FT-IR, GC/MS, and ATR-FT-IR analyses were performed to confirm the physicochemical characteristics of saw palmetto fruit (SPF) extract. FT-IR analysis of the standard product showed that the band corresponding to the carbonyl bond of free fatty acid was stronger than the band of acyl-glyceride. Sample E was identified as having the same trend as the standard sample. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the main fatty acids in the standard sample were lauric acid and oleic acid. The content of lauric acid ranged from approximately 30% to 38% in samples B, C, D, and E, while the content of oleic acid ranged from approximately 29% to 34%. The GC/MS analysis confirmed that the standard SPF extract consisted of fatty acids and fatty acid ethyl esters. Sample E demonstrated a similar pattern to the standard samples in terms of oleic acid, lauric acid, and fatty acid esters. ATR-FT-IR analysis indicated that only sample E was predicted to contain 100% saw palmetto extract. Therefore, these study findings can be considered fundamental data for analyzing the physicochemical characteristics of the composition of SPF extract.

Dental caries is an infectious disease that is caused by the interaction between the host, the diet, and a diverse microbial community. This study illustrated the anticariogenic effects of THYJ-15 against Streptococcus mutans, a major agent of dental caries. THYJ-15 was identified as Latilactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei through 16S rRNA sequencing, with a similarity of 99.72% to L. sakei subsp. sakei JCM 1157T. The cell-free supernatant of L. sakei subsp. sakei THYJ-15 observed MIC values of 10 mg/mL and MBC values of 20 mg/mL against S. mutans KACC 16833T. The cell-free supernatant of L. sakei subsp. sakei THYJ-15 showed significant inhibitory effects on biofilm formation, acid production and glucosyltransferases(GTFs) production against S. mutans. As a results, it was confirmed that L. sakei subsp. sakei THYJ-15 is a lactic acid bacterium possessing notable anticariogenic effects. Accordingly, L. sakei subsp. sakei THYJ-15 is expected to have great potential to be used as a basic substance for dental caries treatment caused by S. mutans.

Dental caries is an infectious disease accompanied by the destruction of teeth. It is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction between microbes in dental plaque and food, with cariogenic Streptococcus mutans being one of the primary causes. In this study, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum THK-j112 isolated from Kimchi, a traditional fermented food, against S. mutans were investigated. Furthermore, this paper also showed the possibility of developing this strain. After analyzing the 16S rRNA sequence, strain THK-j112 was named L. plantarum THK-j112 as it shared 99.93% similarity with L. plantarum ATCC 14917T. Both L. plantarum THK-j112 and L. plantarum ATCC 14917T demonstrated MIC values of 5 mg/mL and MBC values of 10 mg/mL against S. mutans KACC 16833T. The study confirmed that L. plantarum THK-j112 exhibited significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on biofilm formation, acid production, and glucosyltransferases(GTFs) production. Regarding hemolytic activity, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579T, used as a positive control, was confirmed to cause hemolysis, whereas L. plantarum THK-j112 did not cause this phenomenon. Additionally, except for gentamicin, the antibiotic resistance test revealed a lower value than the MIC cut-off value for each antibiotic, indicating no resistance. Based on the findings, L. plantarum THK-j112 is expected to be useful in the food industry, such as functional food, as a lactic acid bacterium with antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects.

본 연구에서는 선행연구를 통해 병원성 박테리아의 억제효과가 입증된 kefir 유래 유산균 L. pentosus BMSE-K006과 L. pentosus BMSE-K009의 다제내성 균주를 포함하는 Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia spp. 등 총 7주에 대한 억제효과를 확인하고자 하였 다. L. pentosus BMSE-K006과 L. pentosus BMSE-K009는 대 체로 다제내성 균주 중 그람 음성균에 대한 억제효과가 더 큰 것으 로 확인되었으며, E. coli 1507 CCARM 0236을 제외한 모든 지 시 균주에서 L. pentosus BMSE-K009보다 L. pentosus BMSEK006의 항균효과가 더 우수한 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 kefir 유래 유산균의 다제내성 균주에 대한 우수한 항균효과를 입 증할 수 있는 기초자료가 될 수 있으며, 추후 probiotics 특성 및 안전성에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

