In this study, a direct contact membrane module was manufactured to be used in a pilot scale membrane distillation process to treat 3 m3/day of the digestate produced from anaerobic digestion of livestock manure. In order to investigate the performance of the membrane module, permeate flux was measured with and without spacer inside the module under various condition of temperature difference and cross flow velocity (CFV) through the membrane surfaces. Flux recovery rate after chemical cleaning was also investigated by applying three different cleaning methods. Additionally, thermal energy consumption was theoretically simulated based on actual pilot plant operation conditions. As results, we observed flux of the module with spacer was almost similar to the theoretically predicted value because the installation of spacer reduced the channeling effect inside the module. Under the same operating condition, the permeate flux also increased with increasing temperature difference and CFV. As a result of chemical in-line cleaning using NaOCl and citric acid for the fouled membranes, the recovery rate was 83.7% compared to the initial flux when NaOCl was used alone, and 87% recovery rate was observed when only citric acid was used. However, in the case of using only citric acid, the permeate flux was decreased at a rapid rate. It seemed that a cleaning by NaOCl was more effective to recover the flux of membrane contaminated by the organic matter as compared to a cleaning by citric acid. The total heat energy consumption increased with increasing CFV and temperature difference across the membrane. Thus, further studies should be intensively conducted to obtain a high permeate flux while keeping the energy consumption to a minimum for a practical application of membrane distillation process to treat wastewater.

단감원에서 식나무깍지벌레의 발생을 최소화하고자 시기별 발생특성과 우수 방제약제를 선발하였다. 가지에서 월동한 약충이나 암컷 깍지 는 9월 중순경에 교미 후, 월동에 들어가며 다음 해 봄철에 기온상승과 더불어 포란과 산란의 과정을 거쳐, 5월 중하순까지 산란을 마친 후 죽었 다. 수컷은 대부분 9월 말까지 우화하여 암컷과 교미하고 죽었으나 낙엽에서 월동하는 개체의 경우 모두 사멸하였다. 식나무깍지벌레의 산란 특 성은 매년 기상상황에 따라 차이가 있었고, 4월 중순부터 5월 중·하순까지 산란하고, 5월 초․ 중순에 산란 최성기를 보였다. 산란 량은 160개 정 도로 추정되며, 산란 최성기로부터 약 1주일 경과 후 부화 최성기를 보였다. 여름철에는 7월 초․ 중순에 시작하여 8월 중․ 하순까지 산란하고, 7월 말과 8월 초에 산란 최성기에 도달하며, 암컷 한 마리당 산란수는 봄철보다도 다소 적은 130개 정도이고, 난 기간은 약 4일로 추정되었다. 가는 가지에서 월동한 성충이 산란한 알로부터 부화한 1세대 약충은 가지와 잎에서 각각 10%, 90% 정도의 비율로 관찰되었다. 가는 가지에서 대부분 암컷 깍지로 발육하고 2009년 7월 27일 2세대 약충 발생 최성기에 도달한 다음 8월 중 ․ 하순경부터 월동처로 정하고 살아간다. 암컷과 수컷 깍지 는 8월 이전까지 잎에서 거의 비슷한 비율로 발육하다가, 2009년 8월 12일 이후 잎에서 수컷의 약충 발생 최성기를 시작으로 8월 27일 수컷 깍지 벌레 발생 최성기, 9월 14일 전후로 수컷 성충의 발생에 이르기까지 일관된 발생관계를 관계를 보여주었다. 8월 12일 잎에서 관찰되는 약충 중 75% 정도는 발육하여 수컷으로 우화하여 교미하고 죽는 것으로 나타났다. Buprofezine+dinotefurn (20+15) WP로 6월 9일과 16일 2회 방제 하고 7주 후에 생사충을 판정한 결과 방제가가 90.6%로 나타났다.

In changes of social environment, change of the use of land due to the change of residence type, industry and urban structure is an influential factor to safety vulnerable social group. From PTSD from disaster experience point of view, experience of disaster, damage from disaster, witness of disaster make people experience anxiety and confusion, increase the anxiety toward disaster and lead to difficulty in daily lives. As for the result of analyzing anxiety factors regarding disaster damage potential composed of 20 items of safety manager, damage potential of sink hole which recently rapidly increased was the highest, and followed by anxiety from safety damage potential of family, anxiety from phone call damage. Likewise, if the anxiety toward disaster damage potential is digitized, it contributes to setting safety management planning for disaster prevention as it visualizes the risk.

