In our present study, total methanol extracts prepared from B. platyphylla var. japonica showed a significant increase in cell proliferation upon the induction of oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide or y-ray irradiation. Total methanol extracts were fractionated into five separate preparations i.e. n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and water fractions. Among these, the ethylacetate and butanol fractions of B. platyphylla var. japonica showed the highest protective effects against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. These fractions also showed strong protective effects against y-ray irradiation. When we evaluated the cytotoxicity of these fractions, the butanol fraction showed no effects in a colony formation assay. In addition, the butanol fraction showed a cell proliferation activation effect evidenced by significant increase in the colony formation of y-ray irradiated cells. Both a radical scavenging activity and clonogenic activity assay suggested that the mechanism behind this protective effect against reactive oxygen species may be due to the radical scavenging and cell proliferation activity of B. platyphylla var. japonica extracts.

The aim of these studies is to confirm the red and blue painting damages during the fire suppression of wooden cultural assets by using the loaded stream charge extinguishant. As a results of these experiments, the ingredients of extinguishant existing on the surface of wooden cultural assets were perfectly eliminated by the water washing only. Any changes on the surface of wooden cultural assets couldn't be detected. Moreover, any color changes of the red and blue painting didn't occur.

This study was carried out to survey the occurrence of stink bugs and pecky rice grain caused by the stink bugs in paddy fields in six districts of Gyeonggi-do. In the levee of the paddy fields, 30 species of the stink bugs were collected, and the dominant species were Paromius exiguus in Hwaseong and Siheung, and Stenotus rubrovittatus in Pyeongtaek, Icheon and Paju. In the paddy fields, 23 species were collected, and the dominant species were Paromius exiguus in Siheung, and Stenotus rubrovittatus in Pyeongtaek, Icheon and Paju. P. exiguus overwintered and proliferated mainly in the west coastal region, where its host plants, Imperata cylindrica and Calamagrostis epigeois, were abundant, and then moved to paddy fields later in the season, resulting in the peak density in September in paddy area. Stenotus rubrovittatus and Cletus punctiger were abundant in paddy area in August and September, and Eysarcoris aeneus was abundant in June and July. When the stink bugs were inoculated on the rice, the rate of pecky rice caused by E. aeneus and P. exiguus at milk ripe stage was 10.2% and 4.8%, respectively, and the rate by S. rubrovittatus and P. exiguus at dough ripe stage was 4.3% and 2.7%, respectively. The damage shape of pecky rice was distinctive according to the species. The surface of pecky rice by P. exiguus was very smooth but the surface of pecky rice by E. aeneus was rough and caved. In the pecky rice by S. rubrovittatus, the spot occurred at the topside of the grain.

The present study reports the protective properties of a total methanol extract of B. platyphylla var. japonica against ultraviolet (UV)-C irradiation. Pretreatment of Chinese hamster fibroblast (V79-4) cells with a total methanol extract significantly increased cell survival following 300J/m² of UV-C irradiation. The total methanol extract was further fractionated into 5 fractions: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and water fractions. Among these fractions, B. platyphylla var. japonica ethylacetate, butanol and water fractions showed significant protective effects against the cellular damage induced by UV-C irradiation. In order to elucidate the mechanism underlying this protective effect, DPPH (Editor note: abbreviations should be spelled out at first use.) radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity were measured. Significant radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities were observed for the ethylacetate fraction. In summary, the present data demonstrate that an extract of B. platyphylla var. japonica has a significant protective effect against UV-C irradiation. The underlying mechanism of this protective effect may involve radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the B. platyphylla var. japonica extract.

Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus vulnus) and pin nematode (Paratylenchus sp.) were detected with high population density at the spray chrysanthemum greenhouse in Gumi, Gyeongbuk. The average density of P. vulnus and Paratylenchus sp. was 667 and 716 nematodes per 100 g soil and P. vulnus density were distributed 87% to the depth of 0~30 ㎝ in greenhouse. When spray chrysanthemum cv Chopin, was transplanted in September 2004 in greenhouse, P. vulnus were 854 nematodes/100 g soil in planting and increased 14,985 nematodes/100 g soils and 1g root after 10 weeks in harvest. Shoot weight and shoot height of spray chrysanthemum decreased 24.8% and 8.0% compared with non-infested P. vulnus after 10 weeks in greenhouse.

철근 콘크리트 구조물에서 발생하는 균열에 의한 손상은 과도한 하중이나 사용성에 의해 발생한다. 이러한 손상을 검사하는 방법으로 육안으로 확인하거나 비파괴 시험법을 주로 이용하고 있다. 후자의 경우, 콘크리트 내부 철근의 배근 방향성에 의해 균열에 의한 손상인지 판별하기 어려운 문제가 발생하게 되며, 비파괴시험(Non-destructive Test)에 사용되는 대부분의 센서(Sensor)는 1축 가속도 센서이기 때문에 중첩된 전달파를 분석하기에는 어렵다. 따라서, 이를 해결하기 위해 중공 유리관을 이용하였고 콘크리트 보 내부에 매입하여 철근이 매입되어 있는 경우에 대하여 3축 가속도계를 이용하여 탄성파로 가진 하였을 경우에 발생하는 파(Wave)를 비교 분석하였다.