According to the previous study, Lactobacillus pentosus A67 and L. plantarum subsp. plantarum C2 were isolated and screened. In this study, culture broths of strains A67 and C2 were performed various physiological activity assays including antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation activity. The remarkable anti-microbial activities using the culture broths of the two strains were showed by disc diffusion method, MIC tests. In the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays to verify antioxidant activity, culture broths of strains A67 and C2 significantly scavenged free radical maximum by 91.33% and 81.95% respectively compared with arbutin. Also, they showed equivalent activity same as 297.22 units and 255.56 units of SOD respectively. In RAW264.7 cells, culture broths of strain A67 and C2 showed no cytotoxicity. Moreover, they showed significant cell proliferative effects by 173.5% and 143.5% compared to control group respectively. Overall, this study showed that the culture broths of strain A67 and C2 had antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, which could synergically increase the physiological activities. And they had no cytotoxicity and cell proliferative effects. Therefore, it is expected that L. pentosus A67 and L. plantarum C2 could be applied to a wide variety of functional materials including food and medicine as new probiotics.

Lactobacillus pentosus A67 and L. planarum subsp. plantarum C2 was tested the probiotics characterization such as acid, bile acid and antibiotics resistance. Isolates were isolated from the traditional Korean food, collected from traditional markets and homes in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, and were selected the isolates A67 and C2, which were the most antibacterial to E. coli. According to the analysis of 16S rRNA base sequences, the results showed that L. pentosus ATCC 8041 (similarity 100%), and L. plantarum subsp. plantarum ATCC 14917 (similarity 100%). L. pentosus A67 showed a survival rate of about 98.35% and the L. plantarum C2 showed a survival rate of about 95.62% at pH 2.5, respectively. L. pentosus A67 showed a survival rate of about 94.56% and the L. plantarum C2 showed a survival rate of about 88.81% on the 0.3% bile salt, respectively. L. pentosus A67 and L. plantarum C2 were survived by antibiotics such as the quinolone, aminoglycoside, macrolide, glycopeptide, tetracycline, cephalosporin and phenicillin families. On basis of these results, L. pentosus A67 and L. plantarum C2 are the candidates for useful probiotics.

This study was conducted to evaluate the biopreservative potential of a bacteriocin-containing cell-free culture from Lactococcus lactis A164 on tofu. In order to increase the shelf-life of tofu, cell-free culture of A164 was added to tofu coagulant agent for coagulation process. Compared with tofu treated with distilled water, lactic acid, or cell-free culture from Lactobacillus plantarum P23, the tofu treated with a bacteriocin-containing cell-free culture from A164 could significantly suppress the number of total bacteria and extend the shelf-life of tofu. The antibacterial activity of tofu treated with cell-free culture from A164 was further evaluated by using modified agar diffusion method with Weissella paramesenteroides ATCC33313, as an indicator strain. The cell growth of the indicator strain was significantly inhibited by tofu treated with cell-free culture from A164. These results indicate that a bacteriocin-producing strain, L. lactis A164, can be used as a biopresevative for extending the shelf life of fresh-processing foods such as a tofu.

Ginsenosides, ginseng saponin, are the principal components responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities of ginseng. In order to improve absorption and biological activities, the biotransformation of major ginsenoside to minor ginsenoside, as the more active compound, is required. In this study, we isolated Lactobacillus brevis THK-D57, which has high β-glycosidase activity, from Kimchi. The major ginsenoside Rb₁ was converted to the minor ginsenoside ‘compound K’ during the fermentation of L. brevis THK-D57. The results propose that the biotransformation pathway to produce compound K is as follows: ginsenoside Rb₁→ginsenoside Rd→ginsenoside F₂→ginsenoside compound K.

