본 연구는 인체 유래 유방암세포인 MDA-MB-231 세포 증식을 억제하고 세포사멸을 유도하는 천연소재 발굴을 목적으로, 북한산 두릅 추출물을 MDA-MB-231 세포에 처리하여 세포사멸 및 작용기전을 규명하였다. 실험 결과, 두릅 추출물 처리 농도가 증가할수록 세포증식이 감소하였고, 세포질의 응축과 핵이 분절되는 등 apoptotic bodies를 형성하였다. 또한 유세포 분석기를 사용하여 MDA-MB-231의 세포주기가 억제되었고, 세포사멸의 특징인 sub-G1 수치가 증가되는 것이 관찰되었고, 두릅 추출물 농도가 증가함에 따라 apoptotic 세포가 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 특히 early apoptosis 보다 late apoptosis가 더 많이 진행됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 MDA-MB-231 세포사멸과 관련된 유전자를 확인하고자 RT-PCR과 western blotting을 수행한 결과, 세포사멸의 주요한 조절인자인 anti-apoptotic인 bcl-2 발현이 두릅 추출물 처리 시 농도 의존적으로 감소되었고, 반대로 Bax의 발현은 증가됨을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 불활성화 형태로 존재한 pro-caspase-9과 pro-caspase-3의 발현이 시료 농도가 증가할수록 감소되었고, 활성화된 형태인 cleaved caspase-9과 cleaved caspase-3의 발현은 두릅 추출물 처리 농도에 의존적으로 증가하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 세포 사멸 과정의 주요 인자인 PARP 또한 시료 농도가 증가할수록 절단 현상이 비례적으로 증가하였다. 이상의 실험 결과를 근거로, 북한산 두릅 지상부의 70% ethyl alcohol 추출물이 MDA-MB-231 인체 유방암 세포의 증식을 억제하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였고, 세포사멸과 관련된 활성기전을 규명하였다. 추후 암 예방/치료제로서 두릅을 활용하기 위해서는 활성 본체와 안정성 규명 및 임상실험 등 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Techniques, using physical wedge filter and using dynamic wedge filter and FIF(Field in Field) and ISCT(Irregular Surface Compensating Technique), have been developed according to progress of radiation therapy of breast cancer. Measurement of dose was done to judge the usefulness of technique using three cases, non tissue loss after breast conserving operating and tissue loss after breast conserving operating and mastectomy. Dose indexes of breast tissue, CI (Conformity Index), HI (Homogeneity Index) and QOC (Quality of Coverage), dose index of skin, or dose indexes of lung, volume of 50 percent dose and 20 percent dose were estimated and compared. Using dynamic wedge filter is useful plan at non tissue loss allowing for high dose of lung. FIF and ISCT are useful plan at tissue loss. ISCT is useful plan at mastectomy. Henceforth, we need to apply to valid plan and body type and thorax size.

