This research analyzedconsumer culture and usage of sugar in modern times based on 12 modern popular Korean cooking books with sugar recipes. Procedures were formed via textual analysis. The outcomes of the study can be summarized in brief statements. According to「Banchandeungsok」,「Booinpilj」, and「Chosunmoossangsinsikyorijebeob」, sugar was utilized in 34 out of 663 or 5.1% of cooked foods during the 1910s to 1920s. According to books such as 「Ganpyounchosunyorijebeob」,「Ililhwalyongsinyoungyangyoribeob」,「Chosun’s cooking of the four seasons」,「Halpaengyoungoo」, 「Chosunyorijebeob」, and 「Required reading for housewife」, sugar was added to 165 out of 998 or 16.5% of cooked foods during the 1930s. According to the books like「Chosunyorihak」,「Chosunyoribeob」, and「Woorieumsik」, sugar was an ingredient in 241 out of 756 or 31.9% of cooked foods during the 1940s. Sugar depicted within the 12 modern popular Korean cooking books primarily functioned as an alternative sweetener, starch, sweet enhancer, preservative, and seasoning. Similar to illustrated sugar from modern popular Korean cooking books, sugar has continually been favored by Korean cooks starting from the 1910s with 5.1% usage, the 1930s with 16.5% usage, and the 1940s with 31.9% usage. Despite its short history, sugar’s culinary importance in Korea has been on the rise ever since the early 1900s. Although sugar is an exotic spice in Korea, it has gained social, cultural, and symbolic recognition as well as practicality within Korean food culture. Thus, it has become more internalized and familiarized as an inseparable sweetness that characterizes current Korean food.

본 연구는 선교적 교회론이 도전하고 있는 “소비자 중심의 교회”를 만들어낸 산업시대 패러다임을 비평하고, 요한계시록의 어린양 리더십 을 통해 발견되는 “관계적” 리더십 신학을 제안하는데 그 목적이 있다. 선교적 교회론이 정면으로 도전하고 있는 “소비자 중심의 교회”는 그 주요한 특성인 “거래적 방식”을 통해 교회의 본질을 성공적으로 파괴해 왔다. 소비자 중심의 교회는 로스트(Joseph C. Rost)가 파악한 산업시 대 패러다임의 연장선에 있으며 그 뿌리는 요한계시록 17장의 음녀의 특성을 관통하여 이사야 14장의 “아침의 아들 계명성”(14:12)으로 상징된 루스벨(Lucifer)의 정신까지 다다른다. 루스벨과 음녀는 둘 다 거래적 방식으로 리더십을 행사 또는 확보하고 있다. 선교적 교회론이 하나의 방법론이 아니라 교회의 본질을 회복하는 것이라는 반복된 주장은 “음녀”로 상징된 타락한 교회를 향하여 “거기서 나”(계 18:4)오 라는 하늘의 외침과 일맥상통한다. 거래적 방식으로 지도력을 확보하고 힘과 권위를 행사하는 음녀의 활동은 요한계시록의 중심인 어린양의 리더십에 정면으로 대치된다. 상하계급구조(hierarchy) 속에서 더 높은 위치를 점하려는 루스벨의 태도는 기독교왕국(Christendom)으로 특징되는 교회역사의 정점마다 지도자들의 리더십을 통하여 때로는 노골적으로 때로는 교묘하게 드러났다. 그 결과 어린양의 이미지를 통해 십자가에서 계시되었던 하나님의 성품은 거래적 방식으로 우위를 점하려는 교회지도자들을 통해 심각하게 왜곡되었다. 요한계시록에 나타난 어린양의 리더십은 세속적인 리더십과 근본적으로 출발점이 다름을 보여주고 있다. 세속적 리더십 이론들이 “생산성”과 “효율성” 제고를 목표로 하고 있다면, 어린양의 리더십은 삼위일체 하나님 사이의 “관계”에 기초한 “사랑의 관계”에 기초하고 있다. 요한계시록은 관계 중심의 선교적 리더십이 하나님의 선교에 참여하는 종말론적 교회의 특징이 되어야 함을 계시한다.

This study introduced 「Dongchundang Eumsikbeop」and examined its value as a reference. 「Dongchundang Eumsikbeop」is a recipe book from the Head House of Eunjin Song Clan. As the author is unknown, the book is named after where it was found.「Dongchundang Eumsikbeop」records the recipes for 32 total foods, including 12 types of fermented foods, eight types of liquor, and six types of side dishes, etc. In「Jusiksiui」, written by the same clan 100 years before, fermented foods account for 15% of its contents. On the other hand, this book assigns 34% of its space to fermented foods. It is assumed that the recipe book must have been compiled according to what households ate the most, as hostesses had to cook for their households due to financial difficulties at the time. In「Dongchundang Eumsikbeop」, baking soda and alum were used as leavening agents for confectionery while sugar-based caramelizing was used for making soy sources, implying that modern food techniques were already applied. In short, this book provides a glimpse into the wisdom of hostesses of the Head House who improved recipes to suit changing times while adhering to tradition.