This study was carried out to optimize the production of immature green cherry tomato pickles and to produce green cherry tomato pickles of good sensory quality. The composition of immature green cherry tomato pickles was optimized using a central composition design with 3 variables and 3 levels. The overall acceptability score, based on sensory evaluation, was best, when the immature green cherry tomato pickles contained 231 g of vinegar, 52.6 g of salt, 168.3 g of sugar, 204 g of tomatoes, and 231 ㎖ of water. The statically predicted optimal formulation of immature green cherry tomato pickles on overall acceptability value was 33.54%(w/w) of vinegar, 7.64%(w/w) of salt, 25.28%(w/w) of sucrose, 33.54%(w/w) of water. The optimal conditions for producing immature green cherry tomato pickles should consider the factors of time and temperature of storage.

For the purpose of production of GABA-rich tomato paste, this study was carried out to investigate GABA producing lactic acid bacteria from Korean traditional fermented food, Kimchi and optimize the culture conditions. As a result of fermentation, Lactobacillus brevis B3-20 among lactic acid bacteria isolated at the pre-experiments was the best producer of GABA at the tomato paste medium with 50%(wet-base) levels of dionized water. At the result of fermentation on the tomato paste medium with 0.5%(w/w) yeast extract, as a source of nitrogen, 3%(w/w) MSG(monosodium glutamate) and dionized water(the ratio of tomato paste and water was 2:8), Lb. brevis B3-20 produced the maximum GABA concentration, 143.38 mM. GABA-rich tomato paste showed the activity of free radical scavenging. Because GABA-rich tomato paste have functional ingredients such as ascorbic acid, lycopene, carotenoid, as well as GABA by lactic acid bacteria fermentation, GABA-rich tomato paste can be considered high functional materials.

김치 및 젓갈 등의 150여 전통 발효 식품을 시료로 하여 protease 활성을 갖는 유산균을 분리한 결과, 24 U/mgcrude protein의 높은 활성을 갖는 젖산균 BV-26 균주을 분리하였다. API 50CHL kit를 이용하여 BV-26 균주의 당 이용성을 분석하고 16S rRNA 염기서열(99.9% 상동성)을 비교한 결과, 분리된 균주를 L. plantarum BV-26으로 표기하였다. L. plantarum BV-26의 생장과 protease 활성 변화를 MRS 배지를 이용하여 측정한 결과, L. plantarum BV-26의 생장은 배양 6시간 이후 활발하게 진행되어 18시간에 최고의 균체 농도를 보였으며, protease 활성은 배양 후 12시간부터 생성되기 시작하여 16시간에서 최고의 활성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 분리된 L. plantarum BV-26을 동물사료의 발효용 스타터로 이용할 경우 유산균이 갖는 유익한 장점 및 안전성을 확보할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 특히 대두박의 발효시 사료의 영양적 가치를 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

혈압저하작용, 이뇨기능 등의 다양한 생리활성을 나타내는 γ-amino butyric acid(GABA)를 고농도로 생산하는 유산균인 Lactobacillus sakei B2-16을 이용하여 GABA의 산업적 생산 배지를 연구하였다. L. sakei B2-16의 최적 상용 배지는 Lactobacilli MRS 배지였으며, Lactobacilli MRS 배지에 1% mono sodium glutamate(MSG)를 첨가하고, L. sakei B2-16을 배양했을 때 MSG의 99.3% 는 GABA로 전환되었다. MRS 배지를 기본으로 최적 배지조성을 검토한 결과, 탄소원으로 4% sucrose와 질소원으로 1% yeast extract를 첨가하였을 때 균체 증식과 GABA 생산량이 가장 우수하였다. 산업적 배지를 확립하기 위하여 미배아를 온수 추출하여 얻은 추출액 배지에 L. sakei B2-16을 배양한 결과, 7%의 MSG를 100% GABA로 전환시켰으며, 미배아 추출액을 이용한 배지는 산업적 생산용 배지로의 응용이 기대된다.

