We assessed the effects of combining bio-char with straw residue mulching on the loss of soil soluble nutrients and citrus yield in sloping land. The two-year study showed that straw residue mulching (ST) and bio-char application combined with straw residue (ST+BC) can significantly reduce soil soluble nutrient loss when compared with the control treatment (CK). The comparative volume of the soil surface runoff after each of the treatments was as follows: CK > ST > ST + BC. Compared with the CK, the runoff volume of the ST was reduced by 13.6 % and 8.5 % in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Compared with the CK, combining bio-char with the ST application reduced the loss of soluble nitrogen and improved the soil total nitrogen content reaching a significant level in 2015. It dramatically increased the soil organic matter content over the two year period (36.3% in 2014, 50.6% in 2015) as well as the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) (16.6% in 2014 and 39.3% in 2015). Straw mulching combined with bio-char showed a trend for increasing the citrus yield.

Soybean straw (SS)-based activated carbon was employed as a precursor to prepare carbon molecular sieves (CMSs) via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique using methane as carbon source. Prior to the CVD process, SS was activated by 0.5 wt% ZnCl2, followed by a carbonization at 500°C for 1 h in N2 atmosphere. N2 (77 K) adsorption-desorption and CO2 (273 K) adsorption tests were carried out to analyze the pore structure of the prepared CMSs. The results show that increasing the deposition temperature, time or methane flow rate leads the decrease in N2 adsorption capacity, micropore volume and average pore diameter of CMSs. The adsorption selectivity coefficient of CO2/CH4 achieves as high as 20.8 over CMSs obtained under the methane flow rate of 30 mL min–1 at 800°C for 70 min. The study demonstrates the prepared CMSs are a candidate adsorbent for CO2/CH4 separation.

Food fortification is defined as the addition of nutrients at levels higher than those found in the original food to improve nutritional quality. Oyster mushrooms generally contain low calcium. This present study focused on the Ca absorption efficacy of Pleurotus florida using eggshell powder, oyster shell powder and agricultural lime. Various concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) of different calcium sources were added to the rice straw – based formulation. Duration of days from inoculation to mycelial colonization, primordial formation, fruiting body development were evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of Ca sources on the total yield and biological efficiency were also noted. Results revealed that addition of Ca sources on the formulated substrates generally lengthens time of mycelial ramification, primordial formation and fruiting body development. ESP-supplemented substrate generally increased the size of the cap but not greatly affected the stipe length and diameter of the fruiting bodies. On the other hand, the influence of addition of OSP increases cap size but decreases stipe length and diameter. Finally, for the incorporation of AGL, it was observed that size of cap of the fruiting bodies generally decreased in size, shortened the stipe and influence of AGL to the stipe diameter may vary depending on the concentration. Moreover, Ca supplementation increases the yield, biological efficiency and Ca content of P. florida. The highest yield from the substrate supplemented with eggshell powder was recorded at 8% concentration with 194.80g and biological efficiency of 36.26%. Substrate with 8% oyster shell powder resulted with the highest yield of 176.80g with biological efficiency of 33.92%. For agricultural lime supplemented substrate, the highest yield was observed in 6% concentration with 186.40g and biological efficiency of 35.51%. Optimum Ca content absorbed by P. florida was recorded in 6% ESP (140mg/100g dried sample), 10% OSP (105mg/100g dried sample) and 8% AGL (170mg/100g dried sample). These findings imply that addition of Ca on rice straw-based substrate can significantly improve yield, biological efficiency, and Ca content of the fruiting bodies.