Membrane-based gas separation is one of the next generations’ gas separation technology for carbon capture and storage (CCS). Membrane process has the advantages of i) low energy consumption without a phase change during the separation, ii) small footprint and easy scale-up of membrane modules, and iii) clean process without any emission of harmful byproducts. However, the requirement of CO2 separation membrane for CCS has limited the application of gas separation membranes in the industrial field. Here, we demonstrate the strategies to approach to the current limitation by developing a high flux of polymeric hollow fiber membrane. The membrane performance in this work is 900 GPU (1 GPU = 10-6 cm3/cm2‧sec‧cmHg) of CO2 permeance. The CO2 capture pilot plant using multi-stage membrane processes at KDHC has been on-site tested.

분리막을 이용하여 연소후 이산화탄소 포집 공정을 연구하였다. 5 Nm³/h 용량의 벤치급 막분리 공정 설비에서 보일러를 연소시켜 생성한 배가스를 사용하였고, 가스 용량에 맞춰 압축기 등의 부품은 산업용 제품으로 구성하였고 측정, 제어에 필요한 기기는 가능한 실험용 부품으로 구성하여 정확히 측정하도록 노력하였다. 전체 연구에서는 다양한 분리막 모듈을 대상으로 단일 분리막의 투과성능 뿐만 아니라 다단 분리막 조합에서 이산화탄소 포집 성능을 측정하였으며, 이번 주제에서는 고분자 분리막 모듈을 2단으로 구성하여 측정한 결과를 중심으로 발표하고자 한다. 벤치급 막분리 공정의 주요 변수로서 가스의 공급 유량, 1단과 2단의 압력비 등을 바꿔가며 포집 성능을 측정하였다.

Angelica gigas Nakai has been used for traditional Korean medicine which acts anti-inflammatories, protects the liver, and enhances the immune system. Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is an eco-friendly extraction method in which the pressure is applied between the boiling point and critical temperature of water that maintains the liquid state. The aim of study was to determine the optimal extraction conditions for subcritical water extraction of the decursin and nodakenin from Angelica gigas Nakai, comparing two scales, laboratory-scale (22 mL) and pilot-scale (8 L) devices to assess the feasibility of industrial applications. Extraction efficiencies were evaluated by measuring total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity with a spectrophotometer, extraction yields of decursin and nodakenin with a high-performance liquid chromatography. The subcritical water extraction conditions of pilot-scale were as follows: extraction temperature of 150, 170, 190 and 210°C; extraction times of 5, 10, 15, and 20 min. The highest yields of decursin and nodakenin were at 190°C/15 min (17.65 mg/g Angelica gigas) and 170°C/20 min (4.35 mg/g Angelica gigas), respectively. These were not significantly different from the maximum contents of decursin (13.49 mg/g Angelica gigas), and nodakenin (4.66 mg/g Angelica gigas) for lab-scale subcritical water extraction. The maximum values for total polyphenol content and DPPH scavenging activity of subcritical water extraction were 64.32 mg/g Angelica gigas and 74.4%, respectively. On the other hand, those of conventional extraction method using methanol (60°C/120 min) were obtained as 14.31 mg/g Angelica gigas and 41.9%. Therefore, the subcritical water extraction is a rapid and efficient method for extracting polyphenols and anti-oxidative compounds.