Experiments were performed using sweet potato starch-wheat composite flours to study the rheology and baking properties of bread with composite flours and to test sensory characteristics. Doughs were prepared from mixtures containing wheat flour and 10, 20, and 30% of sweet potato starch(SPS). Standard methods were used to evaluate the rheology and characteristics of wheat composite flour. The results were as follows : 1. The water absorption, developing time and stability measured by farinograph tended to decrease as SPS contents increased. 2. As the contents of SPS increased, the maximum viscosity of the composite flour by amylograph increased, yet gelatinization temperature was slightly low. 3. In the extensograph, extensibility decreased but the ratio of resistence to extensibility increased in proportion to the contents of SPS. 4. In the quality scoring of the bread, WF, WF + SPS 10%, WF + SPS 20% and WF SPS 30% were 84, 80, 77, 73, respectively. Specific volume and crumb characteristics of bread became inferior as SPS contents increased.

유자(Citrus junos Sieb ex TANAKA)는 북동아시아 지역에서 재배되는 감귤류 종이며, 비타민 C, 플라보이드, 리모노이드를 풍부히 함유하고 있다. 한국에서 재배되는 유자는 차나 음식료품으로 사용되고, 부산물인 씨와 과피는 전량 폐기되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 유자 부산물을 기능성 화장품 소재로서 이용 가능성을 평가하였다. 씨와 과피 에탄올 추출물에서 DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) 라디칼 소거활성 효과는 크지 않았지만 고농도의 phenolic compounds를 함유하고 있다. 각질형성세포(HaCaT Keratinocyte)와 섬유아세포(Normal Fibroblast)에 UVB를 각각 12.5 mJ/cm2, 15 mJ/cm2를 조사한 후 항염효과와 Collagen 합성량, Collagen 분해효소인 MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase)의 발현량을 확인하였다. 과피 추출물에서 UVB에 의해 증가된 TNF-α를 상당량 줄여주었다. 마찬가지로 과피 추출물은 MMP-1의 발현량을 줄여주고 Collagen의 합성량도 증가시켰다. 한편 유자 추출물의 α-MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone) 처리에 의해 유도된 멜라닌 생합성 억제효능과 타이로시나제 발현량 감소를 확인하였다. 결론적으로 유자 부산물의 에탄올 추출물질은 항노화, 미백 기능성 화장품 소재로 가치가 기대된다.

Spirulina는 시아노박테리아의 일종으로 피코시아닌, 베타카로틴, 비타민 E, 카로티노이드 등의 항산화물질과 양질의 단백질을 고농도로 함유하고 있어 이의 추출물은 화장품 소재로서 가치가 높다. Spirulina의 항산화력 증진을 위해 Spirulina 추출물을 Lactobacillus plantarum P23과 Bacillus subtilis TP6로 발효한 후 항산화, 항염증 및 항노화 기초 효능을 측정하였다. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazl)법으로 측정한 항산화력은 발효 후 24.1 % (P23)와 18.6 % (TP6)로 증가되었다. Spirulina 추출물은 배양 중인 keratinocyte에 UV 조사 후 증가된 TNF-α와 IL-6를 정상 수준으로 줄여주었으나 발효에 의해 그 효과가 증가되지는 않았다. Spirulina 추출물 및 발효 추출물 모두가 UV 조사에 의한 세포사멸을 방지하였다. 특히 P23 발효 추출물의 경우 세포를 활성화시키는 효과가 관찰 되었다. UV 조사 후 관찰되는 콜라겐 생합성 감소와 MMP-2의 발현의 증가가 Bacillus subtilis TP6로 발효한 Spirulina 추출물의 경우에서만 관찰되었다. 결론적으로 Spirulina의 발효에 의한 물질은 기능성 화장품 소재로 가치가 기대된다.