in AIC movement the emphasis on the Holy Spirit is the most crucial. The majority of AICs are of pentecostal type. Pneumatology of AICs is connected with the holistic African worldview. For them spirits pervade every aspect of individual and community life. This is evident in the prophetic and charismatic leaders. However, this view of the spirit can be an extension of traditional re]jgion. It may be a danger of producing syncretism. So AICs need to examine the biblical understanding of the spirit in order to avoid the false prophets who manipulate the Spirit. Second, many scholars point out an overemphasis on pneumatology in AICs so that Jesus may be superseded. But they insist that the divine healer is not the Spirit but Jesus Christ. For them Jesus Christ as the God' s mediator can be seen in the AIC leaders. They do not replace Jesus. Rather they reflect and concretize Jesus Christ. Third, soteriology of AICs is always related to divine healing. Many AICs portray Jesus Christ as the powerf비 conqueror over sickness and affliction. Prophets in AICs are the agents of God’s salvation as they try to meet people’s felt needs. In fact, salvation proc\aimed in AICs is holistic. AIC movements raise important questions for missiology. The remarkable growth of AICs and decline of MPCs request us to c\ose examination of mission methods and strategies of AICs. Before criticizing the movement we need to have an open mind to learn from them. In fact, AICs is an attempt of contextualization in the African context. Though AICs cannot be escaped from the blame of syncretism, if we are keenly aWare that contextualization is a process as it continues to develop more authentic theology which is based on the Scripture and re levant a given context. AICs motivated by the proc1amation of Spiri t- fi lled massage have shown a strong passion for mission. It’s missional effectiveness can be seen in providing the source and motivation of African people’s life.

목적 : 본 연구는 뻗기 과제를 수행하는 동안 팔과 체간의 움직임에 있어서의 차이를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 정상 성인을 대상으로 책상 위에서의 팔뻗기 과제 수행시 거리에 따른 팔의 움직임에 대한 체간의 움직임을 알아보기 위하여 대상자의 팔의 길이에 비례하여 다양한 거리에서의 팔뻗기 과제를 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 상지에 선천적인 기형, 심각한 외과적 혹은 신경학적 질환이나 지난 1년 동안 상지의 외상이나 통증을 경험했던 사람은 제외한, 우세 손이 오른손인 건강한 성인 20명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 상지움직임의 변화는 실시간 삼차원 동작분석 장치인 CMS-HS를 사용하였다. 팔길이에 대한 50%, 70%, 90%, 110%, 130% 거리의 작업수행시 체간의 움직임이 측정되었고, 단일 표식자에서 얻어진 속도와 움직인 거리 그리고 체간과 상지의 최대속도시간을 나누어 처리하였다. 결과 : 거리가 증가하는 동안 체간의 움직임은 팔의 길이의 90%의 거리에서부터 체간의 움직임이 유의하게 증가됨을 보였다(p.<05). 팔의 움직임에 대한 체간의 회전은 팔길이의 70% 거리에서부터 유의한 회전을 나타내기 시작했다(p.<05). 팔과 체간의 최대속도 도달시간은 팔길이의 70%, 90% 110%의 거리에서는 팔의 최대속도 도달시간이 먼저 나타났고, 팔길이의 130%의 거리에서는 체간의 최대속도 도달시간이 팔보다 먼저 나타남을 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과 거리에 따라 팔의 움직임에 대한 체간의 회전과 굴곡이 유의하게 일어나는 거리를 알 수 있었고, 거리에 따른 체간의 운동속도에 있어서의 움직임 패턴을 예측할 수 있었다. 따라서 상지 손상이 있는 환자들의 책상 위에서의 작업 수행이나 작업치료시 작업이 일어나는 거리에 따라 체간의 올바른 움직임을 위한 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것이다.

Park, Jun-Eon. 2004. English-only Education Movement in the U.S.: Focusing on Proposition 227. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 12(1). This paper analyzes the recent English-only movement prevalent in the United States of America, focusing on Proposition 227, which was enacted as California Educational Code in 1998. Seemingly, the legislation of 227 is considered a victory of pro-English monolingual activists, who have propagated their anti-bilingual sentiment throughout the nation since the 1980s. Advocates of English-only education maintain that bilingualism and bilingual education do much harm to the limited English proficient students by obstructing the development of English proficiency, whereas advocates of bilingual education rebut this argument as groundless and misleading. Unless Proposition 227 is overturned by California voters, the educational law is expected to exert its legal power in oppressing bilingualism and bilingual education that have been appraised as beneficial to the education of ethnic minority students in the state.