This study was to research the relationships between rice straw degradation and changes of fibrolytic bacteria population during the in vitro rumen fermentation. Dry matter(DM) digestion of rice straw and population of fibrolytic bacteria were measured at the 0. 4, 8, 12 and 48 hours during the incubation. The populations of F. succinogenes. R. albus and R. flavefaciens were defined as log copy number of 16S rDNA by technical method of Quantitative real-time PCR. Total population of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus was sum of bactera attached on rice straw and suspended in medium. It's population was increased with incubation, reached top level of 29.0 Log copy No at the 24 hour and then decreased. In the meantime, DM digestion of rice straw showed the higher increasement from the 8 hour to the 24 hour than from the 0 hour to the 8 hour, and then a slowdown in increasing trend of digestibility. Attachments of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus were detected immediately after start of in vitro rumen incubation. At the same time, the colonized bacterial share were respectively 34.5%, 84.4% and 67.9% in total population. All of them was reached the highest colonized bacterial share above 94.7% at the 4 hour incubation. However population of attached bacteria was shown the highest level at the 12 hour or the 24 hour incubation. Kinetics of colonization were formed area of top speed from the 12 hour to the 24 hour and respectively reached 10.33, 9.28 및 8.30 Log copy No/h/g DM at the 24 hour by F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus. The kinetics of rice straw degradation was formed top level of 0.95% DM/h at the 24 hour. The present results gave clear evidence that degradation of rice straw was increased with the development of total fibrolytic bacteria in process of rumen fermentation. Also, their attachment was largely occurred immediately after insertion of rice straw, the colonized bacteria was actively proliferated, and then degradation of rice straw was maximized.

The objective of this study was to optimize analytical methods for ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) in rice straw silage and winter forage crops using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Samples free of mycotoxins were spiked with 50 μg/kg, 250 μg/kg, or 500 μg/kg of OTA and 300 μg/kg, 1500 μg/kg, or 3000 μg/kg of ZEA. OTA and ZEA were extracted by acetonitrile and cleaned-up using an immunoaffinity column. They were then subjected to analysis with UHPLC equipped with a fluorescence detector. The correlation coefficients of calibration curves showed high linearity (R2 ≧ 0.9999 for OTA and R2≧0.9995 for ZEA). The limit of detection and quantification were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.3 μg/kg, respectively, for OTA and 5 μg/kg and 16.7 μg/kg, respectively, for ZEA. The recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) of OTA were as follows: rice straw = 84.23~95.33%, 2.59~4.77%; Italian ryegrass = 79.02~95%, 0.86~5.83%; barley = 74.93~97%, 0.85~9.19%; rye = 77.99~ 96.67%, 0.33~6.26%. The recovery and RSD of ZEA were: rice straw = 109.6~114.22%, 0.67~7.15%; Italian ryegrass = 98.01~109.44%, 1.65~4.81%; barley = 98~113.53%, 0.25~5.85%; rye = 90.44~108.56%, 2.5~4.66%. They both satisfied the standards of European Commission criteria (EC 401-2006) for quantitative analysis. These results showed that the optimized methods could be used for mycotoxin analysis of forages.

The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is one of the major economical crops cultivated in Korea. This mushroom showed the 5th production to 11,493 M/T in 2014. This study examined changes in decomposition-related enzyme activity secreted by the microorganisms isolated from button mushroom composts. Among the isolated microorganisms, bacterial strains CY-36 were the most dominant and had the highest enzyme activities. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed 99% similarity of CY-36 to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. To define the optimum conditions for the mass production of CY-36, we have investigated optimum culture conditions and effects of various nutrient source on the bacterial growth. The optimum initial pH and temperature were determined as pH 5.0~8.0 and 30°C, respectively. The optimal culture medium for the growth was determined as follows: 2.0% dextrin, 1.0% yest extract, 0.5% NaNO3, 3 mM MgSO4, and 0.6% valine. Enzymatic activities of CMCase and PGase secreted by CY-36 were the most prominent and CMCase activity were optimal at 40°C and pH 7.0, and PGase activity were 50°C and pH 6.0. The activity of CMCase was rapidly decreased at more than 4°C and pH 5.0, and the activity of PGase was rapidly decreased at more than 30°C but didn’t affect as pH change. Accordingly, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CY-36 was potentially useful on the fermentation stimulation and softening of rice straw in the process of fermentation for mushroom cultivation.

