화장품용 방부제로 사용하고 있는 1, 2-hexanediol (HD)에 높은 농도의 lactose (300 g/l)를 넣고, 재조합 대장균 β-galactosidase (β-gal)를 이용하여 galactose 한 분자를 결합시키는 transgalactosylation 반응을 시켜서, 1, 2-hexanediol galactoside (HD-gal)을 합성하였다. 그리고, 합성 된 HD-gal 분자를 확인하기 위하여, HD-gal에 대한 NMR (1H- and 13C-) 스펙트럼 분석과 mass 스 펙트럼 분석을 실시하였다. HD-gal의 1H NMR 스펙트럼에서 HD에 갈락토실화가 되었음을 보여주는 다양한 피크를 확인하였다. 1H NMR 스펙트럼의 다운필드인 δH 4.44 ppm과 δH 3.96~3.58 ppm에서 나타나는 다양한 피크들은 HD에 갈락토실화가 되었다는 것을 잘 암시하고 있으며, 또한 1H NMR 스 펙트럼의 업필드에서 나타나는 δH 1.60~1.35 ppm과 0.92 ppm의 피크는 HD의 CH2와 CH3 작용기로 부터 나타나는 피크로써 HD가 본 물질에 존재한다는 것을 나타내고 있다. 13C NMR 스펙트럼에서는 HD-gal의 알파-아노머와 베타-아노머의 구조에서 기인하는 총 21의 카본피크가 나타났고, 각 아노머 마다 12개의 카본이 존재하는데 이중 δC 68.6, 60.9 and 13.2 ppm에 보이는 3개의 카본은 겹쳐서 나 타나 총 24개의 피크 중 21개가 나타났다. 또한, 질량스펙트럼 분석에서는 protonated HD-gal인 281.1601 (m/z)의 peak를 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 종합하면, NMR (1H- and 13C-) 스펙트럼 분석 결 과와 질량분석 결과들은 우리가 기대했던 HD-gal의 구조와 매우 잘 일치하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었 다. 앞으로 추가적으로, 세균에 대한 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) 조사와 human skin cell에 대한 독성연구를 추가적으로 진행할 예정이며, 이러한 결과를 근거로 항균력을 유지하면서 피부세 포에 대한 독성이 감소된 화장품용 방부제의 연구/개발이 계속되기를 기대하고 있다.

졸겔법에 의해서 trimethylborate (TMB)/tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) 몰비 0.01, 온도 800°C에서 SiO2⋅B2O3가 제조되었다. 그리고 제조된 SiO2⋅B2O3와 PDMS[poly(dimethylsiloxane)]로부터 PDMS-SiO2⋅B2O3 복합막을 제조하고 막의물리화학적 특성을 TG-DTA, FT-IR, BET, X-ray, SEM에 의해 조사하고 그리고 H2와 N2의 투과도와 선택도를 조사하였다.TG-DTA, BET, X-ray, FT-IR 측정에 의하면 SiO2⋅B2O3는 무정형의 다공성 SiO2⋅B2O3였으며, 기공의 평균직경은 37.7821Å, 표면적은 247.6868 m2/g이었다. TGA 측정에 의하면 PDMS 내에 SiO2⋅B2O3가 첨가되었을 때 PDMS-SiO2⋅B2O3 복합막의 열적 안정성은 향상되었다. SEM 관찰에 의하면 SiO2⋅B2O3는 약 1 μm 크기로 PDMS 내에 덩어리 상태로 뭉쳐서 분산되어 있었다. 기체투과실험에 의하면 PDMS 내에 SiO2⋅B2O3 함량이 증가하면 H2와 N2의 투과도는 증가하였고,

The effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) on the properties of color conversion glasses was examined for glasses based on BaO-ZnO-B2O3-SiO2. One glass sample, containing 25 mol% of each component, was used as a reference; the other three glass samples contained 1, 3, and 5 mol% TiO2, respectively. The four color conversion glass samples were prepared by sintering a mixture of glass frits and a YAG:Ce+ phosphor. The characteristics of the color conversion glass samples, such as luminous efficacy, luminance, CIE (Commission International de I'Eclairage) chromaticity, CCT (Correlated Color Temperature), and CRI (Color Rendering Index) were analyzed according to the PL spectrum. The refractive index of the glass samples was found to increase with the titanium dioxide content. In conclusion, luminous efficacy of color conversion glasses increased as the content of TiO2 was raised in the glass matrix.