식품 포장재 내 곤충 침입을 방지하기 위해 방향유를 함유한 방충 필름이 연구되고 있으나 파일럿 규모의 생산 장비를 이용한 연구는 드물다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 파일럿 규모의 생산 장비로 미세캡슐화된 시나몬방향유(cinnamon oil, CO) 함유 식품 포장 필름을 개발하고 필름의 방충효과와 이화학적 특성을 평가하는 것이었다. 모든 필름은 파일럿 규모의 그라비아 인쇄기(Roto Gravure Printing Press, Ilsung Machinary Co., Ltd., Gumi, Korea)와 적층기(Dry laminating & Extrusion laminating machine, INT CO., Ltd; Ansan, Korea)로 제작되었다. 폴리비닐알코올 수용액(0.02%, w/w, 폴리비닐알코올/증류수)을 사용하여 CO (5.2%, w/w, CO/PVA 수용액) 미세캡슐 에멀션을 제조하였고, 0,1 또는 2% (w/w, CO/미세캡슐 CO 에멀션)의 미세캡슐 CO 에멀션을 잉크(54 또는 61%, w/w, 잉크/전체 혼합액)와 시너(thinner) (23 또는 26%, w/w, 시너/전체 혼합액)에 혼합하여 인쇄 용액을 만들었다. 만들어진 용액을 폴리프로필렌필름(30 μm)에 그라비아 인쇄기로 인쇄한 후, 인쇄된 면에 저밀도폴리에틸렌 필름(40 μm)을 올려놓고 적층(lamination)하여 방충 필름(75 μm 두께)을 제작하였다. 소규모와 파일럿 규모로 진행된 필름의 방충효과 측정에는 화랑곡 나방(Plodia interpunctella) 유충을 사용하였고, 개발된 필름의 시남알데하이드 방출률, 인장 및 수분 차단 특성 그리고 열 중량을 분석하였다. 파일럿 규모 인쇄기와 적층기는 미세캡슐 CO 에멀션이 사용된 방출필름을 연속적이고 균일하게 생산하였다. 미세캡슐 2% CO 에멀션 제형으로 제작된 필름이 가장 높은 방충능을 보였으며, 미세캡슐화가 방충효과를 유지하면서 시남알데하이드의 보존성을 높여 방충효과를 유지하는 데 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 열 중량분석 결과를 통해 미세캡슐화와 적층이 CO의 휘발을 막는 데 효과적임을 확인했다. 필름의 인장강도, 신장률, 탄성률 그리고 수증기 투과성은 각각 40.4-45.4 MPa, 87.1-87.6%, 831.8-838.1 MPa, 그리고 0.0078-0.0082 g·mm·h-1·kPa-1·m-2이 었으며, 이 결과들은 개발된 방충 필름의 인장 및 수분특성에 변화를 주지 않는 것으로 관찰되었다(p>0.05). 연구를 통해 파일럿 플랜트 규모에서 방충 필름을 성공적으로 제작할 수 있었고, 방충효과와 이화학적 특성 결과를 통해 제작된 방충 필름의 상업적 적용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

The computing environment has changed rapidly to enable large-scale finite element models to be analyzed at the PC or workstation level, such as multi-core CPU, optimal math kernel library implementing BLAS and LAPACK, and popularization of direct sparse solvers. In this paper, the design considerations on a parallel finite element code for shared memory based multi-core CPU system are proposed; (1) the use of optimized numerical libraries, (2) the use of latest direct sparse solvers, (3) parallelism using OpenMP for computing element stiffness matrices, and (4) assembly techniques using triplets, which is a type of sparse matrix storage. In addition, the parallelization effect is examined on the time-consuming works through a large scale finite element model.

The superfamily Coccoidea, known as scale insects, are economical pests of agricultural, ornamental, and greenhouse plants, as well as highly intercepted insects in quarantine inspection. However, their faunal study have been poorly conducted in Myanmar. During recent field investigations in Myanmar, we collected thirty-seven new records: Coccidae (17), Diaspididae (4), Eriococcidae (1), Monophlebidae (4), Ortheziidae (1) and Pseudococcidae (10). In this study, total eighty-eight species in 15 families of scale insects are listed from Myanmar. Diagnoses and photographs are provided with keys to the Burmese scale insects. Also, the economical importance for each major pests is discussed.

We present our AKARI study of massive star forming regions where a large-scale cloud-cloud collision possibly contributes to massive star formation. Our targets are Spitzer bubbles, which consist of two types of bubbles, closed and broken ones; the latter is a candidate of the objects created by cloud-cloud collisions. We performed mid- and far-infrared surface photometry toward Spitzer bubbles to obtain the relationship between the total infrared luminosity, LIR, and the bubble radius, R. As a result, we nd that LIR is roughly proportional to R where  = 2:10:4. Broken bubbles tend to have larger radii than closed bubbles for the same LIR.

The zodiacal light emission is the thermal emission from the interplanetary dust and the dominant diuse radiation in the mid- to far-infrared wavelength region. Even in the far-infrared, the contribution of the zodiacal emission is not negligible at the region near the ecliptic plane. The AKARI far-infrared all-sky survey covered 97% of the whole sky in four photometric bands with band central wavelengths of 65, 90, 140, and 160 m. AKARI detected the small-scale structure of the zodiacal dust cloud, such as the asteroidal dust bands and the circumsolar ring, in far-infrared wavelength region. Although the most part of the zodiacal light structure in the AKARI far-infrared all-sky image can be well reproduced with the DIRBE zodiacal light model, there are discrepancies in the small-scale structures. In particular, the intensity and the ecliptic latitude of the peak position of the asteroidal dust bands cannot be repro- duced precisely with the DIRBE models. The AKARI observational data during more than one year has advantages over the 10-month DIRBE data in modeling the full-sky zodiacal dust cloud. The resulting small-scale zodiacal light structure template has been used to subtract the zodiacal light from the AKARI all-sky maps.