Our Natural environment is being destroyed and green area is being reduced by industrialization and urbanization and those cause environmental problems. In result, increased play hour with TV, computer games, video games rather then spend a time in nature and plants in children’s. This problems cause children’s emotional impoverishment and passive-dependence inclination. And made children scruple thinking and judging by themselves and it makes children exposure to social problems. Therefore loss of humanity and crisis are rapidly increase educational standardization and this is the cause to decrease children’s pure sensitivity and feelings and decrease cultivate desirable humanity for advancement of physical, emotional, social, intellectual things. For solution, this paper propose Kid Garden for equally cultivate interests, concern, imagination, internal emotion and feelings and increase children’s curiosity about nature for get back into good relationship between children and nature. On this study, make a model reflects children’s suggestions includes plays what they want to do, materials, safety, color, preferences those are analyzed results through survey analysis bases on Preference-Analysis of Kid Garden, the most preferred Kid Garden is a unreal Garden showed in fairy tale "The Wizard of OZ". We propose a Kid Garden model, it based on preference-analysis to get each details of preference, for experience plays what they want to do, horticulture activities for feel five senses, harmonize with nature in limited interior space and help children to expand their dream and an ideal. Children are growing constantly. During growing process children raise their dream and hope and made healthy ego. Experience various culture and experience of nature will help to cultivate children’s, most of children who live in desolate buildings, humanity. Thus, this paper proposes a Kid Garden which is necessary to children, has various forms and contents for children’s demands. Furthermore, we need to make custom gardens consider of age, area, characteristic of space. And we need well organized and designed educational environment for help to understand about plant and increase horticulture activity time in children education curriculums.

The current study evaluated the technical feasibility of the application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic air cleaners for the disinfection of bioaerosols present in indoor air. The evaluation included both laboratory and field tests and the tests of hydraulic diameter (HD) and lamp type (LT). Disinfection efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) technique was estimated by survival ratio of bacteria or fungi calculated from the number of viable cells which form colonies on the nutrient agar plates. It was suggested that the reactor coating with TiO2 did not enhance the adsorption of bioaerosols, and that the UV irradiation has certain extent of disinfection efficiency. The disinfection efficiency increased as HD decreased, most likely due to the decrease in the light intensity since the distance of the catalyst from the light source increased when increasing the HD. It was further suggested that the mass transfer effects were not as important as the light intensity effects on the PCO disinfection efficiency of bioaerosols. Germicidal lamp was superior to the black lamp for the disinfection of airborne bacteria and fungi, which is supported by the finding that the disinfection efficiencies were higher when the germicidal lamp was used compared to the black lamp in the laboratory test. These findings, combined with operational attributes such as a low pressure drop across the reactor and ambient temperature operation, can make the PCO reactor a possible tool in the effort to improve indoor bioaerosol levels.

새로운 환경문제로 실내공기 오염이 대두되면서 건축 실내공간뿐만 아니라 자동차, 지하철 등 육상의 교통시설 내부의 공기오염에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 해상의 중요한 교통수단인 선박의 실내 공기오염에 대한 관심은 그리 높지 않다. 특히 선박은 일반 건축물에 비해 기밀성이 매우 높고 항해 중이거나 선상 근무시에는 오랜 시간을 선박의 실내에서만 생활하기 때문에 선박의 실내 공기질은 승선자의 쾌적성 뿐만 아니라 건강을 위해 매우 중요한 요소이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 선박의 실내공기환경을 개선하기 위해 새로 건조된 선박을 대상으로 실내 공기질을 측정 분석하였다.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well known for strong carcinogen. However, the human exposure anslysis of PAHs is quite difficult and unreliable because of hard for estimation of actual expose dose. Then urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been a biological marker of exposure to PAHs. The purpose of this study was to investigate total amount from exposure to PAHs acused by indoor occupational exposure, and residence at Seoul metropolitan area and Kyeonggi province in Korea. Thirty-five housewives were included in this study from April 2003 through February 2004. Dietary habit and general characteristics such as age, type of building, existence of passive smoking, period of residence, fuel type for heating and ventilation type were obtained by self administered questionnaire. Urine samples were collected at morning and freeze quickly. Urinary creatinine was measured for converting into 24 hr urine. Concentration of the indoor PAHs was examined by NIOSH method number 5506. Urinary 1-OHP and PAHs were analysed by HPLC. Correlation coefficient between urinary 1-OHP levels and pyrene concentration of indoor air was 0.66 and statistically significant(P<0.01). The difference of urinary 1-OHP level due to dietary habits were not significant. Urinary 1-OHP level of Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter were 0.21±0.12, 0.10±0.17, 0.16±0.12, 0.17±0.14 ㎍/g cr, respectively. The arithmetic means of urinary 1-OHP for four season wee 0.16±0.14 ㎍/g cr. There was a trend that urinary 1-OHP level of residents who dwelling in apartment were higher compared with detached home. Comparison of 1-OHP level between heating by kerosene and LPG, Much higher gas heating type than kerosene type (P<0.05). This result implies that the urinary 1-OHP can be applied as the PAHs exposure indices.