투명 전도성 산화물로서 알루미늄과 붕소가 함께 도핑된 아연산화물(AZOB)이 900℃에서 분무 열분해법에 의해 제조되었다. 얻어진 마이크론 크기의 AZOB 분말은 알루미늄, 붕소 및 아연의 수용액으로부터 얻어진다. 분무 열분해로 얻어진 마이크론 크기의 AZOB 분말은 700℃에서 두 시간동안의 후 소성 과정과 24 시간 동안의 볼 밀링을 통해 나노 크기의 AZOB으로 변환된다. AZOB을 구성하는 일차 입자의 크기를 Debye-Scherrer 식에 의해 계산하였고 압축된 AZOB 펠렛의 표면 저항을 측정하였다.

The ubiquitous Na, K-ATPase is a membrane-bound ion pump located in the plasma membrane in all animal cells and plays an essential role in a variety of cellular functions. Studies in several organisms have shown that this protein regulates different aspects of embryonic development and is responsible for the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Na, K-ATPase is an important factor for retinal development, and combinations of the isoforms of each of its subunits are expressed in different cell types and determine its functional properties. In this study, we performed RT-PCR assay to determine temporal expression and in situ hybridization to determine spatial expression of Na, K-ATPase β2 isoform (atp1b2) in Xenopus laevis. Focusing on retinal expression to distinguish the specific expression domain, we used retinal marker genes sox4, sox11, vsx1, and pax6. Xenopus atp1b2 was expressed from late gastrulation to the tadpole stage. Using whole mount in situ hybridization, we showed that Xenopus atp1b2 was expressed broadly in the eye, the whole surface ectoderm, and gills. In situ hybridization on sections revealed detailed and specific expression in the outer nuclear layer of the retina, which consists of two major classes of photoreceptors, rods and cones, surface ectoderm, pharyngeal epithelium, and gills. These findings indicate that atp1b2 may play an important role for the development of Xenopus retina.

Deciding what value to offer to customers is a key managerial task in differentiating a service in the market and in satisfying customer needs better than competitors. This task is more critical for B2B services because customer satisfaction results from both the customer’s actual experience with the service and the ongoing interactions a customer has with the service provider. Previous research supports this view by showing that a service’s performance and relational value offerings are paramount in driving customer satisfaction; however, the distinct effect of each of these value offerings on customer satisfaction has not been fully explained. Using a multi-informant design and data from 173 B2B service firms, our study provides a deeper understanding of how the outcomes of performance and relational value vary at different levels of customer participation and supplier collaboration in a B2B service project. This deeper understanding helps managers to identify precisely the conditions under which a specific configuration of performance and relational value offerings is more or less influential with respect to customer satisfaction.

This paper describes how customer asset management can influence the profit and loss and the balance-sheet drivers of shareholder value. The authors argue that economic profit should be used as a measure of shareholder value creation because the former acknowledges both operating and financial expenses and allows analysis of individual customer relationships. The developed framework suggests that the drivers of shareholder value can be divided into four main categories: revenue, cost, asset utilization, and risk. The paper identifies 13 distinct roles for customer asset management that influence the four shareholder value drivers. The empirical research consists of three longitudinal B2B case studies describing customer asset management aimed at improving shareholder value creation. The findings of the empirical research suggest that B2B firms are able to acknowledge all suggested four shareholder value drivers. Findings also suggest that firms should differentiate their customer management concepts in order to move customer asset management beyond traditional acquisition–retention optimization.

