FT-IR, GC/MS, and ATR-FT-IR analyses were performed to confirm the physicochemical characteristics of saw palmetto fruit (SPF) extract. FT-IR analysis of the standard product showed that the band corresponding to the carbonyl bond of free fatty acid was stronger than the band of acyl-glyceride. Sample E was identified as having the same trend as the standard sample. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the main fatty acids in the standard sample were lauric acid and oleic acid. The content of lauric acid ranged from approximately 30% to 38% in samples B, C, D, and E, while the content of oleic acid ranged from approximately 29% to 34%. The GC/MS analysis confirmed that the standard SPF extract consisted of fatty acids and fatty acid ethyl esters. Sample E demonstrated a similar pattern to the standard samples in terms of oleic acid, lauric acid, and fatty acid esters. ATR-FT-IR analysis indicated that only sample E was predicted to contain 100% saw palmetto extract. Therefore, these study findings can be considered fundamental data for analyzing the physicochemical characteristics of the composition of SPF extract.

This study evaluated the effects of probiotics on the quality properties of standard pork cutlet (SC) and oven cooking type pork cutlet with probiotics (OCP). Higher (p ＜0.0001) moisture and protein contents were observed in OCP compared to SC. Fat content of OCP was lower (p＜0.0001) than SC. There was no significant difference in CIE color values between SC and OCP. The pH and lipid oxidation values of OCP were lower (p＜0.0001 and p＜0.01, respectively) than SC counterpart. Based on instrumental texture profile analysis, there was no significant difference in the springiness and cohesiveness between SC and OCP. However, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of OCP were higher (p＜0.0001) than SC. Crispiness by sensory panel was higher (p＜0.0001) in OCP than SC. The results showed that the oven cooking type pork cutlet added probiotics could improve potential of pork cutlet physicochemical properties and give physiological functional ability.

Oligossaccharides have beneficial effects on the immune system, atopy and skin health according to the prebiotic effect on intestinal microflora. Due to the excellent physiological functions of these oligosaccharides, the demand for prebiotics is rapidly increasing in the world. In this review, it has been shown that galactooligosaccharide( GOS) intake improves skin health and atopic eczema and fructooligosaccharide( FOS) prevent atopic dermatitis in human clinical trials. These results indicate that oligosaccharides are sufficiently applicable as a functional food for improving skin health and skin diseases.

In order to examine the functionality of broccoli sprout (Brassica oleracea, BS), solvent extracts were prepared and their anti-oxidative and immunomodulating activities were compared with those of broccoli (B). EtOH extracts (E) were potently higher than hot-water extracts (HW) in the antioxidant contents and radical scavenging activity. In particular, the total polyphenolic contents in addition to ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity were significantly higher in EtOH extract of broccoli sprout (BS-E; 9.15 mg GAE/g, 4.52 mg AEAC/g, and 1.14 mg AEAC/g) compared with that of broccoli (B-E; 7.83 mg GAE/g, 3.63 mg AEAC/g, and 0.97 mg/AEAC/g). Whereas, total flavonoid content was significantly higher in B-E (1.60 mg QE/g) than BS-E (1.43 mg QE/g). Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using LPS-induced cell line model at a concentration of 10~100 μg/mL, in which all solvent extracts of both broccoli sprouts and broccoli were not toxic to RAW 264.7 cell lines. In anti-inflammatory activity of broccoli sprouts, EtOH extracts also showed significantly more potent activity than hot-water extracts in all sample concentrations tested. In addition, BS-E (100 μg/mL) inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and IL-6 production to 60.9% and 68.9% compared with the LPS inflammation group (without extracts), whereas B-E inhibited 49.6% and 54.9%. On the other hand, in immunostimulating activity by splenocytes and macrophages, hot-water extract showed significantly higher activity than EtOH extract. Especially, BS-HW stimulated the splenocyte proliferation (1.2-fold against saline group) and IFN-γ production (264.39 pg/mL) at 100 μg/mL, and the production of IL-6 (1.33-fold), IL-12 (1.09-fold) and TNF-α (1.49-fold) from macrophages was also significantly enhanced over broccoli. In conclusion, broccoli sprouts showed more potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating activity than broccoli, suggesting the possibility of using broccoli sprouts as functional food materials.

Galactooligosaccharide is one of prebiotics materials containing galactose and used mainly for infant formula products because some components of galactooligosaccharide are recognized as human milk oligosaccharides. Some studies showed that galactooligosaccharide has the outstanding physiological functions such as boosting immune system, improving skin conditions, and some others. And it has a role of making good intestinal microflora based on prebiotics effects. In conclusion, galactooligosaccharide is expected to be used for food materials such as functional beverages and dietary supplements, based on various physiological functions as well as physical stability.