본 연구는 지리산국립공원 일원에 방사한 반달가슴곰(Ursus thibetanus ussuricus)이 유발한 피해에 대한 보상 만족도를 살펴보고, 지역주민과의 갈등관리 위한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위해 수행하였다. 이를 위해 2004년부터 2007년까지 반달가슴곰으로 인해 피해를 받고 보상을 받은 93명을 대상으로 2007년 6월~12월에 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과 현재의 피해보상프로그램에 대한 만족도는 5점 척도상 평균 3.14±0.85점으로 보통수준이었다. 보상만족도는 소득수준, 복원사업 찬성 여부, 보상금액, 보상절차 등의 요인과 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 피해보상심의위원회를 통한 보상방안에는 비교적 긍정적(평균 3.3±0.9점)이었으나, 다른 야생동물과 동일한 기준인 피해액의 80% 수준에서 보상하는 방안에 대해서는 부정적(평균 2.6±1.11점)이었다.

Survival rate and development of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae are decreased by UV-B irradiation (Otsuka and Osakabe, submitted). This is considered to be a reason why this mite prefers lower leaf surfaces host plants. On the contrary, the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri is known to remain on upper leaf surfaces of host plants. Such difference in the distribution was assumed to depend on the difference in UV resistance. Hatchability of P. citri eggs was decreased by UV-B irradiation, yet their eggs were more protected from the UV-B irradiation in company with T. urticae. Eggs of P. citri are reddish, while those of T. urticae are white. To test whether the reddish color invest UV resistance in eggs, pale white eggs of albino strain and reddish eggs of wild type of P. citri were simultaneously irradiated by UV-B. Reddish eggs of wild type showed higher resistant to the UV-B irradiation than the pale-white eggs of albino strain. For the next step, the wild type and the albino eggs of P. citri under UV opaque film (-UV) or under UV transparent film (+UV) were exposed to solar irradiation. Hatchability of albino eggs was signifycantly lower than that of wild type eggs under the + UV condition. Under UV –, both eggs showed higher hatchability than under UV+ conditions. From these results, the wild type eggs of P. citri were likely to have some mechanism protecting itself from ambient UV irradiation, and the red pigment possibly act as a shield againt solar UV radiation. F1 female proceeded by reciprocal crosses between the wild type and the albino strain exhibited reddish body color in their adult stage, indicating that the albino was recessive. Notwithstanding, F1 eggs from the crosses between albino female and wild type male were pale white. After hatching, the F1 larvae also exhibit pale white body color, then the females turned to reddish at their first quiescent stage. F1 progeny from the crosses between wild type female and albino male were all reddish during egg to adult stage. These revealed that the color of eggs and also larvae were conferred as a maternal effect (: eggs of P. citri might be protected by the red pigments as the first gift of their mother.)

Ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a vector of oak wilt disease caused by Raffaelea sp. in Korea. The degree of damage by oak wilt disease was dependent on the density of the beetles in the oak trunk, a relationship between the degree of damage by oak wilt disease and the density of beetle on the basis of the number of entry hole was studied. Entry hole distribution within tree trunk was analyzed by the nearest neighbor method. Thirty four oak trees (Quercus mongolica) located in survey area were selected and then degree of damage, the number of attack hole/623 ㎠ in upper (50 ㎝ from the surface) and lower (surface) trunk and the nearest neighbor distance between the holes were measured. The number of hole and the nearest neighbor distance in upper and lower part were positively correlated with each other. As the degree of damage was severer, the number of the holes increased, whereas the nearest neighbor distance decreased. The distribution pattern of the hole was changed from clumped one to uniform as the severity of damage increased. These results suggested that Platypus koryoensis attacked the oak tree in concentrative manner at initial stage of attack but at final stage, it distributed uniformly to reduce intraspecific competition between the beetles.

본 연구는 2002년부터 2005년까지 배추와 양배추 재배지역에 발생하는 나비나방류의 발생종과 발생소장을 시설 재배지와 노지에서 조사하였다. 노지의 배추와 양배추에 발생하여 피해를 주고 있던 나비나방류는 배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella)과 배추순나방(Hellula undalis), 도둑나방(Mamestra brassicae), 담배거세미나방(Spodoptera litura), 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua), 검은은무늬밤나방(Autographa nigrisigna), 배추흰나비(Artogeia rapae) 등 4과 6속 7종이 확인되었다. 시설 배추와 양배추에서 주요 나비나방류 해충 발생종과 피해량 및 발생을 조사한 결과, 배추에서는 4과 6속 7종이 조사되었는데 배추좀나방의 피해가 가장 심하였으며, 배추좀나방 유충의 발생최성기는 6월 하순으로 100주당 378마리가 조사되었다. 양배추에서는 3과 4속 5종의 해충이 확인되었는데 배추좀나방이 가장 많은 피해를 주었으며, 배추좀나방 유충의 발생최성기는 6월 하순으로 100주당 756마리가 조사되었다.