Even in the business-to-business(B2B) markets, service quality is becoming very important factor which determines success or failure of the long-term business relationship. Considering that most previous researches about service quality were conducted in the business-to-consumer (B2C) area, this study conceptualizes the various quality aspects of service that are considered in B2B market and proposes B-SERVQUAL which is the detailed quality measurement scale of B2B service. Our study aims to reveal how such recognized service quality influences on realizing the relationship between the customer and the supplier. We began this research with two main objectives: (1) develop the service quality scale to facilitate assessments of B2B service quality and (2) investigate the structural model which deals with the relation between the service quality and business relationship performance. Service quality has a positive effect on relationship bonding, indicating that the superior service quality of service providers leads relationship bonding with buyers. Five dimensions considered in this study bring not only structural bond but also the social bond that refers to the emotional bonding. Especially, we assumed that the empathy quality, a human factor in service quality, plays an important role in binding sellers and buyers personally and emotionally. Technical quality and the process quality related to service delivery are closely associated with the technical level of the service provided, so the service quality structurally binds the relationship between companies. In addition, service quality has a greater effect on structural bond than social bond, which implies that service quality is emphasized as core elements that bring economic, strategic, technical, and organizational benefits in B2B trading rather than be seen as a catalyst to accelerate trading or supplementary elements to the products. Structural bond in relationship bonding is an antecedent of social bond. Relationship bonding has been studied in 2 categories traditionally. This study could identify a casual relation between them. The findings from the study demonstrate that the structural bond is developed when clear economic and managerial advantages exist for buyers, and then the social bond is formed based upon this. In other words, structural bond is a positive predictor of social bond or emotional bond. As suggested earlier, service quality has a greater effect on structural bond than social bond, which supports a structural casual relation in which the structural bond is accomplished first through service and then, based upon this, social bond is accomplished. Commitment appeared to be an important factor that has a positive effect on relationship performance, which demonstrates the experience and the reduction of management cost through commitment is the antecedent that brings the relationship performance which is defined as the degree of the effectiveness and efficiency from mutual organization exchange activities. Managerial implications and limitations of the study were also discussed in detail.

This research is intended to provide marketing practitioners with an overview of web analytics to explore the issue of how to define and measure the effectiveness of social media through analyzing the various activities of current/potential consumers as well as provide a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of digital content marketing using social media. These analytics answer broad questions about which types of social media metrics are best at referring traffic, about conversations at the organization’s website, and about comparing different social media channels, such as Facebook and Twitter in this study. These analytics employ time series analysis to specifically address activities in SNSs that effectively drive traffic to a website and accomplish business goals. This study is one of the first empirical investigations in the marketing communication field related to measuring social media’s effectiveness. The major goal of this study is to demonstrate the value of businesses’ efforts and to optimize their digital/social marketing strategy using web analytics.

As mass production reaches the technical limits of industrial technology, suppliers are finding it more difficult to differentiate their products for quality and cost. Many companies in the manufacturing industry are trying diverse approaches to differentiate their products and compete with their rivals. Some companies are moving beyond hard product development to focus on soft product development such as customer solutions in the aftermarket. Some companies are enlarging their businesses to new areas such as financial services. They are also driving their employees to be more innovative in product design to lower costs and provide better quality to increase brand benefits. Companies that are less innovative in product development strive to establish closer communications with their business partners. To increase sustainable competitive advantages in the difficult business environment, they must simultaneously reinforce brand benefits and the quality of relationships. In this research, I try to verify the relationship between brand benefits and customer value and between relationship quality and customer value by introducing customer value as a new construct. The results show that better quality, committed delivery, economical cost, and new features motivate buyers to purchase products. relationship quality influences customer satisfaction as transaction value followed by relationship value. Thus the better relationship quality motivates buyer to purchase supplier’s product with psychological satisfaction or pleasure. In conclusion, for existing customer, marketer needs to develop marketing strategy which supports the reinforcement of relationship quality between buyer and supplier. This study also provides implication for academic researchers. Until now there was no research to introduce customer value when it explains the relationship between relationship quality and customer satisfaction. This customer value introduction will help for researchers to analyze the relationship between consumer and marketing activity.

