This study investigated how Korean EFL learners’ attentional allocation changes during task repetition with or without self-reflection and how this change affects their task performance. A total of 30 Korean high school students were divided into a task repetition only group, a task repetition with self-reflection group, and a comparison group. Each group repeated the same picture-based storytelling task according to its group condition and then performed a new task. Participants’ task performances were analyzed in terms of fluency, complexity, and accuracy and their retrospective interviews were categorized in order to explore their attentional allocation during task planning and performance. The results demonstrated that the learners placed most attention to conveying the message while planning and performing their first task. However, when repeating the same task, the learners paid more attention to structures and forms leading to improvement in complexity and accuracy. These learners were also more likely to employ strategies they had learned previously when doing a new task, which was helpful. Self-reflection raised learners’ awareness on the target form and positively influenced accuracy.

다나카 고키(1975년생)는 지난 2013년 제 55회 베니스 비엔날레에서 일본관 대표 작가로 선정되었다. 2011년 3월 11일, 동일본 대지진 이후에 준비된 첫 베니스 비엔날레였던 만큼, 그 해 일본관의 화두는 세계인들을 향해 재난에 대응하는 ‘일본’의 방식을 보여주는 것이었다. 작가는 3.11 대지진이 ‘일본’이라는 국가의 재앙이라고 할지라도 개개인에 따른 체험의 격차가 상당할 뿐 아니라, 아무리 공동체적 단결을 강조하더라도 과연 타인의 재앙에 공감하고 그 고통을 공유 하는 것이 가능한지에 대한 질문을 던졌다. 본 논문에서는 다나카 고키의 베니스 비엔날레 전시 와 이후의 일련의 프로젝트를 통해 동일본 대지진이 일본 사회에 일으킨 ‘공동체’의 가능성에 대 한 의심과 그 새로운 전망, 그리고 참여형 미술의 사회적 역할 등을 살펴보았다.

The present study examines the features of communicative functions in middle school English textbooks, identifying whether or not they are presented based on the spiral structure. It also compares the communicative functions of 15 different middle school English textbooks and investigates whether the National English Listening Tests (NELTs) reflect the communicative functions presented in the textbooks. Two corpora were compiled using the 15 middle school English textbooks and the NELTs, and they were analyzed using WordSmith Tools. The results show that all the textbooks included communicative functions that the National Curriculum recommends; however, the textbooks presented a limited number of functions. Nonetheless, the communicative functions were presented relatively in a spiral way. The majority number of communicative functions in the textbooks and the NELTs were similar to each other, but there were some functions in the tests that were not covered in the textbooks. These results imply that more diverse communicative functions should be included in textbooks in order to help improve students’ communicative competence. The communicative functions not presented in the textbooks should not be included in the NELTs.

홍콩은 중국으로의 귀환 이후 시행된 兩文三語정책 아래 소수 민족의 중국어 교육은 점점 더 중요시되고 있다. 비중국어권 학생들에게 어떻게 하면 더욱 효과적인 중국어 학습의 기초 단계를 학습하게 할 것인가는 매우 중요한 연구 과제가 되었다. 홍콩대학은 홍콩교육국의 연구 과제를 수주한 이후, 학교에서의 방과 후 중국어 학습을 지원하게 되었다. 중학교에서의 교육에 중점을 두고, 최근 일년 동안은 소학교까지 확대하였다. 본 연구는 「閱讀促進學習」(R2L)이라는 교수법 이 비중국어권 소학교 학습자들에게 어떤 효과를 보이는지를 집중적으로 논의하였다. 먼저 연구 초기에는 연구대상들의 작문 문제가 어디에 근거하였는지를 측정하였고, 「閱讀促進 學習」(R2L)이론에 근거하여 교육 설계를 시행하였다. 연구는 20개의 소학교 학생들을 대상으로 진행하였으며, 반 년간에 걸친 교육에서의 예측과 한자, 어휘, 구절과 전체 문장을 점층적으로 확대 하는 방법으로 학생들의 읽기 능력을 신장시킨 후, 마지막으로 실험 결과를 통해 이 학습법 시행 이전과 이후를 검토하여, ｢閱讀促進學習(R2L)이 어떻게 학생들의 읽기 능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 지를 조사하여 보았다. 이 연구 이후, 홍콩에 거주하는 비중국어 학습자들의 중국어 능력을 향상시키고, 이로 인해 그들 이 홍콩 사회에 더욱 융화되어, 구직을 하는데 조금 더 훌륭한 기초를 마련하는데 도움이 되었으면 한다.