Emotion has been discussed as a key element in the purchase decision process across several products and services by several researchers (Bagozzi, Gopinath, & Nyer, 1999; Kang, Jin, & Gavin, 2010; Lee & Park, 2013). Although a variety of products and services have been utilized to address the relationship between emotions and the purchase decision process, books, especially an online-book purchase environment, have been neglected in existing research of the relationship between emotions and the purchase decision process. Thus, the purposes of this study are 1) to investigate how book covers influence consumers’ purchase decisions in an online setting, 2) to examine the influence of two different criteria of book covers (the color of the book cover and the picture or photo on it) on consumers’ emotions of delight, and 3) to explore the cross-cultural differences (i.e., Japan vs. France) in the online book purchase decision process. Emotion is referred to “an affective, subjective, experimental, temporary, multidimensional phenomenon and a source of motivation caused by exogenous factors to the individual that interact with the process of treatment of the collected information for the purpose of experience of consumption” (Graillot, 1998, p. 12). In marketing, emotion is considered to be the beginning of the choice made by consumers (Derbaix & Pham, 1989), and many researchers have tried to find dimensions of emotion which better explain the consumer’s purchase decision process, such as circumstances (e.g., hope, relief, and joy), external cues (e.g., like, dislike, and anger), or self-created cues (e.g., regret, shame, and guilt) (Roseman, Antoniou, & Jose, 1996). In order to fill in gaps from previous research, in this study we present the following research hypotheses: H1: There will be a positive relationship between the color of the book cover and the consumer’s emotion of delight when purchasing a book from an online bookstore. H2: There will be a positive relationship between the picture or photo on the book cover and the consumer’s emotion of delight when purchasing a book from an online bookstore.H3: There will be a positive relationship between the consumer’s emotion of delight and a book’s perceived usefulness when purchasing a book from an online bookstore. H4: There will be a positive relationship between a book’s perceived usefulness and the purchase of the book. H5: The impact of the book cover on the purchase decision process will vary by country. Japan and France were chosen as the countries for the study as they are significantly similar in terms of the size of the book market on the global stage (Oricon, 2015), however the two countries are very dissimilar in terms of culture. In addition, there is no existing research that compares consumers in these two countries in an online book purchase setting. A total of 398 usable date sets were collected in Japan (n = 191) and France (n = 207) using a questionnaire survey. Two sets of questionnaires were developed in Japanese and French for the respondents and the respondents were randomly chosen for this study. All measurement items of each construct (i.e., the importance of the color of the book cover, the importance of the picture on the book cover, the emotions of delight, the perceived usefulness of the book, and the book purchase) were adopted from previous studies and measured using a 5-point Likert scale. To test the proposed research framework, in this study we developed a structural equation modeling method. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test construct validity, which showed satisfactory evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Based on Table 1, there is no significant relationship between the color of the book cover and the emotion of delight, therefore Hypothesis 1 was rejected. On the other hand, Hypotheses 2 (the relationship between the picture on the cover and the emotion of delight), Hypotheses 3 (the relationship between the emotion of delight and a book’s perceived usefulness), and Hypotheses 4 (the relationship between a book’s perceived usefulness and the book purchase) were found to be statistically significant. Finally, Hypothesis 5, indicating that the impact of the book cover on the purchase decision process varies across countries, was supported. In other words, the χ² difference test between the two countries revealed that an unconstrained model indicated a significantly better model fit than a fully constrained model (Δχ²(7) = 117.58, p < .001), indicating the evidence of differences in the path relationships between the two countries (Laukkanen et al., 2013). Since Hypothesis 5 was indicated to be significant, a further analysis of each path from Hypothesis 1 to Hypothesis 4 was conducted. This revealed that only the relationship between a book’s perceived usefulness and the book purchase was significantly different by country (Δχ²(1) = 3.91, p < .05). The study provides meaningful academic implications. This study examines the influence of the book cover on consumers’ emotions, which lead to the actual purchase of the book in an online setting and accurately explains the role of consumers’ emotions in the relationship. Furthermore, this study proved that the relationship between the book’s perceived usefulness and the purchase of the book was different by country. Given this, marketers should develop tailored marketing strategies for the two countries. For French consumers, practitioners should focus more on the usefulness of the book itself, such as the meaning of the book to readers, the impact of the book on readers, the potential for improving reader’s knowledge andhappiness, etc. In other words, marketers should emphasize and promote the concept of the usefulness of the book itself rather than the design components, such as the color of the book cover. Additionally, consumers’ emotions of delight have a significant role on the online book purchase decision, therefore promoting and arousing consumers’ positive emotions, for example, with music, easy transactions, easy access, etc., may be critical while shopping for books online.