With much of the literature on business-to-business (B2B) from Eastern countries largely focused on the Chinese Guanxi and its role in developing and maintaining B2B, the expansion of B2B literature to other parts of the world has been limited. One important area of massive economic growth and influence is the Gulf region. Studies on B2B within the Gulf region are scarce. Thus this paper builds up on recent exploratory studies on Et-Moone relationships. The paper examines the antecedents (interpersonal liking, trust and commitment) and consequence (cooperation) of Et-Moone relationships. Survey data were collected from over 180 senior managers in Saudi Arabia. The findings confirm the importance of Et-Moone in B2B relationships and its impact on cooperation. Implications for managers are discussed, and a guide for future research is provided.

In this study, GaN powders were synthesized from gallium oxide-hydroxide (GaOOH) through an ammonification process in an NH3 flow with the variation of B2O3 additives within a temperature range of 300-1050˚C. The additive effect of B2O3 on the hexagonal phase GaN powder synthesis route was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transformation infrared transmission (FTIR) spectroscopy. With increasing the mol% of B2O3 additive in the GaOOH precursor powder, the transition temperature and the activation energy for GaN powder formation increased while the GaN synthesis limit-time (tc) shortened. The XPS results showed that Boron compounds of B2O3 and BN coexisted in the synthesized GaN powders. From the FTIR spectra, we were able to confirm that the GaN powder consisted of an amorphous or cubic phase B2O3 due to bond formation between B and O and the amorphous phase BN due to B-N bonds. The GaN powder synthesized from GaOOH and B2O3 mixed powder by an ammonification route through β-Ga2O3 intermediate state. During the ammonification process, boron compounds of B2O3 and BN coated β-Ga2O3 and GaN particles limited further nitridation processes.

전 세계적으로 IT분야에서 클라우드 컴퓨팅에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며, 많은 기업들이 조직의 경쟁력 향상을 위해 클라우드 서비스 도입을 고려하고 있다. 클라우드 서비스는 클라우드 컴퓨팅에 기반을 두고 있으며 서비스 유형에 따라 SaaS, PaaS, IaaS로 구분할 수 있다. 본 연구는 실증적 연구를 통해 기술수용모델(TAM: Technology Acceptance Model)을 적용하여 기업의 B2B 클라우드 서비스 이용의도에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하는데, 국내에서 클라우드 서비스 중 PaaS를 서비스 기업과 동시에 이를 이용하는 기업이 거의 없으므로, B2B 클라우드 서비스중에서 SaaS와 IaaS를 그 분석 대상으로 하였다. 이를 위해 클라우드 서비스에 대한 지식을 보유한 IT 기업의 의사결정자, IT 기술 지원 담당자 등을 대상으로 설문조사하고 통계적 분석을 실시한 결과, 지각된 유용성, 사회적 영향력, 마케팅 노력 순으로 기업의 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스 도입의도에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 분석된 결과를 토대로 클라우드 서비스 유형인 SaaS, IaaS에 따른 조절효과를 검증하였다. 본 연구는 기업 사용자들의 클라우드 서비스 이용의도 분석은 물론 기업 클라우드 서비스 제공자들이 그들의 새로운 서비스 모델 개발 및 마케팅 전략 수립에 있어 의미 있는 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