"한글사랑 나라사랑" 이 말은 한글만 쓰자는 이들이 만들어낸 구호로서 語文政策의 本質을 巧妙하게 덮어 가리고, 語文政策의 實狀을 모르는 젊은이들을 誤導하는데 오렛동안 이용되어 왔다. `한글사랑`이라는 말 속에는 `한글專用(hagul-only ism)만이 至善`이라는 뜻이 교묘히 숨겨져 있어 이를 반대하는(國漢混用을 주장하는) 사람은 곧 `나라를 사랑하지 않는 사람`이라는 等式을 젊은이들에게 强要하고 注入해 온 것이다. 정책 문제에 있어서 言衆은 대개 國家 將來나 公共의 利益보다는 表皮的이고 달콤한 甘言과 눈앞의 이익에 더 많이 기울어지게 마련이다. `한글사랑`이라는 그럴듯한 甘言도 多衆의 국민에게 국어에 대한 그릇된 인식을 심어주며 한글전용론자들의 교묘한 二重的 行態를 덮어 가리는 역할을 해 왔다. 심지어 漢字敎育의 當爲性을 주장하는 분들조차도 `점진적 한글전용`이라는 異狀한 논리에 쉽게 同化되는 것을 볼 수 있다. 그러나 단순 농경시대로 돌아가거나 얼마의 시간을 두고 영어를 公用語로 쓸 생각이 아니라면 한글전용은 불가능 한 것이다. `한글사랑`이라는 그럴듯한 巧言으로 덮어 가린 僞善은 국어를 망쳤을 뿐만 아니라 젊은이들의 意識을 荒廢化시켜 국가와 민족의 正體性마저 低落시켜 왔다. 本稿에서는 한글전용 주장의 虛構性을 다시 한 번 분석하고 國漢混用 語文運動의 反省을 통해 우리 語文運動이 指向해야 할 방향을 모색해 보고자 한다.

On contraction of the muscles, marked changes in X-ray reflections are observed, suggesting that conformational changes of contractile molecules and the movement of myosin heads during muscle contraction. Time slice requires tension peak after the onset of stimulation and the height of tension peak depends on the number of twitch cycle. The muscles were stimulated by five successive stimuli at an interval of 80 ms started while the tension was still being exerted by the muscles. The intensity of I11, I10, 143a and 215a reflection measured with 5ms time resolution and is recorded in isometric tension. The peak height of I11 and 143a intensity is changed after the onset of a stimulation Ii, and the length of twitch is shortened by successive twitches in the case of stimulation Ti. On the other hand, the peak height of In and 215a intensity starts to decrease at the 1st twitch and remains constant at low peak height without appreciable recovery during the contraction term. In the case of successive twitch stimulation, the myosin heads of muscle are once moved from their resting position and never returned to their initial position.

강제유도운동치료는 2주간 건측의 사용을 억제하기 위해 깨어 있는 시간의 90%를 구속하는 동시에 손상측에 대해 주 중 5일간, 하루 6시간씩 활동적으로 사용하도록 하는 치료기법이다. 이 기법은 만성, 그리고 아급성기 뇌졸중 환자와 만성적 뇌손상환자의 상지 치료에 주로 이용되고 있으며 뇌졸중환자의 하지 치료, 불완전 척수손상, 그리고 손의 국소적 근긴장이상증 치료에도 적용되고 있다. Action Research Arm Test(ARA), Wolf Motor Function Test(WMFT), Motor Activity Log(MAL), 그리고 신경영상과 경두개자기자극(TMS)을 통해 강제유도운동치료의 효과가 증명되었다. 최근에는 전통적 강제유도운동치료의 임상적 적용 한계를 고려하여 총 10주간, 주중 5일 동안 하루 5시간 동안 건측을 억제하고 동시에 하루 30분간 기능적 치료(작업치료, 물리치료)를 적용하는 변형된 강제유도운동치료가 연구되고 있다. 강제유도운동치료는 병원에서 획득한 치료적 증진을 환자의 실제 삶에서 기능적인 독립성으로 전이되도록 하는 다리 역할을 한다.