The role played by reservoirs in the biogeochemical cycles of elements is a subject of ongoing debate. Recent research has revealed that reservoirs emit significant levels of greenhouse gases. To assess the importance of reservoirs in monsoon climate areas as a source of methane gas into the atmosphere, we investigated variations in organic carbon (OC) input into the reservoir, oxic state changes, and finally the amount of methane emitted (focusing on the ebullition pathway) in Lake Soyang, which is the largest reservoir in South Korea. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were higher during summer after two years of heavy rainfall. The sedimentation rates of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) were higher in the epilimnion and hypolimnion than the metalimnioin, indicating that autochthonous and allochthonous carbon made separate contributions to the TOC. During stratification, oxygen depletion occurred in the hypolimnion due to the decomposition of organic matter. Under these conditions, H2S and CH4 can be released from sediment. The methane emissions from the reservoir were much higher than from other natural lakes. However, the temporal and spatial variations of methane ebullition were huge, and were clearly dependent on many factors. Therefore, more research via a well-organized field campaign is needed to investigate methane emissions.

PURPOSES : One of the main components of road projects funded by the Economic Development Cooperation Fund (EDCF) is the improvement or rehabilitation of existing pavements. The result is that pavement structures are critical to the success of a project. There is, however, no design standard available at present that reflects a region's specific features including climate conditions and quality of pavement materials. For this reason, a comparative study of the major EDCF borrowers' flexible pavement design standards was conducted. This study led to the proposal of a new method for applying flexible pavement designs which can be used for EDCF-funded projects in Asia. METHODS : The method has been produced by adjusting some input data of the "AASHTO Interim Guide for Design of Pavement Structures" in accordance with certain Asian countries' geometrical features, tropical and subtropical weather, and strength of pavement materials. The Philippine regional factors, having five different grades, have been selected after taking into consideration the amount of rainfall, strength of pavement materials, and characteristics of the Asia and Pacific regions. Structural layer coefficients have been prepared for two different regions according to the geometric difference between Southeast and Southwest Asia. The Philippine and Sri Lankan coefficients have been used for Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : Owing to applying this new method, it was verified that the thickness of the pavement was underestimated by between 11 cm and 16 cm compared with the originally designed thickness. Having discovered that the use of the Korean and Americanoriented factors and coefficients is not appropriate for other Asian countries, the new method is expected to enhance the quality of pavement in future projects.

아시아매미나방은 매미나방(Lymantria dispar) 중 우랄산맥 동쪽의 지역에 분포하는 아종을 지칭하며, 러시아, 몽고, 중국, 일본에 걸쳐 넓은 지역에 서식하고 있다. 매미나방은 원산지가 동북아시아 중에서도 홋카이도 지방으로 알려져 있으며, 유럽의 매미나방은 그 중 한 계통이다. 300종이 넘는 기주식물을 가지고 있는 광식성 해충이나 동북아 지방에서는 가끔 대발생하여 피해를 주지만 중요한 해충이 아니다. 반면, 미국 동북부에 침입한 매미나방은 계속되는 방제에도 불구하고 분포범위를 확장하여 미국 식물보호검역국(PPQ)에서는 매우 중요한 검역해충으로 지정하고, 선박 및 화물을 통한 유입을 막기 위하여 선박검사를 의무화하였다. 한국과 일본에서 매미나방의 발생은 국지적으로 간헐적인 대발생을 하며, 비교적 겨울이 추울 때 더 많이 발생하는 것으로 보인다. 일본의 홋카이도와 러시아 연해주 지역은 매미나방이 매년 높은 밀도로 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 이 지역을 통과한 선박에서는 많은 난괴가 부착되어 발견된다고 한다.

As supply chains are globalized, multinational companies are trying to optimize distribution networks using a hub and spoke structure. In this hub and spoke network structure, multinational companies locate regional distribution centers at hub airports, which serve demands in their corresponding regions. Especially when customers put higher priority on the service lead-time, hinterlands of international hub airports become ideal candidate locations for the regional hub distribution centers. By utilizing excellent airport and logistics services from hub airports, regional distribution centers in the hub airports can match supply with demand efficiently. In addition, regional hub distribution centers may increase air cargo volume of each airport, which is helpful in the current extremely competitive airport industry. In this paper, we classified locational preferences into three primary categories including demand, service and risk and applied the analytic hierarchy process methodology to prioritize factors of locational preferences. Primary preference factors include secondary factors. Demand factor contains access to current and prospect markets. Service factor comprises airport and logistics perspectives. Service factor in terms of airport operations includes secondary factors such as airport service and connectivity. Service factor in terms of logistics operations contains infrastructure and logistics operations efficiency. Risk factor consists of country and business risks. We also evaluated competitiveness of Asian hub airports in terms of candidate location for regional hub distribution centers. The candidate hub airports include Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Narita and Incheon. Based on the analytic hierarchy process analysis, we derived strategic implications for hub airports to attract multinational companies’ regional hub distribution centers.