This study explores the original text of a Korean recipe book written in the 17th century, which is hitherto unknown to food-related societies, and analyzes the characteristics of the recipes in this book. Choi’s recipes in Jasonbojoen (子孫寶傳) are significant, as it is a rare instance of a Korean cookbook written by a woman-few pre-17th century recipe books of this type are known to have survived. This study made some important discoveries after analyzing this book. First, by using pasqueflower and cockscomb, it was possible to identify the era-specific characteristics of kimchi recipes from the 1400s until after the 1700s. Second, this book has historical value, as it shows that the combination of kimchi with cockscomb and the recipe for stuffed eggplant kimchi made only with a small portion of garlic and salt have existed for longer than was previously believed. Third, this book can serve as a valuable database for studies on historical changes in Korean food recipes, as the recipes in this book besides those related to kimchi are representative of recipes in cookbooks before the 17th century. Additionally, it appears that some recipes in the book use very unique minor ingredients that cannot be found in other books.

Cinema is a medium which develops narrative by image and sound. In Digital cinema times, it began to use diverse digital language to arrange diverse images in one screen image. The director Peter Greenaway uses digital hieroglyph to express diverse images in one shot. Pillow Book adopts skins to write letters (Hanzi) and develops narrative. By writing on screen space of skin this space transforms into Haptic space. In this movie Nakico’s father writes her name in her face. This writing name considers as creating rite which God creates human beings and gives their name. It becomes a rite in her birthdays. Her father's sister reads Pillow Book which does as a servant in a kingdom. Nakico always a writer who can write on her face and marries her husband who is a son of bookstore. But he does not write her name on her face and tears up her books. She divorces her husband and begins to work as a model in Paris. She happens to meet Jerome who tries to write her name on her face. But she does not satisfy because of her bad caligraphy and Jerome asks her to write letters on his skin. Afterwards, she became a writer and makes 13 pillow books. In this end part Nakico does writing rite on her daughter. The rite of writing of name on her daughter becomes a continuous task of family and a way of developing narrative.

동한(東漢) 비각에는 적지 않은 『시경(詩經)』의 내용이 인용되어 있으나, 직금 전해지는『시경(詩經)』과는 다른 이문(異文)을 형성하고 있다. 이문의 유형은 통 자가, 고금자, 이체자, 동의환용(同義換用), 탈문(脫文) 등이다. 동한 시기의 비문 은 주로 “삼가시(三家詩)”를 인용하고 있는 것이다.

東漢碑刻引用了不少《詩經》成句，與今本《詩經》形成異文。異文類型有通假字、古今字、異體字、同義換用、脫文等。本文擬對這些異文進行較為全面的整理研究，研究目的主要有兩個：第一，漢碑作為實物文字資料，保留了當時的用字情況，對於這些用字方面的差異進行研究，可以從一個角度揭示當時社會的具體用字情況。第二，通過與已有其他《詩經》版本的比較，可以從一個方面瞭解當時社會使用《詩經》版本的情況。 示例：《校官碑》：“布政優優。” 《詩經·商頌·長髮》：“敷政優優。” 按：《韓詩外傳》引《詩》同今本《詩經》。《春秋左傳·成公二年》、《春秋左傳·昭公二十年》、《春秋繁露·偱天之道》、大徐本《說文解字》“憂”下、《孔子家語·正論解》等引《詩》均作“布政優優”，與東漢碑刻相同。《史記》引《尚書》“敷”字多作“布”。“布”與“敷”通。《山海經·海內經》：“禹、鯀是始布土定九州。”郭注：“布猶敷也。《書》曰堯敷土，定高山大川。”