This study aimed to compare the characteristics of breast cancer surgery and shoulder surgery patients on the shoulder range of motion (ROM), degree of pain and dysfunction, and scapular position. This study was carried out with a total of 90 women: a breast cancer surgery group (BS, n1=30), a shoulder surgery group (SS, n2=30) and a control group (n3=30). Shoulder ROM, the Quadruple Visual Analogue Scale (QVAS), the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and the Scapular Index (SI) were used to assess shoulder function. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way analysis of variance, crosstab test, and independent sample t-test. Post-hoc testing was carried out with Bonferroni test. There were significant differences in shoulder ROM when the BS and the SS were compared with the control group. However, there was no significant difference in ROM between the BS and SS. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in shoulder pain between both surgery groups, and there was greater shoulder dysfunction in the SS than in the BS. There was also a significant difference in upper extremity posture when the BS and the SS were compared to the control group. Finally, there was no significant difference in upper extremity posture between the BS and the SS. This study compared shoulder ROM, pain, dysfunction, and upper extremity postures between the BS and SS. While there were no significant differences in shoulder ROM, pain, and upper extremity posture between both surgery groups, the level of dysfunction was found to be significantly different. Therefore, health professionals managing for breast cancer surgery or shoulder surgery patients should consider these outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the breast growth variation trends and characteristics of Korean adolescent girls based on 3D body measurements. Subjects were 174 girls aged between 13 and 18. 3D body scanning data were collected and the data were measured by Geomagic Design X program. The total of 18 anthropometric measurements and 4 index items were analyzed. The main results of this study are as follows: 1) Overall, the breast growth of adolescent girls got out of children's body shapes at the age of 14 and the adult's body shapes appeared remarkably at the age of 18. Before the age of 15, the adolescent girls' breast enlarged. 2) The surface lengths of upper body, which means the breast volume, showed significant growth above B cup groups rather than under A cup groups. The demand of B cup size (32.2%) was higher than A cup size (25.9%). And 35.6% of subjects' brassiere band size was 70. 3) The thorax grew evenly in the circumference, depth and breadth. The thoracic development related to the breast volume as well as the whole upper body's development. These results reveal that it is necessary to develop adolescent girls' brassiere reflecting on adolescent girls' breast growth variation trends and characteristics by age, breast size and thoracic development.

The occurrence of mastitis in diary cattle has been caused by genetic, physiological, managemental and environment factors accounted for the highest percentage of worldwide disease in dairy cattle. The purpose of this study was to analyze the occurrences and causative bacteria of subclinical mastitis in milking cows and also examine the distribution of bacteria in milk by isolating and identifying bacteria both in whole milk and quarter milk. 31.4% of the milking cows suffered subclinical mastitis, and 9.5% had it in terms of quarter milk. According to the results of analyzing bacteria in quarter milk of which somatic cell count (SCC) was over 500 thousand, 15 kinds of bacteria were isolated, and among them, Pantoea spp. formed the biggest part as 15.8%. From whole milk, 37 kinds of bacteria were identified, and among them, Klebsiella oxytoca showed the highest identification rate as 30.1%. According to the results of bacteria analyzed from the quarter milk of entire milking cows, 52 kinds of bacteria were identified. Among them, 17 kinds of Staphylococci were isolated, and CNS (Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci) formed a large part as 44.9%. The findings of this study showed that various kinds of bacteria were isolated from cows having subclinical mastitis; therefore, when managing specifications about milking or such, dairy farm will have to take proper action like performing sanitary control or counting somatic cells regularly in order to do their best for reducing mastitis.

According to statistics of the Ministry of Health and Welfare at 2010, patient of breast cancer has been increasing constantly. Radiation therapy is method of treatment for breast cancer. Generally, radiation therapy technique of breast cancer is opposing 2 port. And It is using real wedge, dynamic wedge, FiF(Field in Field) technique, ISC(Irregular Surface Compensating) technique for uniformity dose in breast tissue. But each patient applied different method of surgery. In this study, It is to evaluation the usefulness of radiation therapy technique at each surgery technique. Subjects are tissue loss after breast conserving surgery, non tissue loss after breast conserving surgery, and mastectomy. Each subject applied 4 techniques of radiation therapy. Measurement tool used CI(Conformity Index), HI(Homogeneity Index), and QOC(Quality of Coverage) at suggest RTOG(The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group). Case of tissue loss is useful dynamic wedge technique. Case of non tissue loss is useful FiF technique. Case of mastectomy is useful ISC technique. In the future, this study would use to selection standard of radiation therapy for breast cancer surgery. And selection standard would require additional analyzes of normal organ.