시중에 유통 중인 영양보충용 제품의 수용성 비타민 B1(thiamin), B2(riboflavin), B3(nicotinic acid and nicotine amide), B6(pyridoxine), C(ascorbic acid)의 신속한 동시분석 방법을 확립하기 위하여 본 연구를 실시하였다. 영양보충용 제품은 정제, 연질캅셀, 분말, 액상의 4가지 제형에 대해 27종의 제품을 구입한 후, Ion-pair 분리기법을 사용하여 HPLC-UVD를 이용한 동시분석 방법을 검토하였다. 비타민 B1, B2, B3, B6, C의 HPLC에 의한 동시분석 조건을 검토한 결과, 이동상은 0.02% triethylamine, 17.5% 메탄올, 5 μM sodium hexanesulfonic acid가 함유된 pH 3.5(acetic acid로 조절)의 수용액을 사용하였고, 용출시간은 다른 피크의 영향을 받지 않도록 30분으로 하였다. 수용성 비타민의 회수율은 96% 이상이었다. 본 연구에 의해 확립된 수용성 비타민의 동시분석 조건은 검량선의 직선성, 정밀성, 정확성, 기기적합성 등이 USP 및 ICH 기준에 적합하여 HPLC의 동시분석 방법으로 합당하였다. 수용성 비타민의 추출 용매는 제형에 따라 약간의 차이를 보이긴 했으나, 물이나 산성조건을 갖춘 HPLC의 이동상이 에탄올이나 메탄올보다 높은 추출 효율을 보였다. 초음파 추출기에 의한 추출 시간은 20분이 가장 적당하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 수용성 비타민의 신속한 추출 및 분석에 매우 효율적으로 이용될 것으로 기대된다.

In fabricating plasma display panels, the photolithographic process is used to form patterns of barrier ribs with high accuracy and high aspect ratio. It is important in the photolithographic process to control the refractive index of the photosensitive paste. The composition of this paste for photolithography is based on the B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3 glass system, including additives of alkali oxides and rare earth oxides. In this work, we investigated the density, structure and refractive index of glasses based on the B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3 system with the addition of Li2O, K2O, Na2O, CaO, SrO, and MgO. The refractive index of the glasses containing K2O, Na2O and CaO was similar to that of the [BO3] fraction while that of the SrO, MgO and Li2O containing glasses were not correlated with the coordination fraction. The coordination number of the boron atoms was measured by MAS NMR. The refractive index increased with a decrease of molar volume due to the increase in the number of non-bridging oxygen atoms and the polarizability. The lowest refractive index (1.485) in this study was that of the B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-K2O glass system due to the larger ionic radius of K+. Based on our results, it has been determined that the refractive index of the B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3 system should be controlled by the addition of alkali oxides and alkali earth oxides for proper formation of the photosensitive paste.

개발도상국에 있어서 온라인 구매와 같은 B2C 전자상거래의 확산은 선진국에 비해 느리게 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 전자상거래에 대한 개발도상국의 정보기술 수용에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 실증적으로 분석하기 위하여, TAM 기반의 연구모형을 제시하고 그 가설들을 표본 데이터를 사용하여 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 명성이나 경험과 같은 선행 요인들은 선진국의 경우와 다른 양태로 기술 수용에 영향을 미친다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 개발도상국

A lot of B2C Internet shopping mall companies are establishing various strategies in order to make a result to be further better than it. But They are experiencing trouble by restriction like manpower or financial issue. Therefore, trying to grasp how an

혈압저하작용, 이뇨기능 등의 다양한 생리활성을 나타내는 γ-amino butyric acid(GABA)를 고농도로 생산하는 유산균인 Lactobacillus sakei B2-16을 이용하여 GABA의 산업적 생산 배지를 연구하였다. L. sakei B2-16의 최적 상용 배지는 Lactobacilli MRS 배지였으며, Lactobacilli MRS 배지에 1% mono sodium glutamate(MSG)를 첨가하고, L. sakei B2-16을 배양했을 때 MSG의 99.3% 는 GABA로 전환되었다. MRS 배지를 기본으로 최적 배지조성을 검토한 결과, 탄소원으로 4% sucrose와 질소원으로 1% yeast extract를 첨가하였을 때 균체 증식과 GABA 생산량이 가장 우수하였다. 산업적 배지를 확립하기 위하여 미배아를 온수 추출하여 얻은 추출액 배지에 L. sakei B2-16을 배양한 결과, 7%의 MSG를 100% GABA로 전환시켰으며, 미배아 추출액을 이용한 배지는 산업적 생산용 배지로의 응용이 기대된다.