This study examined changes in decomposition-related enzyme activity secreted by the microorganisms isolated from button mushroom composts. Among the isolated microorganisms, bacterial strains CY-24 were the most dominant and had the highest enzyme activities. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed 97% similarity of CY-24 to Bacillus licheniformis. To define the optimum conditions for the mass production of CY-24, we have investigated optimum culture conditions and effects of various nutrient source on the bacterial growth. The optimum initial pH and temperature were determined as pH 6.0 and 30°C, respectively. The optimal culture medium for the growth was determined as follows: 0.3% mannose, 1.5% yest extract, 0.8% (NH4)2HPO4, 2 mM MnSO4, and 0.5% asparatic acid. Enzymatic activities of CMCase and PGase secreted by CY-24 were the most prominent and CMCase activity were optimal at 50~60°C and pH 6.0, and PGase activity were 60°C and pH 6.0. The activity of CMCase was inhibited by metal ions including Ca+ and Cu+, while the activity of PGase didn’t affect. The activity of CMCase was rapidly decreased at more than 30°C and pH 7.0, and the activity of PGase didn’t affect as temperature change but was rapidly decreased at more than pH 5.0. Accordingly, This strain was potentially useful on the fermentation stimulation and softening of rice straw in the process of fermentation for mushroom cultivation.

본 연구는 충남 천안 국립축산과학원 식용벼 재배지에서 2012년부터 2013년까지 정상적으로 벼 재배가 이루어지고 수확이 완료된 볏짚을 이용하여 수행하였다. 젖산균 접종 유무에 따라 볏짚사일리지의 사료가치 변화는 나타나지 않았으나 클로렐라 처리구는 대조구에 비해 현저하게 조단백질 함량이 증가하였다(p<0.05). 그리고 클로렐라 농도의 증가에 따라 조단백질 함량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 모든 처리구에서 섬유소와 TDN 함량 및 in vitro 소화율은 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 그리고 젖산균 접종 유무에 따라 볏짚사일리지의 pH 및 유기산 함량 변화는 나타나지 않았으며 클로렐라 처리구도 무처리구에 비해 pH 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 클로렐라 처리구에서 젖산함량은 무처리구에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였으며 클로렐라 농도의 증가에 따라 젖산함량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 젖산균 단독접종구의 젖산균 수는 무처리구에 비해 현저하게 증가하였으며(p<0.05), 클로렐라 농도의 증가에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 그러나 효모와 곰팡이 수는 비슷한 수준을 나타냈다. 그러므로 볏짚사일리지의 사료가치와 품질은 클로렐라 첨가에 의해서 향상될 수 있다.

본 연구는 한국에서 분리한 송곳니구름버섯 (Irpex consors) 균사체의 에탄올 생산 가능성을 탐색하기 위해 수행되었다. 송곳니구름버섯의 균사체를 당이 함유된 배지에 접종하여 에탄올 생산량을 측정하였다. 포도당, 만노오스, 자일로스 등 단당류와 셀로비오스 등의 이당류가 각각 1 g 함유된 발효배지에 송곳니구름버섯의 균사체를 접종하고 배양한 결과 각각의 이들 당류에서 0.23, 0.19. 0.21, 0.17 g의 에탄올이 생산되었다. 또한 볏짚을 열수, 3% 가성소다, 3% 황산용액으로 각각 전 처리한 후 송곳니구름버섯의 균사체를 접종하고 배양한 결과 1 g의 볏짚은 각각 0.12, 0.15, 0.19 g의 에탄올로 전환되었다. 본 실험을 통해 송곳니구름버섯의 균사체는 여러 종류의 환원당을 이용해 에탄올을 생산할 수 있는 것은 물론 열수, 가성소다 및 황산으로 전 처리한 볏짚을 에탄올로 전환하는 것도 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 송곳니구름버섯 균사체의 에탄올 생산 수율을 본 실험의 결과 보다 높일 수 있다면 당류뿐 만아니라 볏짚을 비롯한 리그닌셀룰로오스의 바이오매스를 이용해 바이오에탄올을 효율적으로 생산해 우리나라 에너지 수요를 자급하는데 큰 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate quality characteristics of the Cheonggukjang produced using rice straw-derived Bacillus cereus free starter culture (RiBS1). The Cheonggukjang was prepared in 0.1 and 1.0% inoculum concentrations of starter culture and fermented from 12 hr to 72 hr at 40 and 50℃. Amino-nitrogen contents after 48 hr fermentation were 559.6~590.2 mg% and 393.8~494.0 mg% at 40 and 50℃, respectively. Sensory evaluation showed that the Cheonggukjang fermented using RiBS1 starter for 48 hr at 50℃ was better than the control. And we inspected on B. cereus and biogenic amine in the Cheonggukjang produced using RiBS1 starter. As a results, B. cereus was not detected and histamine and tyramine of biogenic amine were 5.53 ± 0.13 ~ 39.96 ± 0.62 mg/ kg. This research results showed that rice straw-derived B. cereus free starter culture (RiBS1) will be produce the Cheonggukjang with good flavour and taste.