In this study, mammography was conducted with Lorad Selenia from HOLOGIC. The phantoms used were Female rando phantom from THE PHANTOM LABORATORY and ACR phantom from GAMMEX RMI. The dosimeters used were the glass dosimeter reader FDG1000 and PLD from CHIYODA TECHNOL. The shielding used to compare and determine the amount of scattered ray in this study were lead shielding gear with a thickness of 0.25mm from INFAB and a customized bismuth shielding with a thickness of 0.2mm(2 layers of 0.1mm). The conditions were 28kVp, 65mAs for CC view and 30kVp, 85mAs for MLO view. The exposure dose by scattered ray were measured from thyroid, breast on the opposite side and gonad (hereafter called critical organs) without any shieldings for the first experiment, then measured four times each with lead shielding for the next experiment, and measured four times each with bismuth shielding for the third experiment. The average dose for each critical organ without shieldings were 135.75μGy, 649.67μGy and 546.25μGy, With lead shielding, the numbers were 0μGy, 63μGy and 1.5μGy, and 6.25μGy, 12.25μGy and 26.5μGy with bismuth shielding. Therefore, the lead and bismuth shielding have reduced 95.364% and 93.550% of exposure dose. Use of shielding s during mammography reduces the exposure dose on critical organs and other organs of the patient, and despite the similar shielding rate, the new shielding using bismuth is useful in shielding thyroid and gonad considering the mobility of the patient, light weight and thickness of the shielding.

The objective of this study was to take a closer look at the clothing benefits sought by breast cancer survivors in Korea. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted, using the focus group interview. Data was collected from members of online breast cancer forum. 18 participants were breast cancer survivors who had mastectomy or lumpectomy in their 30s~50s. The data was analyzed using content analysis in order to identify significant themes. The analysis indicated that benefits were sought after functional/comfort, health, feminity, and compensation were found. First, breast cancer survivors considered functional/comfort to be most important benefit so as to keep the body comfortable from the weather. Second, participants put the healthy body as the first priority and chose a well-being lifestyle and were likely to wear clothes made in healthy fabric, such as organic, bamboo or charcoal. Also, they preferred to look active by wearing sport brands or outdoorwear brands. Third, after the surgery, they experienced the sense of femininity loss and the sense of crisis as a woman. Single women and married women in early 30s recognized more seriously, and they tried to recover feminity by wearing clothes with feminine details. Forth, breast cancer survivor consumers tended to shop for the psychological compensation. In summary, consumers with breast cancer surgery, unlike general healthy women, did not sought to be economic, fashion, self-expression benefits, rather they sought health, femininity, and compensation benefits. Therefore, it seems necessary to develop proper products and marketing strategy to meet the said consumer's special needs.

This research sought to analyze the characteristics of breast movement at the treadmill activity levels. It also examined the effect of wearing a sports bra in reducing breast displacement. The subjects for the data collection were females in their 20s (n=2) with C-cup size breast. The experimental conditions were three different moving speeds (4 km/h, jogging: 7 km/h, and sprinting: 10 km/h) and two types of sports bras. Three dimensional breast displacement was measured. The displacement of the right nipple point was measured with a 3D motion analyzer. The results show that the breasts were greatly displaced from the walking speed (4 km/h) when subjects did not wear any bra. Whereas their breast displacement distance decreased remarkably when they wore sports bras. The nipple point moved 42~44 mm in the vertical direction at walking speed with naked condition. But it was reduced by 80% after wearing sports bras. When subjects running (7 km/h, 10 km/h) without any bra, the nipple point moved 122~141 mm. However it was reduced by 60~70% when they wore sports bras. The apartment time (time delay) between at the highest point of the upper body and the nipple was 0.25 seconds at the running speeds (7 km/h, 10 km/h) without wearing any bra. After wearing sports bras, the time delay was cut to 0.06~0.12 seconds. These results implies that without wearing any bra the skin surrounding the breasts might be seriously pulled at running activity. The functional sports bra suppress breast movement. It might prevent the sagging of breasts by preventing the damage of the Cooper's ligaments.