본 연구에서는 재분석 자료(reanalysis data)를 이용하여 동아시아 계절별 평균 기상장을 분석함으로써 동아시아 주요 화산체 분화 시 화산재 확산에 따른 피해 위험 지역을 예측해보고자 하였다. 또한 FALL3D 모형으로 임의의 과거 6개월 간 가상의 백두산 분 화에 따른 화산재 확산 결과를 모의하고, 그 결과를 이용하여 화산재 확산 패턴을 클러스터로 유형화하였다. 마찬가지로 FALL3D에 이용된 WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model) 기상장 데이터를 기반으로 기상장 클러스터를 정의하였다. 화산재 클러스터와 기상장 클러스터를 비교분석함으로써 화산 분화 당시의 기상장이 화산재 확산 패턴에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다.

본 연구는 효율적인 자원보존과 유전자원의 작물육종 활용 성 제고를 위한 기초정보제공을 목적으로, 29개 SSR marker 를 이용하여 아시아지역의 10개 국가에서 수집된 벼 유전자원 에 대해 유전적 다양성 및 집단 구조 분석을 수행하였다. 1. 총 85점의 벼 유전자원이 수집되었으며, 29개 SSR 마커 에 의해 증폭된 allele 수는 총 342개 였다. Allele 수는 2 개에서 28개 범위로 나타났으며, 마커당 평균 allele 수는 11.8 개 였다. 유전적 다양성을 나타내는 genetic diversity와 PIC 값의 범위는 각각 0.12-0.93과 0.11-0.93으로 나타났고, 평균은 각각 0.73과 0.71로 나타났다. 2. 국가별 벼 자원의 유전적 거리를 기초로 유연관계를 분 석한 결과 2개 그룹으로 구분되었다. BⅠ 그룹에는 남아시아 지역에 속하는 스리랑카, 인도, 방글라데시, 파키스탄이 포함 되었고, BII 그룹에는 라오스를 제외한 동남아시아 지역인 미 얀마, 부탄, 베트남, 필리핀, 태국이 포함되었다. 3. 수집 국가별 마커당 평균 allele 수는 미얀마가 1.28개로 가장 낮았고, 필리핀이 7.03개로 가장 높았으며, PIC 값 역시 필리핀이 0.64로 가장 높은 값을 보였고, 미얀마는 가장 낮은 0.15로 관찰됐다. 4. 유전적 거리와 Structure ver2.2를 이용하여 집단의 구조 를 분석한 결과, 75%의 확률에서 85개 자원 중 80개 자원 (64.1%)는 3개의 subpopulation으로 나눌 수 있었으며, 5개 자원(5.9%)은 유전적으로 혼입된 형태를 나타냈다. 5. 각각의 subpopulation은 수집 국가의 특성과 일치하지 않 았으며, 대부분 자원은 각각의 subpopulation에 불규칙적으로 분포되었다.

This work aims at analyzing the comparative feature about female flight attendant uniform designs of Korean and Asian region low cost carriers and providing some basic materials for development of these airline companies. As a research method, examinations were carried out on attendant's uniform both theoretically and empirically. Comparison of uniforms was made among the five Korean carriers and ten typical Asian carriers for empirical research. Results showed the followings. First, all Korean low cost carriers were characterized as formal style except Jin Air. Unlike this, Asian low cost carriers appeared as diverse including formal, semi formal, and casual styles with a uniquely differentiated image. Second, all carriers applied their own symbolic color to their uniform. Third, logo or symbol was adopted as a pattern on scarf in the two Korean companies but it didn't take effect practically. For those Asian carriers, embroidery was used on jacket, jumper and collar. They utilized even a merchandising character to put emphasis on airline image. Fourth, diverse petty items with a decorative effect were used in the case of Korean low cost carriers. In the changing period of uniform, nothing much was changed and remained almost the same as before. Those in the Asian region were characterized with the smallest number of items and the preclusion of decorative add-ons on uniform.

