PURPOSES : In this study, model-agnostic methods are applied for interpreting machine learning models, such as the feature global effect, the importance of a feature, the joint effects of features, and explaining individual predictions. METHODS : Model-agnostic global interpretation techniques, such as partial dependence plot (PDP), accumulated local effect (ALE), feature interaction (H-statistics), and permutation feature importance, were applied to describe the average behavior of a machine learning model. Moreover, local model-agnostic interpretation methods, individual conditional expectation curves (ICE), local surrogate models (LIME), and Shapley values were used to explain individual predictions. RESULTS : As global interpretations, PDP and ALE-Plot demonstrated the relationship between a feature and the prediction of a machine learning model, where the feature interaction estimated whether one feature depended on the other feature, and the permutation feature importance measured the importance of a feature. For local interpretations, ICE exhibited how changing a feature changes the interested instance’s prediction, LIME explained the relationship between a feature and the instance’s prediction by replacing the machine model with a locally interpretable model, and Shapley values presented how to fairly contribute to the instance’s prediction among the features. CONCLUSIONS : Model-agnostic methods contribute to understanding the general relationship between features and a prediction or debut a model from the global and/or local perspective, securing the reliability of the learning model.

코로나19로 인해 선교 현장뿐만 아니라 교회 상황도 급격히 변화 하였다. 선교사들의 건강의 위협과 후원의 감소, 그리고 선교지의 박해를 가속화했다. 한국교회도 지속적인 이미지 실추와 교인수의 감소, 그리고 재정의 감소를 가져왔다. 코로나19로 인한 선교현장과 한국교회에 처한 상황 속에서 한국교회는 지원과 논의, 그리고 개발을 계속해 가고 있다. 한국교회는 위기에 처한 선교사와 선교현장에 필요 한 지원을 하고 있으며 교회의 공동체성과 함께 선교의 본질을 찾는 논의를 계속하고 있다. 현장방문이 어려운 단기선교를 온라인으로 실시하면서 다양한 콘텐츠를 개발하고 실행하고 있으며 선교사들은 온라인을 통한 제자훈련과 기도회 등 다양하게 적용해 가고 있다. 그리고 선교사 신분의 노출을 최소화하는 방법과 장기적인 거주의 방법으로 디아스포라 한인 선교자원의 개발과 평신도 선교자원 동원 운동에서 그 대안을 찾고 있다. 개별적이고 경쟁적인 선교사역을 지양 하고 선교사들 간의 연합과 함께 한국세계선교협의(KWMA)와 같은 연합단체의 역할이 증대되고 있다. 코로나19로 인한 선교 현장과 한국 교회의 상황 속에서의 한국교회의 대처 방안들은 선교의 긍정적인 전망을 가능하게 한다.

Purpose: This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding by analyzing and exploring the work experience of infection control nurses (ICNs) in response to the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data were collected from 14 ICNs, (two in in-depth interviews and 12 in groups of six) from February 19, 2021, to March 20, 2021, and were analyzed according to the content. Results: In the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, ICNs took the lead in responding to infectious diseases, where they felt pressure in doing everything. In addition, they were confused by a lack of workforce and undetailed job plans. ICNs have been exhausted by insufficient support and system, such as the lack of support in the hospital, communication with health authorities, and difficulties with patients and visitors. However, ICNs settle with the help and encouragement of those around them. For example, pride in the work that only ICN can do, change in the cooperation of hospitals, and development of ICNs’ unique method of perseverance. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, ICNs experienced structural, physical, and mental difficulties at work. Nevertheless, the study found that a driving force enabled ICNs to endure, and that to efficiently respond to new infectious diseases in the future, it is necessary to secure ICNs and strengthen them.

Fashion companies and brands’ marketing activities focus on resolving environmental problems; however, these companies’ efforts, there are some examples of so-called “greenwashing”. This paper aims to analyze different perceptions of brand authenticity, green marketing, and purchase intention toward the brand before and after exposure to case information about greenwashing. A total of 211 data were gathered and analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Respondents were asked to respond to same questionnaires related to green marketing and the brand authenticity before and after their exposure to greenwashing information. The study participants’ perceptions of green marketing from the brand were statistically significantly negatively changed after exposure compared to before exposure. Similar patterns in results were found in the context of consumers’ perception of brand authenticity (genuineness, originality, and consistency), and purchase intention. The originality of this study is in evaluating consumers’ perception of greenwashing focused on brand authenticity. The findings of the study suggest that if a fashion brand’s green marketing activity is perceived as greenwashing by consumers, the perceptions of green marketing, brand authenticity, and purchase intention can all decline. It is suggested that fashion brands need to develop a sincere and truthful green marketing campaigns to keep and enhance their brand authenticity.