본 연구결과 조농비가 다른 사료를 각각 급여한 젖소에 서 임신초기의 유방 크기는 HF군이 LF군 보다 2.4배 가량 유의하게 컸으나, 임신중기와 착유기 동안에는 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다. Estradiol의 혈중농도는 두 군 모두 사춘기 부터 서서히 증가하여 임신기간 동안 사춘기의 2~3.5배가 량이 되었으며, 두 군간 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 착유기 전 기간에 걸쳐서도 estradiol의 농도는 두 군간 차 이가 없었다. Progesterone의 혈중 농도는 사춘기부터 증가 하기 시작하여 임신중기까지 두 군 모두 비슷한 농도로 유지되었으며, 시험 전 기간에 걸쳐 두 군간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 산유량 4% FCM은 두 군 모두 분만 후 증가하다 LF군은 분만 100일, HF군은 150일을 기점으로 감소하였다. 그러나, 분만 후 50일까지를 제외하고 그 후 전 기간에 걸 쳐 양질 조사료 함량이 높은 사료를 급여한 HF군의 젖소 에서 산유량이 유의하게 높았으며, 분만 250일 까지도 높 은 산유량을 유지하였다. 우유 내 체세포 수는 분만초기를 제외하고 착유기 전 기간 동안 HF군에서 유의하게 감소하 였다. 유지율은 분만 후 비유 초기에 LF군에서 다소 높게 나타났으나, 그 이후부터는 두 군간 차이가 없었으며, 그 밖에 우유 내 단백율, 고형율, MUN 모두 두 군간 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 산유량과 체세포 수 및 유지율을 기초로 계산한 유대에 있어 HF군이 LF군에 비하여 최고 141.5% 증대되었다. 본 연구결과로부터 젖소의 양질 조사료의 함 량을 적당 수준으로 증가시킴으로써 유방의 크기나 관련 호르몬의 변화 없이 우유의 생산량을 증대시키고 우유의 질을 높일 수 있을 것으로 평가되었다.

본 연구는 여대생들의 유방암 검진의도를 높이기 위한 심리적 결정요인을 살펴 보고자 하였으며 , 이를 위해 건강신념모델을 구성하는 4개의 신념변인들 (지 각된 이익성, 지각된 민감성, 지각된 심각성, 지각된 장애성 )이 유방암 검진의도에 미 치는 영향을 살펴보았다 . 첫째, 지각된 이익성은 유방암 검진의도에 직접적인 영향을 주는 예측변인으로 확인되었으나 , 지각된 민감성과 지각된 심각성, 지각된 장애성은 유방암 검진의도에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 못하였다 . 둘째, 사회적 지지를 구성하는 변인들(친구지지 , 가족지지 , 타인지지 )이 자기효능감에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다 . 그 결과, 친구지지는 자기효능감에 직접적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 , 가족지지와 타인지지도 자기효능감을 높이는데 영향을 미치는 요인으로 밝혀졌다 . 셋째, 유방암 검진과 관련 자기효능감이 유방암 검진의도에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 자기효능감 은 유방암 검진의도에 직접적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 .