In this article, contained numerical aspects of Classics written in Classical Chinese which selected in text book of middle school curriculum of Korea, China, Japan. This is the study for review the actual aspect of the cultural elements that shared in the cultural area of Chinese character, and analyze the culturally influences the lives of subsequent generations  First, the Classic works presented in the textbook case of Korea, contained the Korean writer’s works to the 80% level, the other 20% works are Chinese writers’. In Japan, It contains 30% of the works of native writers, and the remaining 70% are scriptures of Confucianism like the Analects of Confucius or the poetry and prose of Tang and Song dynasty. In the case of China, entirely contains the works of its own. In the case of Korea, compare to China and Japan, the proportion of the scriptures of Confucianism or the poetry and prose of Tang and Song dynasty are significantly less. In this paper, I placed out the view of its causes.  The subject of Classical Chinese has been the auxiliary role of Korean language. The number of extant remains of pre‐modern Korean literary works is markedly less. Thus, unlike Korean and Classical Chinese has been the role of Korean Studies in different ways.  To emerge as the cultural area of Classical Chinese, the three nations of East Asia have to make standard of the Classical Chinese textbook and this work should come before as ground work for reunion. With these ideas, I suggest “How to configure standard of the Classical Chinese textbooks” are as follows: As is common in the textbooks of the Three nations Classical Chinese textbook, for example, such as ‘the Analects of Confucius’ and ‘the poetry and prose of Tang and Song dynasty’, should be chosen up to 40% of its whole. And then three countries, Korea, China and Japan select the works which represent of its own country by 20% each. Based on this, if performed Classic Chinese lessons, cultural foundation of the three nations of East Asia can be redefined, and even to establish a common understanding based on the Cultural commonalities, to make the standard of Classical Chinese text book may be the key. 

Revelation was written by the apostle John during the reign of Roman emperor Domitianus(AD 81-96). This book is an epistle to seven churches in Minor Asia. The book of Revelation was written to encourage Christians to have victory over Satan and the evil powers during times of persecution. The Roman Empire required Christians to worship the emperors. Christians were persecuted because they refused to worship the emperor as lord. Revelation is relevant to missions in that Jesus Christ died for all humankind whether Jews or Gentile. All tribe, tongue, people, and nation will gather together to praise the Lord, the Lamb of God. Jesus’ death provided atonement for sinners regardless of race, tongue, people, and nation. Jesus’ death and resurrection provided the way for all people groups to enter the kingdom of God. Whoever believes in Jesus Christ will enter the new earth and the heaven. Revelation highlights martyrdom in the midst of persecution and suffering under the rule of Roman Empire. Christians endured persecution by keeping faith in Jesus Christ and expecting His second coming with the holy angels to judge the evil and destroy Satan’s reign. As Tertullian said, “martyr’s blood is the seed of church,” Revelation encouraged Christians to maintain their eschatological faith and spread the gospel in the midst of persecution by the Roman Empire. Revelation maintains that the slaughtered Lamb of God is worthy to open the scroll and break it’s seals. Jesus Christ is praised and worshipped by angels, living creatures, and elders. Jesus is glorified because He was slain to save the sinners. He is worthy to receive power, wealth, wisdom, honor, glory, and might because His blood provided a ransom for humankind providing propitiation to God. Jesus will be worshipped by all the saints from every tribe, language, people, and nation. Revelation shows that God’s cosmic sovereignty has been challenged by Satan and his demons since Adam and Eve fell. Likewise, the church has been challenged by Satan when carrying out its mission mandate. Satan deceives the body of Christ causing the church to doubt God’s power and justice as well as God’s grace. The church must struggle with Satan in the world; however, God has the final victory over Satan. Revelation reveals that the history of salvation began with Eden but will end with the new earth and the heaven. God’s promise in protevangelium will be fulfilled in the city of New Jerusalem. The seven churches in Asia Minor had a strong hope that they would overcome Satan’s power although they struggled with Satan in the midst of persecution and affliction. The church today needs to endure necessary hardships in the course of carrying out God’s mission. God is always with Christ’s church. The Holy Spirit is working to accomplish God’s will for the church.a

Annotation. The Book of Changes (Y1 J1ng, Chzou I) is the oldest text which is largely defining constructions of thoughts, system of values and algorithm of human behavior in the culture of Far East and South-Eastern Asia. The aim of the article is to determine the understanding of Mind as a human cognition in this authoritative text taking into account Russian interpretation which was made by Y. K. Shutsky. This issue, which has not always stressed by scientists, accelerates philosophical-worldview significance of Y1 J1ng and helps to recognize some aspects of how world famous representatives of cultural cluster of Far East and South-Eastern Asia understand the Mind. The object of this article is interpretation of mind in the Book of Changes, which is an authoritative philosophical monument of Ancient China. The author proves that this text has a philosophical origin, not only according to its content, but also in its type of interaction with the reader. There are defined some textual elements of the Book of Changes, which allow to reconstruct the interpretation of mind, in many aspects relevant to the modern cultural situation.