The purpose of this study is to review speaking articles published in the journal of English Teaching over the past 50 years. A total of 145 speaking articles were analyzed according to research areas, target groups, language and research methodologies for every ten years from 1965 to 2015. A thematic analysis was also conducted based on eleven major research categories. The results showed that a shift of focus in research themes occurred around the fourth decade ofthe journal between 1995 and 2004 with a surge in the amount of speaking articles, greater attention of which was paid to methods and approaches, i.e., specific classroom-oriented tasks and activities to improve students' oral proficiency. While oral assessment was the second most productive area of research topics, the number of studies on materials and media ranked third, due to the trend in computer-assisted language learning in the last two decades. Research methodologies were evenly divided among theoretical, quantitative, qualitative, and alternative types, although the recent two decades have witnessed a noticeable increase in the number of quantitative analyses based on survey and experimental studies and qualitative studies on classroom discourse and native versus non-native interaction. Implications and future directions are suggested.

This study examined whether learning context and language aptitude affected the use of pronunciation learning strategies and pronunciation proficiency. One hundred thirty-eight Chinese learners (88 KFL Ss & 50 KSL Ss) learners were investigated for the correlation between learning context(KSL, KFL), language aptitude (high/low), pronunciation learning strategy and pronunciation proficiency. Participants' sound discrimination ability was measured by PLAB and then they were divided into high group (upper 30%) and low group (lower 30%) by scores. SPLS and personal information survey were also conducted. The results showed that (i) a significant difference was found in pronunciation proficiency pursuant to learning context and language aptitude, (ii) use of pronunciation learning strategy differed significantly pursuant to learning context and language aptitude, and (ⅲ) use of pronunciation learning strategy could predict pronunciation proficiency. The findings suggest that effective pronunciation learning strategy should be investigated and taught in L2 Korean classroom.

The present study explored a reading-based speaking task for its potential to develop EFL students' fluency. Based on an L1 speaking model by Levelt (1989, 1993), the task was developed in a way that students can maximize their fluency in a scaffolding-rich condition: one in the stage of message generation and the other in linguistic encoding. The use of reading texts for the development of speaking fluency was also hypothesized to induce authentic interaction among interlocutors. How the reading-based speaking task functions as hypothesized was tested with five Korean college students who participated in a 4-week reading-based speaking program. The analysis of the group activity transcripts and interviews revealed that scaffolding in message generation took place in three types of language episode: a personal experience episode, a vocabulary-related episode, and a contentclarification/ elaboration episode. Linguistic encoding in L2 speaking was scaffolded via shared context, which enabled the participants to develop and utilize a paraphrasing skill. Finally, the participants’ engagement in speaking activities increased, affecting their willingness to communicate and their motivation to improve speaking.

The issue of text appropriation is rarely explored in EFL classrooms where the teachers are native speakers of English. In this study we highlight how the ideology of NESTs influences students’ feedback practices. Two Korean EFL students seemingly welcomed teacher comments into their texts to make their revision process more manageable. By relinquishing their control, they welcome the appropriative behavior the teacher brings as the native English speaker. They believe that appropriating the behavior of the native English-speaking teacher is not only beneficial, but necessary in shaping their English discourse. Nonetheless, the students struggled in the feedback and revision cycles to negotiate between their hegemonic beliefs and the expectations of their native English-speaking teacher. In this sense, EFL students’ writing is always in foreclosure from the native English-speaking teachers, as EFL students are overshadowed by the ideology of NESTs.

The purpose of the study is to compare the nature of teacher talk between the native and non-native speaking professors with its focus on language functions and interaction modifications in English-mediated writing instruction. The study analyzed the classroom languages of two professors who were teaching college-level composition courses using the same textbook and syllabus. The classes taught by the two professors were videotaped, transcribed, and analyzed based on the AS-unit. The results showed both professors used all of the five functions in the order of information, suasion, opinion, future plans, and checking. The NS professor, on the other hand, used the information function more often, while the NNS professor relied more on the suasion function. The data also displayed that the NS professor gave more feedback responses, whereas the NNS professor asked more clarification requests and repeated their own utterances. The findings implied that the types and distribution of the teacher talk may be influenced by the subject-matter and the instructional foci of each professor.