This research investigated the relationship among Korean Wave Cultural Contents consumption of Korean food, Korean products, and Learning of the Korean language. The survey targeted non-Koreans who were either interested in or experienced Korean Wave Cultural Contents. Exactly 61.3% of subjects had traveled to Korea. The most common method of experiencing the Korean Wave was via the Internet (57.7%), followed by TV (21.1%) and Mobile (7.7%). The most popular Korean Wave Contents were K-pop (35.2%) and TV Dramas (31.0%). Movies were preferred in the Americas (3.63±0.83) and Asia (3.63±1.09), whereas K-pop was preferred in Asia (3.68±1.12) and games preferred in Europe (2.50±1.56). Regarding Korean food, most participants had tasted Kimchi (81.7%), followed by Bulgogi (74.6%), Bibimbap (66.9%), and Galbi (66.2%). According to the country-by-country survey, in the case of Galbi (p<0.05), Bibimbap (p<0.05), and Bulgogi (p<0.05), Asians had more experiences with Korean food compared to those from other regions. Meanwhile, in the case of satisfaction of Korean food, Bulgogi (4.22±1.05) was ranked highest, whereas Kimchi (3.85±1.15) was ranked lowest. According to the region-by-region survey, those from Oceania and other regions preferred Kimchi (4.25±0.71) and Bulgogi (4.50±4.50) while the Americas preferred Galbi (4.82±0.39) and Bibimbap (4.54±0.81). Bulgogi (2.76±0.06) was highly ranked as a representative Korean Food while Kimchi (2.44±0.71) was ranked the lowest. This research explained that among Korean Wave Cultural Contents, movies and music positively influenced on the ‘Image of Korea’, movies and K-pop effected ‘Purchasing intention of Korean products’, and TV Dramas, movies, and K-pop effected ‘Purchasing intention of Korean Food’.

This paper explores central Asia's area studies and mission strategy focused on culture and islam's identity. This articles attempts significance of the area studies in taking pursuit of mission strategy in Central Asia. By researching Central Asia's historical surroundings, cultural identity, islam’s ideas after break up Soviet Union, it enables us to take out the essence of the mission’s methods in this areas. This article explores examining particularly Central Asia's historical meaning of the Mongolian tradition and the origin of the Central Asia's peoples, study the ideas of the religious essence, above all Islam's fundamentalism and the religiopolitical strategies as a politics of discourse focused on the concept in Central Asia. The history of Central Asia has been about empires and tribes. The concept of nation to denote a triangular relationship among territory, ethnocultural identity, and political authority is very recent in this region. The causeandeffect links between geopolitics and national identification in Central Asia were revealed by religion and national identity. By this conception, we must design mission strategy. The process of religious identity and national identity and Central Asia’s geopolitics have been connected each other, and I emphasized strong significance on the connection of domestic political surroundings and mission strategy. The leap from culture to politics is made by portraying the nation at one moment as a cultural community, and at another, as a political community. Nationalists can build up the nation from different political events and economic surroundings to be fot their country have special culture identity. Chapter II examines cultural mapping as the essence in Central Asia's study. Chapter III reviews islam's identity in Central Asia. Chapter IV analyzes politics factor focused on international relations between the west, USA and the Russia government. The aim of this article is to present a general overview of the mission strategy in examining culture and the ideological concept of the newly governments in Central Asia dealing with the process of the Nation building and State building in this areas.

국제해사기구(IMO)의 해상인명안전조약(SOLAS)은 모든 선박이 필수적으로 공인 종이해도, 혹은 전자해도(ENC)를 탑재해야만 한다고 명시하고 있으며, 특히 안전성이 검증된 전자해도 디스플레이 시스템인 ECDIS의 사용을 장려하고 있다. 국제수로기구 내에서는 이러한 ECDIS에 사용되는 공인 전자해도 자료가 지역전자해도 관리센터(RENC)를 통해 보급되어야만 한다는 주장이 커지고 있다. 전 세계적으로 ECDIS의 사용이 일반화되면서, 유럽에 현존하는 두 RENC만으로는 부족하다는 문제점이 제기되었다. 특히, 급격한 경제성장과 더불어 증가하는 아시아 지역의 통항 량은 동아시아 RENC의 필요성을 증명하였다. 본 연구는 2012년에 발효되는 IMO의 ECDIS 강제탑재조건과 현재 RENC의 운영 상황을 바탕으로 RENC 역할의 정의함으로써, 동아시아 수로 위원회의 전략을 참고한 동아시아 지역 독자적 모델(Phase-In)을 통한 RENC 설립의 당위성 및 전략을 연구하였다.

