본 연구는 전라북도 전주지역을 대상으로 비오톱 유형별 귀화식물의 분포특성을 파악하여 비오톱 보전 및 복원을 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 2008년 5월부터 6월까지 비오톱 유형별로 식물상과 귀화식물을 조사하여 입지별 귀화율을 산정하였다. 조사결과 총 113과 525종의 식물이 조사되었고, 이 중 귀화식물은 총 19과 54종이 나타났다. 비오톱 유형중 입지별 귀화율이 가장 높게 나타난 곳은 농촌형 건천 유형에 속하는 하천으로 36.4%였고, 가장 낮게 나타난 곳은 산립지역 침엽수 자연립 유형으로서 귀화식물이 한 종도 조사되지 않았다. 전주지역의 전체 도사화지수는 18.9%로서 우리나라에서 중소규모 크기 도시의 도시화지수와 유사한 것으로 나타났다.

This article examines the types of tteok (Korean rice cake) recorded in 21 old literatures of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1909) according to its main ingredients. Tteok varieties of the Joseon dynasty were categorized into jjin-tteok, chin-tteok, jijin-tteok, salmeun-tteok and guun-tteok and their changes in cooking method were discussed from the early to late eras of the Joseon dynasty. These can be summarized as follows. In the early, middle and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, there were 1, 15 and 84 kinds of tteok using non-glutinous rice as the main ingredient, and 6, 24 and 120 kinds using glutinous rice, respectively. Tteok using wheat flour was not found in the early Joseon dynasty, whereas 6 and 32 kinds were found in the middle and late eras, respectively. There were 1, 4 and 5 kinds of tteoks using buckwheat, and 5, 11 and 19 kinds using other ingredients such as yam, barley, elephant's ear, oat, and arrowroot flour, in the early, middle and late eras, respectively. The frequency of the main ingredient increased in the order of glutinous rice>non-glutinous rice>wheat flour>other ingredient>buckwheat flour during the Joseon dynasty and the ratio of tteoks using non-glutinous and glutinous rice flours was 1:1.5. The number and types of tteok were noted to increase abruptly throughout the Joseon dynasty. This may be associated with the commercial industrial development that prevailed in the late Joseon dynasty. Further study will be conducted on their recipes and ingredients recorded in these old literatures to develop a standardized recipe for the globalization of tteok.

In this study, the current status of the business foodservice industry, evaluation of leftover food and customer satisfaction with foodservice at direct operation and consignment foodservice businesses in Chungbuk were examined. This study has managerial implications in terms of improving the quality and effectiveness of the business operation of the foodservice industry. The sample size of this study included 800 customers who use foodservices provided by 11 selected businesses including 6 direct operation and 5 consignment foodservice businesses. From these 800 customers, a total of 692 were used (direct operation foodservice (n=361) and consignment foodservice (n=331) businesses). The results were as follows; First, as for the main reasons for using the employee restaurants in types of direct operation and consignment foodservice business, ‘the close location’ had the high percentage. Approximately 41% of respondents were not satisfied with the foodservice in the employee restaurants. Second, leftover food from consignment foodservices was higher than that for direct operation foodservices. Third, there were significant differences in customer satisfaction with five areas of foodservice between the two types of food service businesses: food, sanitation, feeding environment, mealing process and information and service. Customer satisfaction in the direct operation foodservice was higher than that of the consignment foodservice. In terms of the satisfaction level of foodservices, mealing process was the highest, followed by sanitation, food, and information and service in the direct operation and consignment foodservice businesses. Overall, satisfaction with the business foodservice was affected by the customers’ satisfaction in five areas of foodservices (e.g., food, sanitation, feeding environment, mealing process, information and service). Especially, ‘food’ and ‘information and service’ were important areas for determining overall customer satisfaction with foodservice. In addition, the overall satisfaction was negatively correlated with the quantity of leftover food in the direct operation and consignment foodservice business.

경산시에 있는 32개의 마을숲을 전수조사 하여 입지에 따른 마을숲의 유형을 분류한 바, 동구숲 8개소(25.0%), 동산숲 6개소(18.8%), 하천숲 7개소(21.9%) 및 마을주변숲 11개소(34.4%)를 확인하였다 동구숲에 출현하는 주요수종은 느티나무가 34.3%, 은행나무가 11.2% 및 아까시나무가 10.5% 등을 확인하였으며, 동산숲의 경우 소나무가 56.8%, 상수리나무가 26.4% 및 느티나무가 4.3% 등을 확인하였다. 하천숲의 경우 느티나무가 40.4%, 왕버들이 27.1% 및 말채나무가 5.5% 등을 확인하였으며, 마을주변숲의 경우 느티나무가 21.7%, 상수리나무가 10.8% 및 말채나무가 8.9% 등을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 확인한 마을숲의 대부분(71.9%)은 도로 때문에 분획화되어 서식처의 기능이 축소되었다. 마을숲의 기능을 개선하기 위해서는 마을숲 복원을 위한 후대목의 육성 그리고 교육 및 홍보를 통한 마을숲의 중요성을 일깨우는 등 관리방안의 수립이 필요하다.