Prevalence of children with developmental disabilities has increased the need for a variety of educational and therapeutic interventions for children in the study of the subject has increased according to the load. in this paper, the review of the developmental disability characteristics and teaching methods are based on this proposal of realistic experimental serious game contents using AAC(Augmentative and Alternative Communication) method because we make up for the conventional interventions and increase participation and motivation in learning. In this paper, we improve the area said to be the motivation and commitment to develop the content by using a realistic experience for users experiencing at present a pervasive developmental disorder of language development in the paper. In particular, we shows the effectiveness of the improved speech area through the use of this serious game content through real experiments with children with developmental disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate inter- and intra- rater reliability in an interview and a computerized oral test. It was also examined whether rater characteristics influenced on their reliability and biases, and finally the scores of both tests were compared with those of the Versant test using an automated computer rating system. For the study, the data from 21 Korean university students and 18 Korean or native speakers of English raters with various characteristics were collected. Some of the main findings from the study were as follows. First, rater severity was significantly different in each test, but each rater consistently graded on both tests suggesting lower inter-rater reliability and higher intra-rater reliability. Secondly, rater severity was impacted by the rater characteristics such as mother tongue, gender, age, and major. Lastly, there existed a positive correlation among the scores of the three tests, indicating that the scores of human beings and computers are strongly related.

본 연구는 홍콩에 있는 12곳의 유치원에서 한자 인지 독해 정도를 실험한 것이다. 이 연구의 목적은 중국인 학생들과 비중국인 학생들이 한자를 인지하고 독해하는데 차이가 있음을 살펴보고, 비중국인 학생들에게 중국어 교육을 시행하는데 있어 교육용 한자가 지니고 있는 영향 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 비중국인 학생들이 12곳의 유치원에서 접하게 되는 언어(광동어)의 시간은 매주 가장 많게는 840분이었으며 가장 적게는 150분이었다. 실험을 통해 우리는 같은 반에 있는 학생들 사이에서도 한자에 대한 인지와 독해 능력에 매우 큰 개별적 차이가 있음을 발견하였다. 통계를 통해 알 수 있듯이, 비중국인 학생들과 중국인 학생들의 한자 인지와 독해 능력에 대한 실험 결과는 확실한 차이를 보이고 있다. 광동어를 비교적 많이 사용하는 세 곳과 영어를 기본적으로 많이 사용하는 대부분의 학교와의 비교에서는 학생들의 한자 인지와 독해에 큰 차이를 보이지 않고 있다. 다만 완전히 영어만을 사용하는 한 곳의 학교의 유치원과 비교해 보면 학생들이 인지하고 사용하는 한자의 수량에 차이가 있었다. 또한 이 연구를 통해 비중국인 학생들은 이전에 써보았던 한자를 인지하고 독해하는 능력이 중국인 학생들보다 낮았으며, 쓸 수 있다고 하여 반드시 소리 내어 읽을 수 있음도 아니기 때문에 교사들의 더 많은 주의가 필요하다라는 사실을 발견하였다.

중국어를 모국어로 사용하지 않는 학생들의 중문 능력을 효과적으로 향상시키 는데 있어, 읽기를 강화하는 것은 매우 중요하고도 현저한 효과가 드러나는 방법 이다. 그러나 효과적인 독해의 목적에 도달하기 위해서는 학생들의 한자 능력을 발전시키고 공고하게 하는 것이 우선적인 임무이다. 본 연구의 주요 목표는 Dr. David Rose가 제안했던 Reading to Learn 학습이 론에서 출발하여 그림책 교육의 과정에 결합시켜 어떻게 하면 비화교 학생들의 중국어 학습이 효과가 극대화할 수 있으며, 이를 토해 그들의 한자 습득과 읽기, 쓰기 능력을 향상 시킬 수 있는가를 논의하였다. 본 연구는 액션 러닝 기법을 이용하였는데, 이들의 행동을 연구하는 기간 동안에 연구원과 유관 중학교의 부교장은 비화교 학생들의 한자 사용 능력이 향상되 어, 읽고 쓰는 능력에 이르는 것 외에도 위에서 제기하였던 방법을 실제 어떻게 운영하여 얼마나 비화교 학생들의 그림책 읽기의 흥미와 효과를 높일 수 있는지 를 알고 싶어 하였다. 연구결과를 통해 우리는 Reading to Learn 학습법이 그림책을 결합한 교육인 ｢文類教學法｣을 운용할 때 비화교 학생들의 한자 습득과 읽기 능력이 증가함과 더 나아가 읽기에 대한 흥미를 진작시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

This study investigates the relationship between a native English-speaking teacher and EFL students in the response-and-revision process. The data consisted of drafts and revisions produced by three students in response to teacher comments and interviews with students. In order to examine how EFL students react to the feedback, teachers’ written feedback on the papers was evaluated by calculating frequency counts on the same types of feedback. We then examined the extent to which students made use of teacher feedback in their revisions. In addition, we supplemented our interpretations by extracting aspects of the students’ views through analysis of the interview data. All three students believe that only native speakers can correct language errors in their writing. Furthermore, the students prefer or indeed demand native English-speaking teachers as writing teachers. In fact, dissimilar student reactions to native English-speaking teacher feedback probably arise from whether and how they positioned themselves as a writer in the EFL writing classroom.