漢文 敎科 敎育에서 經書의 經文은 많은 교육 내용을 포함하고 있다. 그러나 지금까지 경서 교육의 중요성에 비해 이에 관련된 연구는 많이 부족하였다. 필자 는 지금까지 교과서에 수록된 사서의 經文과 관련된 연구를 진행하던 중 몇 가지 큰 문제점을 발견하였다. 우선, 한문 교과서 경문 제시의 문제를 살펴보면, 첫째로 현재 중학교 1학년 교과서의 경서 단원 구성은 체계적이지 못했다. 경서 교육의 목표를 효율적으로 달성하기 위해서는 교과서의 단원들이 유기적으로 구성되어야 하고 교육 목표도 더욱 상세하게 진술해 주어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 懸吐․句讀의 제시 방법에 관한 구체적인 기준이 없는 문제를 확인할 수 있다. 이에 따라 한문 독해에서 懸吐․句讀의 제시방법에 대한 객관적 실험연구가 필요한 실정이다. 마지막으로 經文을 제시할 때 전체 경문을 제시하기보다는 대부분 斷章으로 제시하 고 있었다. 經文의 斷章이 잘못되었을 경우 經文의 의미를 제대로 파악할 수 없 는 문제가 발생한다. 즉, 효과적인 斷章에 대한 방안이 모색되어야 할 것이다. 다 음으로 한문 교과서 수록 경문의 난이도 문제이다. 현재 중학교 1학년에 수록된 사서 경문들은 겉으로 보이기는 쉬운 문장처럼 보이나 그 함의는 매우 깊다고 할 수 있다. 또한, 중학교 교과서의 수록 경문이나 고등학교 수록 경문의 차이는 극명 하게 나타나지는 않는다. 이는 사서 경문의 난이도에 대한 위계화가 이루어지지 못한 것이 가장 큰 이유이다. 따라서 객관적으로 경문의 수준을 위계화 하는 방안 이 필요하다. 이러한 문제점을 보다 체계적이고 객관적으로 접근하여 경서교육에 적용한다면 더욱 효과적인 교육이 이루어질 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

William Blake, regarded as one of the great Romantic poets, was a prolific painter, printer, and engraver as well. Yet, he did not receive due credit for his work during his time. For a long time, his graphic art and literature were treated in isolation from each other; literary critics focused only on his poems and art historians on his engravings or paintings. Recently, attempts to see his work, particularly his illuminated books, as a “composite art” or as a synthesis of word and image have increased. I will also consider his work as a kind of open text in a poststructuralists’ notion, which blurs the boundaries between them and encourages readings as textual performance. In this paper, I will first show how Blake differentiated himself from other painters, engravers, and publishers by devising his own way of creating and printing illuminated books. Next, focusing on his earlier work, Songs of Innocence and of Experience, I will briefly discuss the characteristics of his illustration and the content of his poems. Finally, I demonstrate how Songs makes for unique reading in which the reader is an ongoing participant in its textuality, crossing between words and words, and words and images. The advent of the Industrial Revolution brought with it an increase in mass publication, and the distinction between fine art and designs or craftsmanship was yet to be clarified. Against such distinction, Blake created a unique method of "relief-etching", through which he combined text and engraved illustration on a single copper plate and hand-colored the prints. Each copy thus remains a unique work of art. His illuminated books envision interdisciplinary and multimedia text and question the modern system of classification and hierarchies between poem and painting, painting and engraving, art and literature. In the images of Songs, we see Blake’s profound interest in Gothic art as “divine” work. For example, he persisted in using firm outlines that were characteristic of Gothic art. Like other Romantic poets, Blake believed the imagination and God’s spirit to be manifest in outline rather than color. The letter was regarded to be appealing to the sensuality of the eyes. On the other hand, the poems in Songs reflect the dialectical relationship and synthesis in which “innocence” might be wedded to “experience,” as its subtitle Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Souls implies. Songs is, however, not to be read by isolating the poems from the illustrations. In the introduction of Songs of Innocence, Blake proposed the intricate and conflicting relationship between speech, writing, and painting. The title page also suggests that children are not merely passive learners imitating the nurse’s reading but active readers-seers who may better understand Blake’s illuminated books. Further, this paper, after the examination of a few poems, attempts to show that the images do not necessarily illustrate the poems and can rather create a link between different parts of the text. This rejects the traditional critical hierarchy of word over image. Blake’s work indeed opens up an infinite vortex, that is, the textuality, as Roland Barthes or other post-structuralists might call it, and invites us to participate as active readers.