This study demonstrates a variability in efficacy of mating disruption against the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, populations infesting apples cultivated in differential environmental conditions. Throughout the growing seasons, trap catches of G. molesta male moths and damaged leaf and fruit were examined to evaluate the efficacy of a commercialized mating disruptor. Treatment of the mating disruptor significantly reduced the trap catches of male moth in treated plot, compared to those of the untreated plot. This reduced trap catches were significantly correlated with leaf and fruit damage. Moreover, the highest host damage occurred in June just after the highest overwintering adult peaks in both plots. The treatment of mating disruptors in Chungsong effectively disrupted the overwintering population in April and May, resulting in no noticeable host damage during the following growing seasons. However, there was a marked difference in host damage between two plots, especially in late seasons. Variation in the efficacy of mating disruption technology in terms of host damage appeared to be related with nearby pheromone-untreated orchards, which may result in the immigration of gravid females.

본 논문에서는 구조손상 탐색을 위해 매개변수 부 집합 선택에 의한 새로운 정규화 방법을 제안하였다. Residual function을 위해 동적 residual force 벡터를 이용하였다. 과거에는 Residual function으로서 기본 동적 특성치(고유치와 고유모드)를 이용하여 단일구조손상은 탐색할 수 있었지만 다중구조손상 위치를 탐색하기에는 한계가 있었을 뿐 아니라 고유모드와 고유치의 상이한 기여도 때문에 가중치를 적용해야 하는 어려움이 있었다. 본 논문에서 제안된 방법은 고유모드의 불완전한 계측을 보완하기 위하여 모델 확장법을 적용하였다. 제안된 구조손상 탐색법은 다중구조손상 위치를 동시에 찾아 낼 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 2차원 평면 트러스 구조를 이용하여 제안된 방법의 효용성을 검증하였다.

전단빌딩에 발생한 손상 추정에 있어서 대상 구조물의 물성치를 가정하고 이상화한 모델을 이용한 역해석이 필요하다. 강성행렬을 이용하는 고전적인 손상추정 방법에 비해 유연도 행렬을 이용한 손상추정은 구조물의 저차모드를 이용하기 때문에 비교적 정확한 값을 계산할 수 있기 때문에 더 효과적으로 알려져 있다. 이 논문에서는 손상추정을 위한 알고리즘으로 유전자 알고리즘(Genetic Algorithm, GA)을 도입하였고, 구조 응답에서 취득할 수 있는 유연도 행렬을 이용하여 역해석을 통한 손상추정 기법을 소개하고 있다. 제안된 손상추정 기법은 전단빌딩의 강성에 대한 정확한 정보가 없는 상황에서 전단빌딩의 손상으로 인한 실제 강성변화량을 추정하도록 하였다. 더불어 open source code인 OPENSEES를 이용하여 전단빌딩 수치해석을 통해 제안된 손상추정 기법의 효율성을 검증하였다.

본 논문에서는 보 구조물의 실시간 손상위치 경보를 위해 가속도 신호를 이용한 인공신경망기반 손상검색기법을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 먼저, 실시간 손상검색을 위해 가속도 응답신호만을 이용하는 새로운 인공신경망 알고리즘을 설계하였다. 구조물의 손상상태를 나타내는 특징으로 서로 다른 두 위치에서 측정된 가속도 신호의 교차공분산 값을 이용하였다. 다음으로 실제 하중조건을 모르는 상황을 고려하여 다양한 하중패턴에 따른 복수 신경망을 구성하였으며, 각각의 신경망 학습을 위한 손상시나리오를 선정하였다. 마지막으로 양단 자유보 모형실험을 통해 제안된 기법의 유용성과 적용성을 평가하였다.

본 연구의 주목적은 최근 국내 아스팔트 교면포장의 가장 빈번한 파손의 하나인 포트홀의 발생을 저감하기 위해 포장체내에 체류된 수분을 신속히 배수할 수 있는 배수시스템을 개발하는 것이다. 이러한 배수시스템은 방수층과 포장층 사이에 2~3cm의 두께로 박층의 배수층을 구성하는 것으로서 방수층의 내구성 확보와 골재 최대입경 10mm이하의 배수성 혼합물을 박층으로 시공하는 기술이 가장 중요한 사항이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 먼저 NCAT 배합설계법을 바탕으로 10mm 이하 배수성 혼합물을 개발하였고, 다양한 실내시험을 통하여 배수성 혼합물이 모든 품질기준을 만족함을 확인하였다. 방수층의 경우 MMA(Methyl Methacrylate)계 방수제의 적용성을 평가하기 위하여 저온 휨 시험, 접착인장강도 시험 등의 시험을 실시하였고 모든 물성이 기준을 만족하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 배수시스템의 현장시공성 및 공용성을 평가하기 위하여 고속도로의 1개소 교량에 시험시공을 실시하였다. 시공후 각 포장층 재료에 대한 품질확인 시험결과 모두 기준을 만족하였고 체류수가 원활히 배수되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.