Recently, with the development of service robots and with the new concept of ubiquitous world, the position estimation of mobile objects has been raised to an important problem. As pre-liminary research results, some of the localization schemes are introduced, which provide the absolute location of the moving objects subjected to large errors. To implement a precise and convenient localization system, a new absolute position estimation method for a mobile robot in indoor environment is proposed in this paper. Design and implementation of the localization system comes from the usage of active beacon systems (based upon RFID technology). The active beacon system is composed of an RFID receiver and an ultra-sonic transmitter: 1. The RFID receiver gets the synchronization signal from the mobile robot and 2. The ultra-sonic transmitter sends out the traveling signal to be used for measuring the distance. Position of a mobile robot in a three dimensional space can be calculated basically from the distance information from three beacons and the absolute position information of the beacons themselves. Since it is not easy to install the beacons at a specific position precisely, there exists a large localization error and the installation time takes long. To overcome these problems, and provide a precise and convenient localization system, a new auto calibration algorithm is developed in this paper. Also the extended Kalman filter has been adopted for improving the localization accuracy during the mobile robot navigation. The localization accuracy improvement through the proposed auto calibration algorithm and the extended Kalman filter has been demonstrated by the real experiments.

Formaldehyde is a typical indoor air pollutant that has numerous adverse health problems in modern living conditions. Phytoremediation that use plants to remove contaminants from polluted media can be applied to improve indoor air quality. Two sets of experiments; 1) two rooms in newly built auditorium and 2) a bed room in 2-year-old apartment; were performed to investigate plant effects on indoor formaldehyde concentration. It was observed from the experiments that plant can help decontaminating formaldehyde at low concentration level (0.1 ppm) but the effects decreased considerably at high concentration (1ppm). The purification effects of indoor plant also showed the periodic pattern due to its physiological activity. More purification was observed as increasing plant density in the bed room but the formaldehyde concentration returned the original concentration level in two days after removing plants. It was suggested from the results that air purification using plants is an effective means of reduction on indoor formaldehyde level, though, reduction of source is highly desirable when the concentration level is high. The results also suggest that introducing supplementary purifying aids and/or efficient ventilation could be considered due to periodic removal pattern of plant.

In this paper, we develope the navigation system for patrol robots in indoor environment. The proposed system consists of PDA map modelling, a localization algorithm based on a global position sensor and an automatic charging station. For the practical use in security system, the PDA is used to build object map on the given indoor map. And the builded map is downloaded to the mobile robot and used in path planning. The global path planning is performed with a localization sensor and the downloaded map. As a main controller, we use PXA270 based hardware platform in which embedded linux 2.6 is developed. Data handling for various sensors and the localization algorithm are performed in the linux platform. Also, we implemented a local path planning algorithm for object avoidance with ultra sonar sensors. Finally, for the automatic charging, we use an infrared ray system and develop a docking algorithm. The navigation system is experimented with the two-wheeled mobile robot using North-Star localization system.

Indoor air quality is the dominant contributor to total personal exposure because most people spend a majority of their time indoors. Especially when indoor environments have sources of contaminants, exposure to indoor air can potentially pose a greater threat than exposure to ambient air. In this study, estimations of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde emission rate in indoor environments of new apartments were carried out using mass balance model in indoor environment, because indoor air quality can be affected by source generation, outdoor air level, ventilation, decay by reaction, temperature, humidity, mixing condition and so on. Considering the estimated emission rate of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde, it is suggested that new apartment should be designed and constructed in the aspect of using construction materials to emit low hazardous air pollutants.