Straw board is renewable natural building material with the advantages of green environmental protection, strong applicability. But it hadn't been promoted because of many reasons such as technology and economy. Through the analysis ofthe unique advantages and the recent new cases of straw board buildings in Harbin, and the current obstacles to application. The effective ways and the feasible solutions to promote sustainable straw board buildings are summarized.

본 시험은 육성기 흑염소에 있어서 조사료원이 볏짚 위 주일 때, 농후사료 급여 수준이 발육, 사료이용성 및 경제 성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 육성기 암 컷 흑염소 40두를 공시하여 농후사료 급여수준을 체중의 1.5% (T1), 1.8% (T2), 2.1% (T3) 및 자유채식구(T4)로 나누 어 급여 하였고 조사료원은 볏짚을 자유채식 하도록 하였 다. 그 결과, 일당 증체량은 T1 (1.5%), T2 (1.8%), T3 (2.1%) 및 T4(자유채식)구가 각각 50.23, 60.37, 71.46 및 98.90 g으로 농후사료의 급여 수준이 높아질수록 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.05), 조사료인 볏짚의 사료 섭취량은 농후사 료 급여수준이 증가 할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 경제성 분석에 있어서 육성기 흑염소 경영 비는 농후사료를 1.5%, 1.8%, 2.1% 및 자유 채식하였을 때 각각 46,704원, 49,998원, 54,701원 및 74,613원으로 농후사 료의 급여수준이 증가할수록 경영비는 증가하였다. 이는 증체량에 있어서 T4(자유채식)구가 가장 많이 증가하였지 만 T3 (2.1%)구보다 사료비에 있어서 두당 19,912원 더 많 이 들었다. 이상의 시험 결과를 종합하여 고려할 때, 육성 기 흑염소에 있어서 조사료 원이 볏짚 단용일 경우에는 농 후사료를 2.1% 수준으로 급여하는 것이 가장 바람직할 것 으로 사료 된다.

Straw board is renewable natural building material with the advantages of green environmental protection, strong applicability. But it hadn’t been promoted because of many reasons such as technology and economy. Through the analysis of the unique advantages and the recent new cases of straw board buildings in Harbin, and the current obstacles to application, The effective ways and the feasible solutions to promote sustainable straw board buildings are summarized.