Little research exists on expatriate language teachers’ experiences and attitudes toward their students and teaching contexts, particularly venues with younger learners, in an L2 setting. Thus, this study investigated native English-speaking teachers’ (NESTs) experiences of and attitudes toward teaching and interacting with Korean elementary school children in the Korean elementary school context. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with five NESTs who have worked, and are still working, in various areas of Korea. Findings indicated that the NESTs of the current study were holding relatively positive attitudes toward Korean children as well as teaching them English. The NESTs viewed Korean children as engaging and responsive learners, but stressed the importance of their own roles in creating an environment for the children’s better engagement. The NESTs’ experiences varied whether they had upper and lower grade elementary school children and whether they taught main classes or after-school classes, etc. Finally, the NESTs experienced challenges when dealing with children with extremely different levels of English in one classroom and with managing disorderly behaviors of after-school classes. Based on the findings of the study, practical implications for both NESTs and Korean teachers are provided.

针对在非汉语语境下汉语汉字教学面临的挑战，我们编写了一系列个性化、生活化、分类化教材来应对海外学生的不同需求。这套教材的主要特点是：词汇按照功能分类、词汇按照难易程度划分、模块式教材、生活化词汇、个性化教学。我们依据海外汉语教学先听说， 后读、写的实践基础，把教学任务纵向分为：听说、读、写三大支柱，再横向把教学任务根据功能需要粗分为20大篇，同时再细分为若干类，再根据难易程度分为初、中、高三个级别，这样纵横交错就形成教学板块。在每个小的教学模块里，我们先从词汇入手，集中学习增加词汇，然后再扩展为句子句式的掌握，短文段落的说读。同时根据海外学生的特点，进行不同模块间的转换，以掌握进度，巩固学习效果。

長期以來，香港很多非華語中學生在學習中文寫作時都面對著字詞不足、文章結構散亂、文類特徵含糊等困難，因此必須給予他們足夠的寫作教學支援。「以讀促學」教學法（Reading to learn methodology）是目前廣泛應用在澳洲土著學生的英語第二語言閲讀和寫作教學法，其成效備受肯定。故本論文嘗試應用「以讀促學」教學法在非華語中學生的中文論説文寫作教學上，採用前實驗設計的單組前後測的研究方法，選取一位中文老師和十五位非華語中學生作爲研究對象，進行爲期五個星期的教學試驗研究，配以觀課、訪談及比較學生在教學之前和之後所寫的論説文，來探究「以讀促學」教學法在非華語中學生論説文課堂教學的實施成效。研究結果發現，師生一致認爲「以讀促學」教學法能夠有效提高學生上課的投入程度，師生課堂互動較多；並能提高學生學習中文寫作的信心，增加其課堂參與度。而學生在接受教學之後所寫的論説文，在字詞運用、文章結構鋪排及文類特色呈現三方面均比接受教學之前所寫的論説文為佳。

要有效提高非華語中學生的中文能力，閱讀是其中一個重要而效果卓著的方法；而要達到有效閱讀之目的，發展並鞏固學生的識字能力，更是首要之務。本研究之主要目標乃探討由 Dr David Rose 提出的「從閱讀中學習」(Reading to Learn) 的學習理論，在結合圖畫書教學的過程中，如何能有效促進非華語中學生學習漢語，從而提升其中文能力。與此同時，研究員及有關中學的副校長，也希望在提高非華語中學生的識字能力，以至閱讀能力之餘，更能進一步檢視上述方法，能否同時提高非華語中學生閱讀圖畫書之興趣與效能。

香港的學生使用漢字時，時常出現錯別字。非華語學生更出現錯字多於別字的現象，這更令人慘不忍睹。 在坊間，我們可以找到一些適合華人學生參考的錯別字書籍或網頁。可惜非華語學生到十年前才開始對中文有點好感，又是少數族群，相關的資訊卻非常懸殊。 筆者對錯別字素有興趣，希望就自己近五年以來從事非華語學生中文學習計劃的工作，按自己的教學經驗；SSP導師提供的學生作品、教學材料；相關的教材等，嘗試分析非華語學生出現錯別字的原因，繼而找出方法改善之。這些原因也有可能發生在國際學校或主流學校學生身上，僅此作為參考。譬如字體問題，無論是教師所寫的字，或是電腦提供的字體，相比華人學生，更要講求端正、標準(楷書比較好)，否則一錯再錯。