Despite the wide distribution of air pollutants, the concentrations of indoor air pollutants may be the dominant risk factor in personal exposure due to the fact that most people spend an average of 80% of their time in enclosed buildings. Researches for improvement of indoor air quality have been developed such as installation of air cleaning device, ventilation system, titanium dioxide(TiO2) coating and so on. However, it is difficult to evaluate the magnitude of improvement of indoor air quality in field study because indoor air quality can be affected by source generation, outdoor air level, ventilation, decay by reaction, temperature, humidity, mixing condition and so on. In this study, evaluation of reduction of formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide emission rate in indoor environments by TiO2 coating material was carried out using mass balance model in indoor environment. we proposed the evaluation method of magnitude of improvement in indoor air quality, considering outdoor level and ventilation. Since simple indoor concentration measurements could not properly evaluate the indoor air quality, outdoor level and ventilation should be considered when evaluate the indoor air quality.

This study introduces a method to eliminate formaldehyde and benzene, toluene from indoor air by means of a photocatalytic oxidation reaction. In the method introduced, for the good performance of the reaction, the effect and interactions of the TiO2 catalyst and ultraviolet in photocatalytic degradation on the reaction area, dosages of catalysts, humidity and light should be precisely examined and controled. Experiments has been carried out under various intensities of UV light and initial concentrations of formaldehyde, benzene and toluene to investigate the removal efficiency of the pollutants. Reactors in the experiments consist of an annular type Pyrex glass flow reactor and an 11W germicidal lamp. Results of the experiments showed reduction of formaldehyde, benzene and toluene in ultraviolet /TiO2/ activated carbon processes (photooxidation-photocatalytic oxidation-adsorption processes), from 98% to 90%, from 98% to 93% and from 99% to 97% respectively. Form the results we can get a conclusion that a ultraviolet/Tio2/activated carbon system used in the method introduced is a powerful one for th treatment of formaldehyde, benzene and toluene of indoor spaces.

Improving practicality of SLAM requires various sensors to be fused effectively in order to cope with uncertainty induced from both environment and sensors. In this case, combining sonar and vision sensors possesses numerous advantages of economical efficiency and complementary cooperation. Especially, it can remedy false data association and divergence problem of sonar sensors, and overcome low frequency SLAM update caused by computational burden and weakness in illumination changes of vision sensors. In this paper, we propose a SLAM method to join sonar sensors and stereo camera together. It consists of two schemes, extracting robust point and line features from sonar data and recognizing planar visual objects using multi-scale Harris corner detector and its SIFT descriptor from pre-constructed object database. And fusing sonar features and visual objects through EKF-SLAM can give correct data association via object recognition and high frequency update via sonar features. As a result, it can increase robustness and accuracy of SLAM in indoor environment. The performance of the proposed algorithm was verified by experiments in home –like environment.

Hanyang (breeding number : Seoul 2)' was selected in Seoul in 1997 and its open-pollinated progenies were prolif-erated at the Korea Forest Research Institute in Suwon, Gyeonggido. We made an investigation into testing for stability of theGenetic characte

본 연구는 경기도 성남시 분당구에 위치한 서현동, 이매동, 분당동 등 3개 지역 아파트 거주자 321명을 대상으로 실내식물에 대한 일반지식 및 관심도에 대한 실태조사를 실시하여 아파트 內의 실내식물 이용 문제점 및 키우고 있는 식물의 내용과 아파트 실내정원이 보다 활성화 할 수 있는 개선책을 모색하고자 수행하였다. 실내 원예활동이 여가에 도움이 된다(95.3%)고 대답했고, 실내식물의 재배와 원예치료의 관련성에 관해서는 원예치료 효과에 대한 내용만 알고 있다고 대답했다. 또, 실내 식물로 이용하고 싶은 꽃으로는 장미 (53.1%), 蘭류(31.7%), 국화(20.3%) 순이었으며, 이용하고 싶은 나무로는 벤자민고무나무(71.8%), 데코라인도고무나무(37.5%), 동백나무(27.0%)였다. 실내정원 시행 여부에 따라 만들어 본 적이 없다 63.8%, 있다 36.1% 였으며, 조성하고 있는 내용은 다음과 같다. 실내정원 조성 이유로는 실내장식이 가장 많았으며, 그 다음으로 취미, 관상목적 순이었고, 규모는 베란다의 20-30%가 가장 많았다. 실내 식물 구입 시 고려한 사항은 수명을 가장 중요시하였다. 실내 식물 재배에 대한 교육의 경험은 거의 없었으며(72.6%), 실내 식물을 배치하는 장소로는 베란다(71.8%)가 가장 많았고, 이에 대한 만족도도 가장 높았다. 실내 식물을 배치할 때는 햇빛을 가장 많이 고려하는 것으로 나타났다. 실내정원에 대한 교육에 대해서는 무료로 1주정도의 교육을 받을 의사가 있는 것으로 나타났다(64.9%).