This study examines the effects of a rehabilitation program on quality of life (QOL), cardiopulmonary function and fatigue during radiotherapy for breast cancer patients. The program includes aerobic exercise, stretching and strengthening exercises. Sixty-five women participated in this study and they were asked to perform supervised exercises that last for 60 minutes five times a week for six weeks. The European organization for research and treatment of cancer-cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30) and the breast (EORTC QLQ-BR23), predicted maximal volume of oxygen consumption () and fatigue severity scale (FSS) were assessed before and after the rehabilitation program. The 60-minute program consisted of a 10-minute warm-up, 30-minute of aerobic exercises, and 15-minute of strengthening exercises, followed by a five-minute cool-down. Heart rates were monitored throughout the exercise class to ensure that patients were exercising at the target heart rate of 40~75% of the age-adjusted heart rate maximum. There were statistically significant differences in the changes of physical function and cancer related symptoms in the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23 (p<.05). There was a statistically significant improvement in the predicted (p<.05), although there were no significant differences in the FSS (p>.05). The results of our study suggest that a supervised rehabilitation program may benefit the physical aspects and QOL of patients receiving radiotherapy for breast cancer.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 유방암 수술 후 어깨 관절가동범위에 제한이 있는 환자에게 작업치료의 중재를 통해 일상생활 수행 및 상지 기능, 삶의 질에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위함이다. 연구방법 : 유방암 절제술 후 어깨 관절가동범위에 제한이 있는 73명의 환자를 대상으로 작업치료를 실시하였다. 치료는 기능적 작업치료와 일상생활 동작훈련을 주 2회 이상 시행하였고 홈프로그램을 제공하였으며 치료의 연속성과 효과를 보기 위하여 최소 8주이상 참여하도록 하였다. 치료 전후 어깨 관절가동범위의 수동 관절 범위, 상지장애정도(Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; DASH), 삶의 질(Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General; FACT-G)과 피로도(Fatigue Severity Scale; FSS)에 대한 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 작업치료 중재 후 어깨 관절의 굴곡, 외전, 내회전, 외회전의 관절가동범위는 모두 유의한 변화를 보였다(p<.001). 또한 상지 장애정도(DASH)도 유의하게 향상되었으며(p<.001) 삶의 질(FACT-G)은 신체적 삶의 질과 정서적 삶의 질에서 유의한 변화를 보였으나(p<.001) 사회적 삶의 질과 기능적 삶의 질은 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 피로도(FFS)는 치료 후 유의하게 향상되었으며(p<.001) 치료 횟수가 증가하면 피로도가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 유방암 절제술 후 관절가동범위의 제한이 있는 환자에게 작업치료를 중재하였을 때 어깨 관절가동범위를 증진시킬 뿐만 아니라 상지 장애 및 일상생활의 향상과 함께 삶의 질을 높이는 데에 효과적일 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 내용을 고려하여 유방암 환자에게 다양한 작업치료를 임상적으로 적용할 수 있는 근거로 활용 할 수 있을 것이다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a herd specific vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by different inoculation route, IMI (intramammary injection), Koso, and supramammary lymphnode area. Based on strains of S. aureus from a case of acute clinical mastitis in Daekwanryeong farm, two experimental vaccines were made, inactivated vaccine and sonicated one. To determine the antigen concentration of the vaccine, 220 ICR-mice were immunized by the intraperitoneal route with inactivated or sonicated experimental vaccines according to different schedules with 10 ICR mice as a control group. The sonicated vaccine was selected for further experiments in vaccination and the highest antibody titer in ELISA was observed at 3㎎/㎖ of the vaccine. The vaccine was administrated to 22 healthy cows at drying up. The quarter milk samples and bloods were collected before vaccination, right after parturition and 3 months postpartum. There were no significant differences among vaccination routes based on the antibody titers in serum and intramammary bacterial infections during drying up period. The antibody titer in serum of vaccinated cows was higher at parturition than 3 months postpartum but it had no statistical meaning, though decreased clinical signs and morbidity were observed. Results of this study suggest that the concept of the vaccine against S. aureus is to decreasing clinical mastitis rather than preventing the disease.

To control mastitis in dairy cattle, National Mastitis Control Program (NMCP) has been conducted in Korea since early 2000s. Nevertheless, mastitis still remains one of the most important disease in dairy cattle in Korea as other countries worldwide. Under the NMCP, a total of 343,090 lactating cows nationwide were tested for mastitis during 2004～June 2010 based on California Mastitis Test (CMT), and 7.8% (26,782/343,090) and 13.8% (47,335/343,090) of the cows tested were infected with clinical and subclinical mastitis, respectively. Relative frequency of 2,058 bacteria isolated from bovine milk samples with somatic cell count of ≥200,000 cells/㎖ during 2006～2010 were analyzed. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. including Staphylococcus aureus, accounting for over 50% of the total number of isolates. The highest frequency was observed for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), followed by Gram negative bacteria (GNB), S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Enterococcus spp. Based on the results of recent studies in Korea, the majority of pathogens isolated from subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Korea are environmental minor pathogens. Therefore, more attention should be paid to control of environmental pathogens such as CNS, GNB, and Streptococcus uberis in dairy farms in Korea.