본 연구는 국내 생산 볏짚의 곰팡이독소 오염 실태를 파악하기 위하여 벼의 생육 단계별, 볏짚의 보관 형태별 및곤포사일리지의 지역별 오염을 조사하였다. 수확하기 전논에서 생장 중인 벼에서 곰팡이독소 및 곰팡이 오염이 확인되었다. 벼의 생장 초기에는 deoxynivalenol (297 μg/kg)이발견되었고, 중기에는 ochratoxin A (1.8 μg/kg) 및 deoxynivalenol(264 μg/kg)이 오염되어 있었다. 그리고 수확시기에는 deoxynivalenol (190 μg/kg) 및 zearalenone (168 μg/kg)이오염되어 있었다. 그리고 곰팡이 오염은 생장 초기에는 103－4cfu/g 그리고 생장 중기와 수확시기에는 104－5 cfu/g 이었다.오염된 곰팡이로는 Fusarium sp., Fusarium proliferatum,Penicillium sp., Gibberella sp., Gibberella zeae, Mucorcircinelloides, Aspergillus oryzae 등 다양한 종류가 발견되었다. 사료용 볏짚의 통 볏짚단, 사각 볏짚단 및 곤포사일지 등 저장 방법에 따른 오염된 mycotoxin을 조사하였을때 zearalenone, deoxynivalenol 및 ochratoxins A가 검출되었다. 통 볏짚단의 곰팡이독소 오염도는 23%이었고, 사각볏짚단과 곤포사일지지는 각각 38%가 오염되어 있었다. 그리고 105점의 볏짚 곤포사일리지에서 곰팡이독소를 분석하였을 때 46%의 샘플에서 곰팡이독소가 발견되었고, 지역적으로는 경기, 강원, 충청, 영남 및 호남지역에서 각각 48,33, 40, 50 및 57%의 샘플이 오염되어 있었다. 2가지의 곰팡이독소(zearalenone, deoxynivalenol)가 발견된 충청지역을제외한 모든 지역의 볏짚 곤포사일리지에서 3가지의 곰팡이독소(zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxins A)가 발견되었다. Ochratoxins A의 오염 수준은 전체적으로 2.6 μg/kg으로 충청지역에서는 발견되지 않았지만 호남지역은 3.0μg/kg으로 다른 지역보다 높았다. Deoxynivalenol의 오염수준은 전체적으로 413 μg/kg으로 충청지역이 800 μg/kg로가장 높았고, 다른 지역은 246 μg/kg에서 433 μg/kg의 수준으로 발견되었다. 그리고 zearalenone은 전체적으로 338 μg/kg으로 경기지역이 168 μg/kg로 다른 지역보다 낮았고, 강원과 호남지역이 각각 467 μg/kg과 442 μg/kg으로 높았다.이상의 연구 결과는 볏짚은 수확하기 전 벼의 생장 기간에도 곰팡이독소 및 곰팡이 오염에 노출되어 있으며, 볏짚의보관 형태 및 지역에 상관없이 곰팡이독소의 오염이 발생할 수 있음을 명확히 시사한다. 따라서 안전하고 질 좋은조사료를 확보하기 위해서는 이들 곰팡이독소 관련 더 구체적 연구와 대책관련 탐구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할것으로 사료된다.

A study was conducted to determine the dietary effects of Na-bentonite (NaB) and probiotics on meat characteristics and health of Hanwoo steers fed rice straw as a sole roughage source. A total of 24 growing Hanwoo steers (avg BW 232 kg) were assigned to two treatments which included a control diet (concentrate mix and rice straw) and a treatment diet (control diet + 0.5-1.0% NaB + 0.5-1.0% probiotics. The diets were fed for 22 months up to the time the animals were slaughtered. Dietary treatment increased (p<0.05) concentrations of trace minerals such as Zn, Cu, and Fe in the longissimus muscle compared to the control. The treatment diet did not affect cold carcass weight, yield traits such as backfat thickness, longissimus muscle area, yield index, yield grade and quality traits such as marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture, maturity and quality grade. Blood profiles of growing steers were within the normal ranges for healthy cattle. In conclusion, feeding a combination of clay mineral and probiotics to Hanwoo steers fed rice straw as a sole roughage source could have a desirable effect on improving trace mineral retention in longissimus muscle without any deleterious effects on carcass traits of steers.

본 연구는 흑염소 비육에 있어서 조사료원이 볏짚 단용인 경우 농후사료 급여수준이 흑염소의 사료섭취량, 체중변화, 도체특성 및 경제성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 비육 흑염소 40두를 공시하여 농후사료 급여수준을 체중의 1.5% (T1), 2.0% (T2, 농가관행), 2.5% (T3) 및 자유채식구(T4)로 나누어 급여 하였고 조사료는 볏짚을 자유채식 시켰으며그 결과는 다음과 같다. 볏짚인 조사료 섭취량은 농후사료 급여수준이 증가 할수록 감소하였으며, 흑염소의 일당증체량은 체중대비 농후사료 급여수준 1.5, 2.0, 2.5% 및 자유채식구가각각 22, 50, 69 및 94 g으로 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(p <0.05). 비육 흑염소의 도체율은 농후사료 급여수준을 체중비 1.5, 2.0, 2.5% 및 자유채식 시켰을 때 각각 41.77, 42.78, 46.12 및 49.78%로농후사료 급여 수준이 증가할수록 증가하였으며(p<0.05), 지방률도 농후사료 급여수준이 증가 할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다. 경제성 분석에서는 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 소득은 증가하였으며, 자유채식구가 두당 34,270원으로 가장 소득이 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합적으로 고려할 때 조사료 자원이 볏짚 단용일 경우 비육 흑염소의 농후사료 급여 수준은자유채식 시키는 것이 사료이용성, 발육, 도체율 및 경제성에서 가장 유리할 것으로 사료되며, 흑염소의 비육을 위한 조사료 자원으로서볏짚 단용은 농후사료비의 가중을 가져오므로앞으로는 흑염소 비육을 위한 새로운 조사료자원의 개발이 필요하다고 하겠다.