In this study, we found that the glycoprotein (18 kDa) isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum L67 (L67 protein) inhibits allergy-related inflammatory mediators in BPA treated rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 (RBL-2H3) cells and primary cultured splenocytes. First, we measured the levels of ERK, p38, and AP-1 by Western blotting and we evaluated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 cytokines by real-time quantitative PCR. Finally, we evaluated the applicability of L. plantarum L67 as a yogurt starter culture by measuring pH, enumeration of bacteria, and sensory scores. The results of this study shows that L67 protein inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK, as well as the activation of AP-1 (c-Fos and c-Jun). With inflammationrelated factors (Th2-related cytokines), L67 protein inhibits BPA-induced IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 activity. Bisphenol A stimulates MAPK signaling, which induces increased GATA-3 expression, and GATA-3 induces the differentiation of Th2 cells and secretion of Th2-related cytokines. Our findings showed that L67 protein may regulate the activation of GATA3 and T-bet through the induction of MAPK signaling, and it relieves the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile imbalance. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the L. plantarum L67 strain is a potential food supplement and starter culture, that could help in the prevention of Th2-related immune disorders.

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, conferred a health benefits on the host by FAO/WHO. Probiotics can help to maintain the balance of microflora in the digestive tracts and these beneficial activities provide prevention from diseases to the host. Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli strains are most commonly used as probiotics. In many categories, probiotics are applied to different types of products like foods, dietary supplements, functional foods, and even drugs. Fermented dairy products are the most popular and efficient vehicle for administration. Probiotics are part of the much larger functional food and beverage market and one of the prime beneficiaries of the latest growth trend of fortified and functional foods. Until 2011, Japan, U.S, and Western Europe were the largest markets for probiotics, both in terms of consumption as well as growth. Since 2011 however, Asia Pacific, Eastern Europe and Brazil have had a tremendous rise in revenue from probiotics and are expected to remain in the product growth stage over the next five years. The primary reasons for the success of probiotics fortified foods in these markets are the increasing awareness about their potency and efficacy and the willingness of customers to pay extra for something healthy. The global probiotics market revenue was 27.9 billion US dollars in 2011 and is expected to reach 44.9 billion US dollars in 2018 with 6.8% annual growth rate. Growing consumption of fermented milks and increasing concerns over digestive and gut health are major driving forces and these demands has translated into increased R&D spending and new product developments over the last three years.

토마토 주스의 가공제조공정에서 부산물로 발생하는 토 마토 박을 식품자재로 활용하기 위한 목적으로 가공에 적 합한 산업용 펙틴효소의 선정과 그 효소의 처리 조건을 구 명하고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 생 토마토의 100°C에서 5 분 간 스팀처리는 처리하지 않은 대조구에 비해 토마토 박 의 수율과 리코펜의 함량이 증가하여 토마토 박 가공에 적 합한 전처리로 판명되었다. 토마토 박의 물-알코올 불용성 펙틴(Tomato Pomace-WAIP)의 수율은 약 42.8% (d.b.)의 이었으며, Tomato Pomace-WAIP의 효소처리에 따른 수용성 펙틴 수율과 AGA 함량은 산업용 효소 중에서 Viscozyme L를 처리한 경우에 가장 높아, Viscozyme L을 토마토 박 생산에 적합한 효소로 선정하였다. Viscozyme L의 Tomato Pomace-WAIP (0.1%, w/v) 생산을 위한 최적 반응조건을 검토한 결과, 반응온도 및 반응시간은 각각 50°C와 2시간 이었으며, 최종 효소농도는 0.02% (v/v)로 판명되었다. 최 적 효소 반응조건에서 생산된 Tomato Pomace-WAIP의 AGA 및 프럭토즈 함량은 각각 17.26%와 18 mg/g (d.b.)의 을 나타내었다.

오늘날 현대인들의 식생활방식 중 과다한 열량의 영양소 섭취로 인하여 초래되는 비만의 유발 원인 중의 하나로 알려진 고지혈증(hyperlipidemia)에 대한 예방효과가 있는 것으로 알려진 전통방식으로 제조된 고추장의 생리활성 기능성 효과를 분석하고자 하였다. 이 연구에서는 실험동물로서 Sprague-Dawley(SD)-Rat에 대해서 고추장 추출물의 건강증진 효과에 대해서 실험동물을 사용하여 직접 확인하고 시도하였다. 실험군은 실험동물용 일반사료만을 먹인 음성대조군 그룹(N-group)과 일반사료와 고추장 추출물을 동시에 먹인 시험그룹(K-group) 그리고 양성대조군으로 고콜레스테롤 사료만을 먹인 그룹(H-group)으로 구분하여 5주간 사육하면서 건강증진효과의 발현에 대해서 분석하 였다. 3그룹의 실험동물을 5주간의 사육 후 해부했을 때 H-group의 모든 동물(100%)에서 공통적으로 심한 지방간 (fatty liver) 소견이 관찰되었으나, N-group이나 K-group의 어떠한 동물에서도 지방간 소견은 관찰되지 않았다. 한편, 실험동물의 혈장성분에 대한 혈액생화학적 성적의 비교에서는 고지혈증의 예방에 유익한 성분으로 알려진 HDL의 경우, 고추장 추출물 투여 그룹(25±8.43 ㎎/㎗)은 H-group(22.6±4.16) 보다 다소간 상승된 수치를 보였으나, 특히 고지혈 증을 악화시키는 원인으로 알려진 LDL 경우에는 H-group (55.8± 44.8 ㎎/㎗)이 고추장 추출물 투여 그룹(8.6±1.52 ㎎/㎗)과 음성대조군인 N-group(9.8±2.39)의 성적보다도 유의적으로 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 결과적으로 이 연구에서 SD-Rat에 투여했던 고추장 추출물은 실험동물에서 건강기능 개선효과의 하나인 저지방혈증 효과를 발현한 것으로 사료되었다.