해사안전법 제96조는 COLREG 제2조 책임규정에서 정하는 주의의무를 국내 법으로 수용하기 위한 것이다. 그러나 이 조문은 COLREG 제2조에서 정하고 있는 선원의 상무 규정을 누락하고 있어, 적용 범위가 COLREG 제2조보다 넓 게 해석될 수 있으며, 이는 해사안전법의 의무이행자인 선박, 선장, 선박소유자 또는 해원에게 과도한 의무를 부담하는 효과를 가져올 수 있다. 특히, 해양안전 심판원의 최근 재결은 해사안전법 제96조와 COLREG의 선원의 상무를 동시에 적용하여 의무이행자인 선박, 선장, 선박소유자 또는 해원에게 요구되는 행위규 범이 무엇인지 모호하게 하고 있다. 이에 이 논문에서는 COLREG상 주의의무 와 선원의 상무에 대하여 COLREG의 모태가 되는 영미법의 주의의무를 중심으 로 살펴보고, COLREG 제2조 책무규정에서 정하고 있는 각각의 주의의무에 대 하여 검토한다. 다음으로 해사안전법 제96조에서 정하고 있는 주의의무를 우리 나라 용어, 법체계, 목적 등을 중심으로 살펴보고 이를 COLREG에서 정하고 있 는 주의의무 및 선원의 상무와 비교한 후 그 차이점과 적용에 대한 문제점을 도출한다. 특히 이 논문에서는 해사안전법 제96조에서 정하고 있는 주의의무가 COLREG 제2조에서 정하고 있는 주의의무보다 넓게 해석될 수 있으며, 이에 따라 우리나라 해사안전법이 행위자에게 과도한 의무를 부과할 수 있는 점을 해석적으로 분석한다. 결과적으로, 해사안전법에서 정하고 있는 주의의무가 현 행법상 COLREG 제2조를 국내적으로 적절히 이행하기 어려움을 인식하고, 우 리나라가 수용한 국제규정을 국내적으로 성실하고 명확하게 이행하기 위해 해 사안전법의 개정을 위한 ‘선원의 상무’ 조항 신설 또는 분법을 개선방안으로 제 시한다.

본 연구의 목적은 COVID-19 상황에서 온라인 태권도대회 출전이 초등학생의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 있다. 이를 통해 성장기에 있는 초등학생들이 COVID-19 상황을 잘 극복하는데 효과적인 프로그램을 제시한다. 나아가 온라인 태권도대회를 통한 수련생의 자아존중감에 대한 연구의 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 의의와 필요성이 있다. 본 연구는 온라인 태권도대회에 출전한 초등학생(2학년~6학년) 60명과 미출전 비교집단 60명을 대상으로 비교분석 하였다. 연구결과, 온라인 태권도대회에 출전 경험이 실험집단의 경우에는 사전(M=1.92)보다 사후(M=3.47)에 자아존중감이 1.55 증가하였다. 비교집단의 경우에는 사전(M=1.96), 사후(M=1.95)에 변화가 거의 없었다. 이와 같이 두 집단 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(t=46.747, p <.001). 참여자의 성별에 따른 자아존중감의 차이는 별로 없었으며, 성별 구분 없이 모두 비슷하게 사전에 비해 사후에 자아존중감이 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 수련 시간에 따른 자아존중감은 수련시간에 관계 없이 모두 자아존중감이 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과, 코로나-19로 인한 온라인 대회 출전 경험이 자아존중감에 긍정적인 효과가 있었음을 알 수 있다.