There are diverse methods of cryopreservation of mammalian embryos with variable degrees of success. Although cryopreservation technique of mammalian embryos has been advanced, freezing stress affect to cellular event such as apoptosis and autophage in embryos. The objective of the study is to investigate the affection of to survival, development, live offspring, apoptosis and autophagy on embryo. Mouse embryos were vitrified and thawed using normal straw and modified cut standard straw (M-CSS), then in vitro cultured until blastocyst stage and transferred to recipient. Recovery rates (100 vs 99.2%), survival rates (99.2 vs 78.6%), developmental rates (18.4 vs 10.7%), total cell numbers (45 vs 37), preganacy rates (34.5 vs 25%) and offspring numbers (10.1 vs 4.9 %) of M-CSS group are significantly higher than those of normal straw vitrified group. Also, rate of apoptosis in blastocysts developed using M-CSS (1.9%) was significantly lower than using normal straw vitrification (2.7%). Apoptosis-related gene, caspase 3, was expressed at the highest level in blastocysts derived from normal straw group. However, no differences of autophagy related gene, Atg6 and expression of LC3 between normal straw and M-CSS groups were observed. In conclusion, the standard vitrification procedure induces mitochondrial apoptosis in zygotes in an autophagy-independent manner, whereas the novel M-CSS procedure may improve embryo vitrification.

본 연구는 국내 생산 사료용 볏짚 곤포사일리지의 수확 후 저장기간 동안 생성된 곰팡이 오염도 및 곰팡이 종류를 조사하고 mycotoxin 노출 유해성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 곰팡이 및 mycotoxin 오염을 조사하기 위하여 곰팡이 발생이 육안 식별이 안 되는 정상적인 것부터 오염이 심한 것까지 다양한 상태의 농가에서 급여하고 있는 33점의 볏짚 곤포사일리지 시료를 수거하여 조사하였다. 오염된 곰팡이는 흰색, 회색, 푸른색 및 검은 갈색 등 다양한 색

본 연구는 한약재 부산물을 조사료 대체 사료원으로서 사용하였을 때 발효기간에 따른 in vitro 발효 특 성을 조사하고자 수행되었다. 처리구는 대조구 (control), 한약재 부산물 20%와 볏짚 80% (T1), 한약재 부산물 40%와 볏짚 60% (T2), 한약재 부산물 50%와 볏짚 50% (T3), 그리고 한약재 부산물 100%와 볏짚 0% (T4)이었으며 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 및 72h 동안 처리당 3반복으로 in vitro 발효실험을 실 시하였다. 가스 발생량과 건물소화율은 시간이 지남에 따라, 그리고 한약재 부산물의 양이 많아짐에 따라 서 증가하는 경향이었으며, 특히 72시간에 T4가 가장 높았다 (P<0.05). 메탄 발생량 또한 비슷한 결과 로서 시간이 경과하고 한약재 부산물의 양이 많아짐에 따라 지속적으로 증가하였다 (P<0.05). pH는 5.39~6.80의 범위로 첨가량이 높아질 수록 유의적으로 낮아졌다 (P<0.05). 미생물 성장량은 발효 후 시 간이 경과함에 따라서 점차적으로 증가하였고, 첨가구가 control 보다 높았다 (P<0.05). CMCase, Xylanase 및 amylase 효소 활력은 처리구별 특정한 패턴이나 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 본 실험의 결과는 한약재 부산물이 가스발생량, 미생물성장량 및 건물소화율을 높이고 pH를 감소시키는 등의 효과를 주어 반추위 발효의 안정화 및 향상을 꾀할 수 있고, 효소 활력을 높임으로써 사료의 이용효율을 향상시킬 수 있다는 가능성을 보여 주었다