SD-rat에 대조구(Control), 고 콜레스테롤(HC), 3.5% 펙틴-가수분해 효소(Viscozyme L)로 처리된 토마토 케이크(ETC) 를 각각 4주 간 급이하였다. 첫 일주일에는 HC-급이군의 체증 증가가 151.7%로 유의적 증가를 보였지만(p<0.05), ETC- 급이군의 경우는 115.4%를 보였다. Control- 및 ETC-급이군의 사료 효율은 각각 0.236±0.041 및 0.447±0.030으로 HC-급 이군의 경우(0.355±0.034)에 비하여 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). ETC-급이군의 신장 및 부고환의 지방체는 각각 0.303 및 0.274 g 씩 감소하였다. HC-와 ETC-급이군 간의 혈청 콜레스테롤, 트리글리세라이드, HDL- 및 LDL-콜레스테 롤 수치의 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. ETC-급이군의 경우 2주 급이시 ABTS radicals로 평가한 총 항산화 활성은 약 1.1배 높았으며, 2 및 4주간 급이시 glutathione peroxidase 활성은 각각 2.5 및 1.3배 높게 나타났다.

This study was carried out to optimize the production of immature green cherry tomato pickles and to produce green cherry tomato pickles of good sensory quality. The composition of immature green cherry tomato pickles was optimized using a central composition design with 3 variables and 3 levels. The overall acceptability score, based on sensory evaluation, was best, when the immature green cherry tomato pickles contained 231 g of vinegar, 52.6 g of salt, 168.3 g of sugar, 204 g of tomatoes, and 231 ㎖ of water. The statically predicted optimal formulation of immature green cherry tomato pickles on overall acceptability value was 33.54%(w/w) of vinegar, 7.64%(w/w) of salt, 25.28%(w/w) of sucrose, 33.54%(w/w) of water. The optimal conditions for producing immature green cherry tomato pickles should consider the factors of time and temperature of storage.

For the purpose of production of GABA-rich tomato paste, this study was carried out to investigate GABA producing lactic acid bacteria from Korean traditional fermented food, Kimchi and optimize the culture conditions. As a result of fermentation, Lactobacillus brevis B3-20 among lactic acid bacteria isolated at the pre-experiments was the best producer of GABA at the tomato paste medium with 50%(wet-base) levels of dionized water. At the result of fermentation on the tomato paste medium with 0.5%(w/w) yeast extract, as a source of nitrogen, 3%(w/w) MSG(monosodium glutamate) and dionized water(the ratio of tomato paste and water was 2:8), Lb. brevis B3-20 produced the maximum GABA concentration, 143.38 mM. GABA-rich tomato paste showed the activity of free radical scavenging. Because GABA-rich tomato paste have functional ingredients such as ascorbic acid, lycopene, carotenoid, as well as GABA by lactic acid bacteria fermentation, GABA-rich tomato paste can be considered high functional materials.

본 연구에서는 효소의 활성을 증진시킬 수 있는 새로운 방법의 개발을 위하여 정제된 polygalacturonase(PGase)에 guar gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum 등과 같은 교질물질을 첨가함으로써 효소의 활성을 특이적으로 향상시킬 수 있는 방법 조사하였다. 정제된 PGase를 0.2%의 상술한 교질물질을 함유하는 동일한 완충용액에 잘 혼합시켜 30oC에서 배양하여 상대활성을 구한 결과, guar gum 첨가 시 는 PGase의 상대활성이 105%가 증가 되었으며, xanthan gum 첨가 시는 87%, locust bean gum 첨가 시는 90%가 증가되어 상술한 교질물질들이 효소의 활성 촉진제로서의 기능이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. Guar gum 처리에 의해 당근 단세포 생성 반응을 수행한 결과 모든 반응시간에서 guar gum을 가했을 때가 PGase만을 가하여 단세포화 반응을 수행한 경우 보다 높은 수율을 보였으며, 단세포화 반응 2시간 경과 후에 대조군 대비 13%의 가장 높은 수율 향상을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 PGase에 guar gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum 등과 같은 교질물질을 첨가함으로써 효소의 활성을 특이적으로 향상시킬 수 있으며, 이를 이용한 단세포 당근의 제조에 있어서 효소반응의 수율 증진을 위한 방법으로 활용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.