이 연구는 교도소 내 수형자들의 폭력피해 경험과 피해에 대한 두려움의 실태를 파악하고 피해와 피해 두려움에 미치는 제 요인들을 찾고자 하는 목적을 가지고 수행되었다. 20개 교도소의 986명의 수형자를 대상으로 자료를 수집, 분 석한 결과 우리나라 교도소에서 수형자들이 경험하는 폭력은 심리적 피해와 괴 롭힘, 재산적 피해, 신체적 피해, 성적 피해의 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 피해에 대한 두려움에 있어서 심리적 피해와 괴롭힘에 대한 염려가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 피해경험과 피해두려움에 미치는 영향요인에 대해 알아보고자, 연령과 과거구금기간, 현제 구금기간, 강력범 여부, 프로그램 참여여부, 징벌경험 여부, 규율위반경험 등을 함께 모델에 넣고 회귀분석을 시행한 결과 피해경험에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 요인은 규율위반경험이었다. 즉 규율위반경험이 많을수록 피해경험도 함께 많아지는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이것은 교정정책의 측면에서 상당한 함의를 가진다. 즉 교도소 내 규율위반 행동에 대한 대책에 피해경험에 대한 대책을 반드시 함께 고려해야 한다는 의미를 강하게 시사한다. 반대로 현재 구금기간이 길어지면 피해경험은 적어지는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 구금기간이 길어 짐에 따라 수형자의 교도소 적응도가 놓아지게 되고 돌출행동이나 타 수형자와 갈등을 일으키는 횟수가 줄어들기 때문으로 보인다. 나머지 다른 변인들의 영향력은 유의미하게 나타나지 않았다. 한편 피해두려움에 영향을 주는 요인은 피해 경험만이 유의미한 것으로 밝혀졌는데, 이러한 결과는 선행연구에서 주장하는 “safety paradox,” 즉 피해두려움은 실제 경험과 별 상관이 없다는 결과와는 일치하지 않는 것으로 피해경험과 피해두려움의 밀접한 관련을 입증하는 것이라 하겠다. 이 연구는 지금까지 관심의 대상이 되지 않았던 수형자의 폭력피해에 관심을 가지고, 교도소의 폭력문제를 피해의 관점에서 파악하고 공식통계에 반영되지 않고 숨어있는 수형자간의 폭력문제에 대해 그 실상을 들여다본 연구라는 점에서 상당한 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 또한 수형자간의 폭력문제에 대한 실질적인 대처방안은 가해자 처벌에만 있는 것이 아니라 피해자에 대한 관심과 회복, 그리고 치유가 병행되어야 한다는 사실을 보여주고 있다는 것도 중요한 공헌이다.

본 연구의 목적은 망원경에서 별빛이 결상되는 원리를 교사들이 어떻게 이해하고 있는지를 알아보고자 하는 것이다. 경기도와 서울지역의 지구과학 교사 101명을 대상으로 설명식 지필문항 검사를 수행하고, 지구과학교육 전공자 3명이 교차분석을 실시하였다. 대부분의 교사들이 볼록렌즈에서 상이 형성되는 과정에 대한 체계적인 개념을 가지고 있지 않았고, 특히 상의 개념과 스크린의 역할에 대한 이해가 많이 부족하였다. 또한 망원경에서 별빛이 결상되는 원리에 대한 과학적 개념을 가지고 있는 교사는 참여교사의 3%로 극히 낮았으며 거의 대부분의 교사들이 볼록렌즈나 빛의 단편적인 성질을 이용하여 별빛의 결상을 이해를 시도하는 비과학적 혹은 대체개념을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to test the effect different forages and feeding rates on generation of main greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in Hanwoo cows. Feeds were given twice per day at 09:00 and 17:00. Greenhouse gases were measured during 12 hours using Mamos-300 from 09:00 to 21:00. The results indicated that the generation of greenhouse gases under different forage categories and feeding rate were significantly different (p<0.05). Whole greenhouse gas tended to decrease in the high concentrate diets. The high timothy supplement ation group showed less amounts of carbon dioxide generation comparing with others group while high silage supplementation resulted more methane generation comparing with other treatments. On the afternoon test, carbon dioxide generation was significantly lower different (p<0.05) in timothy treatment comparing with others.