The work of hairdressers includes washing, coloring, bleaching, permanent waving, conditioning, and cutting hair. Hairdressers are subjected to a number of physical and toxicological hazards. The toxicological hazards are those resulting from exposure to a wide range of chemicals that are usually classified active processes. In this study, twenty beauty shops were selected to assess the exposure to indoor air pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter (PM10) during one month from September 1 to September 30, 2003. Indoor air quality of beauty shops might be worse by vehicle emissions because the beauty shops were generally located near roadways. Personal exposures to VOCs and PM10 were related to indoor concentrations of beauty shops. According to the questionnaire, hairdressers complained of sore throat, eye irritation, and nervousness as physical symptoms. The measured mean concentrations of respiratory particulates were 30.5ng/㎥ in indoor, 30.5ng/㎥in outdoor and 44.0ng/㎥ on personal levels. The personal concentration was found higher than indoor and outdoor concentrations. The heavy metals mean concentrations were shown as indoor (Na>Zn>Cr), outdoor (Cr>Zn>Pb), and personal (Na>Cr>Zn) levels. Conclusively, customers as well as workers in the beauty shops might be highly exposed to air pollutants from indoor and outdoor sources. Therefore, proper management should be taken to improve the indoor air quality in beauty shops.

Indoor air quality has been addressed as an important atmospheric environmental issue and has caught attention of the public in recent years in Korea. Good indoor air quality in classrooms favour student's learning ability, teacher and staff's productivity according to other studies. In this study, each classroom at four different schools was chosen for comparison of indoor and outdoor air quality by means of source generation types such as new constructed classroom, using of cleaning agents and purchased furniture. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), carbon dioxide (CO2), formaldehyde (HCHO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and particulate matter with diameter less than 10 ㎛ (PM10) were monitored at indoor and outdoor locations during lesson. HCHO was found to be the worst among parameters measured in new constructed classroom, HCHO and TVOCs was worst in classroom with new purchased furniture, and TVOCs was worst in classroom cleaned by cleaning agents. Indoor CO2 concentrations often exceeded 1500 ppm indicating importance of ventilation. Active activity of students during break time made the PM10 concentration higher than a lesson. Improvements and further researches should be carried out considering indoor air quality at schools is of special concern since children and students are susceptible to poor air quality.