Spatial and temporal variations of Yellow Dust source area and desertification in dryland regions of the Northeast Asia were evaluated based on extensive literature review on field and modeling evidences. In overall, Yellow Dust occurrence decreased since 1960s but it increased again in Mongolia and northeastern China after 2000s, the latter of which indicates eastward encroachment of major Yellow Dust source area for the last decade. The phenomena seem to coincide well with recent desertification of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Manchuria. Vegetation cover is evaluated as an important biophysical variable for controlling both dust occurrence and desertification, which considerably depends on both precipitation and livestock pastoralism. Hence, dryland sustainability should consider dynamic balancing between vegetation productivity and livestock utilization under varying climate and socio-economic situations, which requires socio-ecological perspective on sustainable dryland management.

국제해사기구(MO)의 해상인명안전조약(SOLAS)은 모든 선박이 필수적으로 공인 종이해도, 혹은 전자해도(ENC)를 탑재해야만 한다고 명시하고 있으며, 특히 안전성이 검증된 전자해도 디스플레이 시스템인 ECDIS의 사용을 장려하고 있다. 국제수로기구 내에서는 이러한 ECDIS에 사용되는 공인 전자해도 자료가 지역전자해도 관리센터(RENC)를 통해 보급되어야만 한다는 주장이 커지고 있다. 전 세계적으로 ECDIS의 사용이 일반화되면서, 유럽에 현

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that causes severe destruction to the central nerve system which is usually fatal. It is one of the most important disease around the world and particular in Asia because of the high costs of prevention and post-exposure treatment. After the recurrence of sylvatic rabies in 1993, the number of raccoon dog mediating rabies cases in Korea has maintained annually until 2011. To better understand the current rabies epidemics in Korea, Korean rabies isolate (SKRBV0601GY) from Gyeonggi province in 2006 was compared with previous isolates in Korea and with isolates originating from the North-East Asia, such as Japan, China and Russia, based on complete nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences. By comparison of the N genes among these viruses, SKRBV0601GY revealed that nucleotide similarity ranged from 97.7 to 99.7%, 96.4 to 97.5%, 91.4 to 96.3%, 89.2 to 90% and 86.1 to 88.1% with Korean isolates, "Arctic-like-2" viruses, "Arctic" viruses, Russian group C - E and Chinese isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the isolates revealed that the Korean isolate in 2006 belonged to Korean group B. The topology of the phylogenetic tree of Korean isolates related not the species and year of isolation but the geological location of the virus isolates. All of the Korean isolates showed close relationship to the "Arctic-like-2" virus (Russian group B) more than the "Arctic" virus (Russian group A) and all of the Chinese isolates (Chinese group A, B and C). The "Arctic-like-2" virus group contains the Japanese isolate and Russian group B viruses, originating from the south of East Siberia and Far East in Russia. These molecular data demonstrated that the current rabies epizootic in Korea developed independently of Chinese groups and originated from the "arctic-like-2" viruses in detail.

본 연구에서는 신뢰성 있는 국가표준 지역기후변화 시나리오 생산을 위해 현재기후에 대한 SNURCM과 WRF의 재현성을 검증하였다. 국립기상연구소에서 생산된 HadGEM2-AO 전구자료를 지역기후모형의 경계조건으로 사용하여 CORDEX 규준 하에 28년(1978-2005)간의 장기적분을 수행하였다. 두 모형은 연평균 지표 온도 분포를 관측과의 공간상관계수가 0.98 이상으로 매우 높은 일치성을 나타내었지만, 모형 영역의 북쪽 경계를 중심으로 한랭 편차를 공통적으로 보였다. 강수의 경우 또한 육지 지역을 대상으로 한 관측과의 공간 상관 계수는 SNURCM이 0.85, WRF가 0.79로 나타나 우수한 모의 결과를 보였다. 두 모형에서 모의된 강수 분포는 적도와 중위도 지역 간에 상반되는 특성을 보였다. SNURCM은 WRF에 비교하여 중위도 동아시아 몬순 강수대의 분포를 적도 지역의 강수대보다 상대적으로 잘 모의하였으나, WRF는 그 반대의 결과를 나타내었다. 여름철(JJA) 보다 봄철(MAM)에 과다 모의되었지만 모의된 강수 분포의 일치성은 봄철에 높게 나타났다. 세부영역 별 분석에서 두 모형은 7월 강수 최대 시점과 양을 비교적 정확히 모의하였고, 특히 내륙 지역 강수량의 모의 정확도가 해양에 영향 받는 지역보다 높았다. 모의결과는 한반도 상의 높은 일평균 지표온도일수와 강한 강수일수를 표현하는데 한계를 보였다.