The studies on semiconductor industrial accident in korea have been focused on the frequencies of each type of safety management employee, characteristics, cause and unsafe conditions, acts and so on Those attributes of semiconductor industrial accidents

Recently, Clinical reports about reducing the delivery time, pain, instrument delivery, and C-section by increasing intrauterine pressure through giving a steady pressure on fundus have been released. However, the use of fundal pressure during the labor is a cause of great concern about medical malpractice and accidents caused by overpressure on fundus. To practice fundal pressure in safe way, medical device is designed. The device consists of inflatable belt, controller, and TOCO transducer; it inflates the belt to give air pressure onto fundus. In this study, we propose the shape of belt to give an air pressure on fundus equally, efficiently, and safely.

As architectures have recently become high-risers and mega-structured, stable high strength products have been ensured. Accordingly, use of precast concrete accouplement has been increased in order to facilitate air compression and rationalize construction. Since external rising by the steam heating and internal rising by the accumulation of cement hydration heat for the temperature of members, precast concrete members with large cross-section used for high-rise mega-structure's columns and beams may exhibit different temperature history compared to the precast concrete members for wall and sub-floor with relatively small cross-sections. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the characteristics of temperature history of mass concrete members cast with high-strength concrete for precast concrete application. In this study, large cross-sectional precast concrete mock-up, unit cement quantity, and temperature histories in manufacturing precast concrete member under different curing condition were inclusively investigated.

Recently, as architectural concrete structures become high-rise and megastructured, concrete become high-strengthened and, by ensuring products of more stability, and rationalization of construction are required.large cross-sectional precast concrete members such as columns show large temperature increase in manufacturing process not only by external heating but also by concrete itself's hydration heating. Therefore, it is expected that specimen for management to predict strength and compression strength of precast concrete member shows different strength characteristics. Conceming this, in order to suggest strength characteristics of high strength mass concrete suitable for precast concrete application, this study comprises the inclusive investigations on the relations between core strength and the strength characteristics per member cross-section dimensional value and per water-bonding material ratio value.

Black has been the most important color of all since the ancient times when the recognition of black roused, as well as during most of the eras; and can especially be said as the main color which controlled the chronicles of fashion. The purpose of the study was to broaden the application of black color image make-up by inquiring into make-up design elemental characteristics of lines and textures, after classifying magazine illustrations and advertisement make-up images using black. The photos which made effective use of black among fashion illustrations, magazine advertisements after 2001 were classified in to each type, and make-up expression method and characteristics according to design element of each image type was analyzed. The conclusion of such study was the following. 'Erotic image' showed contrast effect between eye make-up and lip color by using pale tone or red color. 'Mannish image' emphasized form and texture of eyebrow by restraining the colors of eyelids with natural brown tone eye make-up; 'Modern image' expressed vague eyebrow to bring the sensation of the direction of eye shadow on eyelids and eye line as well as slant line to relief. 'Kitsch image' showed free and light imagery by creating unique hair style with various colors; expressing lips mostly with colors similar to skin tone or by restraining colors on lips. 'Decadence image' showed messy and foul sensation with unstandardized eye make-up and matt skin of shimmer, glossy and pale tone, also with black colored lips; 'Retro image' expressed reinterpretation of images from 1920～1960 to contemporary styles.

In this paper, the effect of different land-use types on soil organic carbon (SOC) and Particulate Organic Carbon(POC) was studied by analyzing the soils in the meadow and conversing land of grassland to cropland in ecotones of agriculture and animal husbandry. It is shown t㏊t, compared with meadow, rotations of P/O and P/Cwill reduce SOC in 0-30㎝ soil layers by 47.54%-65.11% and 34.16-64.26% and POC by 16.90%-24.48% and 11.94%-20.29%, respectively. And SOC in meadow is more t㏊n in conversing land of grassland to cropland (P＜0.05). Conversing grassland to cropland in ecotones of agriculture and animal husbandry will decrease the contents of SOC and POC.

The temporal variations of soil CO₂ efflux (Rs) under sown alfalfa pasture and rangeland in the Loess Plateau was studied. Results showed t㏊t diurnal changes of soil CO₂ efflux were highly associated with changes of soil temperature, with tendency t㏊t the minimum values occurred between 0100 to 0600 (Beijing Standard Time, BST), maximum value between 1200 and 1600. Soil temperature at 5㎝ depth gave the highest correlation coefficient and account for 72.2% and 89.5% of diurnal variation in soil CO₂ effluxes at rangeland and alfalfa pasture, respectively. Annual CO₂ emissions from alfalfa pasture were 488.5 g C/㎡/yr, which was higher t㏊n t㏊t from rangeland.