페페로미아, 싱고니움, 파키라, 유성크로톤 등 4종의 실내식물에 대한 적합한 광원 및 적정광도에 관한 형태적 요소 및 식물체내의 반응을 실험한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 페페로미아의 경우 자연광, 형광등 모두 500lux이상에서 생육과 생장이 가능한 것으로 나타났고 형광등보다 자연광 하에서 더 원할한 생육 및 생장상태를 보였다. 또한 동일광원일 경우 광도가 높을수록 생장율이 높게 나타났으나 형광등의 경우 500lux보다 1,000lux～2,000lux에서 엽수의 출현은 더 많았지만 엽색의 황변화가 많아 오히려 광도가 높을수록 관상가치가 저하됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 유입되는 자연광의 광도가 500lux이하인 실내조경공간에 페페로미아를 식재할 경우 원할한 생장을 위하여 보조광원으로써 인공광 설치가 요구되지만 형광등을 도입할 경우 광도를 500lux이상 높이는 것은 오히려 비효율적임을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 싱고니움도 자연광 500lux이상에서 원할한 생장을 보이지만 자연광 100lux에서도 생육은 어느정도 가능하여 공시식물 중 저광도에 적응력이 우세함을 알 수 있었다. 형광등 설치시 생장율은 높게 나타나지만 전체적인 형태가 흐트러져 페페로미아와 마찬가지로 형광등 도입시 관상가치 및 관리비용을 고려해 볼 때 500lux이하에서 보조광원으로써 활용하는 것이 효율적임을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 파키라의 경우 자연광에 있어서 1,000lux에서도 원할한 생장을 보이지 않아지만 형광등 하에서 100lux에서도 생육이 가능하고 500lux이상에서 원할한 생장을 보여 다른 공시식물보다 보조광원으로써 형광등 설치요구도가 매우 높음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 형광등 2,000lux에서 가장 원할한 생장을 보여 광도가 높을수록 생육 및 생장이 좋음을 파악할 수 있었다. 넷째, 유성크로톤의 경우, 형태적 특성과 식물체내의 변화량을 볼 때 형광등이 자연광보다 적합한 광원임을 알 수 있었고 적정광도 범위는 자연광과 형광등 간의 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었는데, 자연광 하에서는 1,000lux～2,000lux, 형광등 하에서는 500lux～2,000lux로 파악되었고 최적광도는 형광등 2,000lux 임을 알 수 있었다. 이상 공시식물에 있어 광원별로 살펴볼 때, 페페로미아와 싱고니움은 외관상 관상가치나 식물체내의 활성에 있어서 자연광에서 양호한 생육상태를 보인 반면 파키라와 유성크로톤은 형광등 하에서 좋은 생육상태를 보여 식물에 따라 적합한 광원이 다름을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 전반적으로 동일광원일 경우 광도가 높을수록 생장율이 높고 생육상태가 좋은 것으로 나타났으나 공시식물에 따라 적정광도범위 및 최적광도는 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 실내조경공간으로의 인공광 설치시 식물에 따른 생육적 특성을 고려하여 광환경을 조성해 주는 것이 바람직함을 확인할 수 있었다.본 연구는 실험여건상 현재 실내조경공간에 가장 많이 도입되고 있는 실내식물을 한정적으로 도입하여 형광등과 광도에 대한 영향을 살펴보았다. 향후 보다 많은 실내식물에 대한 광환경에 대한 활발한 연구가 이루어져야할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we investigated PM10, NO2, and 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP) in urine at indoor environments which are 35 houses and 20 hospitals for using air cleaner and non-using air cleaner in Seoul metropolitan area and Kyoung-gi province from April, 2003 to February, 2004. Moreover, we examined effect of improvement for indoor air quality and health effect by concentration of 1-OHP also we investigated removal efficiency by air cleaner for PM10, NO2, and 1-OHP that were 28.5%, 27.4%, and 42.1% respectively. Concentration of PM10, NO2, and 1-OHP were 19.02±18.14㎍/m3, 8.66±3.06ppb, and 0.19±0.18㎍/g creatinine when air cleaner was no worked. The concentration for PM10, NO2, and 1-OHP were 13.60±10.79㎍/m3, 6.29±2.71ppb, and 0.11±0.10㎍/g creatinine, respectively. It was significant statistically. Therefore, it is considered using the air cleaner to remove the partial pollutants in indoor environment and is positive effect for health.

The number of cases exceeding environmental standards of atmospheric ozone in the major cities in Korea has steadily increased during the past decades. In order to understand and analyze the atmospheric reactions in the atmosphere, especially the secondary photochemical reactions, smog chambers studies have been performed very actively by many research groups worldwide. However, these studies have focused on the mechanism of photochemical reactions in high concentration conditions, not at the ambient levels. Therefore, in-depth studies in these conditions are essentially needed to realize exact mechanism in the atmosphere near the earth surface, especially at Korean atmospheric conditions. In this experiment, the mechanism of photochemical smog was examined through a comparative experiment of smog chambers under sun light and black light conditions. The results of our study indicated that concentrations of ozone, aldehyde, and PAN increased as the radiation of light source increases. Photochemical reaction patterns can be considered quite similar for both black light and sun light experiments. Based on our experiments using toluene as a reactant which is present at significant high levels in ambient air relative to other VOCs, it was found that toluene could contribute notably to oxidize NO to NO2, this reaction can eventually generate some other photochemical oxidants such as ozone, aldehyde, and PAN. The results of simulation and experiments generally showed a good agreement quite well except for the case of O3. The restriction of oxidization of NO to NO2 seems to cause this difference, which is mainly from the reaction of peroxy radical itself and other reactants in the real gas.

Thermal neutrality is not enough to achieve thermal comfort. The temperature level can be the optimal, and still people may complain. This situation is often explained by the problem of local discomfort. Local discomfort can be caused by radiant asymmetry, local air velocities, too warm and too cold floor temperature and vertical temperature difference. This temperature difference may generate thermal discomfort due to different thermal sensation in different body parts. Therefore, thermal comfort can not be correctly evaluated without considering these differences. This study investigates thermal discomfort sensations of different body parts and its effect on overall thermal sensation and comfort in air-heating room. Experimental results of evaluating thermal discomfort at different body parts in an air-heating room showed that thermal sensation on the shoulder was significantly related to the overall thermal sensation and discomfort. Although it is known that cool-head, warm-foot condition is good for comfort living, cool temperature around the head generated discomfort