The composition of human resources in industrial sites is becoming global. In Korea, too, the proportion of foreign members in all industrial fields and production sites is increasing. This is the reason why an approach that reflects this reality is needed in the basic unit of competitive sources. Competitiveness starts with value creation, and this progresses through field innovation. Through empirical analysis of this study, it was analyzed that South Korea members showed active actions and attitudes in developing, promoting, and realizing ideas when they strongly recognized the real meaning of empowerment given by leaders. On the other hand, it was found that foreign members do not know the meaning of empowerment itself, so they are often unable to play an active role in the development, promotion, and realization of ideas. In fact, it was analyzed that foreign members generally did not experience positive interactions with LMX and were exposed to simple tasks and controls. In other words, they are being discriminated against in terms of communication problems, compensation system, and work environment. In particular, this phenomenon is exacerbated in the case of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Situational response to foreign workers through improvement of LMX and empowerment should be evaluated as a key management task in a situation where productivity improvement and job unit innovation are urgently needed.

Treatment and management of chronic low back pain (CLBP) should be tailored to the patient’s individual context. However, there are limited resources available in which to find and manage the causes and mechanisms for each patient. In this study, we designed and developed a personalized context awareness system that uses machine learning techniques to understand the relationship between a patient’s lower back pain and the surrounding environment. A pilot study was conducted to verify the context awareness model. The performance of the lower back pain prediction model was successful enough to be practically usable. It was possible to use the information from the model to understand how the variables influence the occurrence of lower back pain.

본 연구는 사도행전에 나타난 바울의 상황화 선교 원리와 전략에 관한 것이다. 사도행전에서 사도바울은 대상자인 청중의 상황에 따라 메시지의 내용을 다르게 표현하고 있다. 사도행전 15장 예루살렘 공의 회에서 사도바울은 모세의 율법과 할례를 시행하는 것이 구원의 조건이 아니라 예수그리스도를 믿음으로 구원을 받는다는 것을 분명히 하였다. 사도행전 13장 안디옥에서 유대인에게, 사도행전 14장 루스드라에서 이방인에게, 17장 아덴에서 철학자들에게 다른 메시지 내용과 전달방 법을 활용하였다. 사도행전에서 바울은 대상자에 맞는 적절한 상황화 원리를 통하여 복음의 전달을 하였다. 사도행전에서 나타난 바울의 상황화는 대상자인 청중의 눈높이에 맞추어 복음을 전달하였다.

Purpose: This study explored and described the lived experiences of nurses in taking care of patients during COVID-19 pandemic in Korea. Methods: Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with 10 nurses who involved in COVID-19 patient care. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis. Results: Qualitative data analysis revealed three categories: ‘standing in front of the pandemic’, ‘harsh experience of caring for COVID-19 patients’, and ‘finding a way for better COVID-19 patients care’. The lived experience of nurses in caring of patients with COVID-19 infection was ‘finding the best way to provide proper care in unfamiliar and difficult pandemic situation’. Conclusion: The results illustrated the motivation, meaning, and value of pandemic care from the nurses’ perspective. Nurses felt proud of being a part of dedicated hard-working team but distressed by crumbling death without dignity and pressured by being thrown at the front-line in the COVID-19 battle. The advanced practice nurses’ hidden supports and advices were helpful for them to reinforce nursing capacity for optimal care. Nursing professionalism should be enhanced by establishing the scope of practices and providing systematic support with appropriate rewards.

To investigate the industrial availability of liquid fermentation (PL-ferment) by Phellinus linteus mycelium as a postbiotics for the inhibition of inflammation, PL-ferment was fractionated into culture supernatant (CS), hot-water extract (HW) from PL-ferment, EtOH-precipitate (CP) fractionated from HW, and the dialysate (DCP) of CP. Compared to the other fractions, DCP which is expected to contain exopolysaccharide (EPS) as the major component, significantly decreased the production of NO, IL-6, and MCP-1 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, and IL-6 and IL-8 in TNF-α and IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. The general component analysis results showed that no significant difference in components was observed between the fractions, whereas sugar composition analysis revealed that DCP had decreased glucose and increased mannose contents compared to the other fractions. This suggests that mannose played an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity of the active fraction, DCP. Molecular weight distribution analysis revealed that DCP was mainly composed of low-molecular-weight material-removed high-molecular-weight polysaccharides of 18–638 kDa, suggesting that EPS originated from P. linteus EPS. In conclusion, our results suggest that the DCP of P. linteus mycelium fermentation using the anti-inflammatory activity could be used industrially as postbiotic material.