Given the view of tests as mechanisms within a language policy framework (Shohamy, 2006), Korean proficiency tests are not only used as a way to measure language knowledge, but rather as tools to impose national ideologies about langage use and diversity. The field of Korean language testing needs to embrace sociopolitical dimensions, and engage what is going on value and consequence in test development and validation. By drawing upon a combined approach of Messick’s (1989) validity framework, Fairclough’s (2001) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Bachman and Palmer’s Assessment Use Arugment (AUA), this study aims to illustrate how the practice of testing can be discursively interpreted as a multilayered phenomenon, constituted through discourse. It discussed the applicability of AUA’s two claims (decisions, consequences) to the validation of Korean language proficiency or related certification testing for immigrants with foci of value implications and consequences. The interconnectedness of test validation and CDA is modelled through the procedure of Faircough’s (2001) analytic methodology. In an effort to illustrate that language testing is discursively value-laded, this study not only offer a theoretical and methodological addition to the current inquiry of test validation, but also re-emphasize that language testing is sociopolitically driven from a discursive angle.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of social factors on the use of honorific language by discourse completion test. Participants complete a short discourse by filling in their responses in conversations that may occur in families, schools, and workplaces where the social status and solidarity of the listener is predetermined. Honorific styles of sentence endings of their responses are analyzed by the generalized linear mixed model. The results show that social status and solidarity are statistically significant factors in the use of honorific styles, but their effects are dependent on the discourse situation. The ratio of using honorific styles gradually increases as the formality of situation increases (i.e., family < school < workplace). Interestingly, when the solidarity is low at the workplace, the ratio of using honorific styles is consistently high regardless of the social status of the listener. These results show that the use of Korean honorific styles is pragmatically changing according to the discourse situation.

This study analyzes the discourse marker (henceforth DM)1) actually in college English textbooks (henceforth CETs) which have been most commonly used in college general English curricula in Korea. Based upon seven discourse functions of the DM actually used by native speakers in everyday language use, I analyze whether they are well represented in the CETs. The findings showed that although six functions of this marker were adequately presented in the CETs, their frequencies were somewhat dissimilar to each other: their uses as an informative marker and a contradiction marker were observed the most frequently, whereas their use as a disagreement-prefacing marker was observed the least frequently. In addition, their use as a topic-shift marker did not appear in the CETs. In addition, the DM actually appeared differently, depending on the CETs’ level. For instance, the frequency of actually was quite low at the beginner level as compared to actually at the advanced level, which resulted in interpretations that advanced-level students may use the DM actually more than low-level students. It is expected that this study can deepen our understanding regarding discourse markers and broaden relevant research field for the future.

저작권 제도를 정당화하는 이론적인 근거로 자연권 이론과 인센티브 이론이 있어 왔다. 자연권 이론은 저작권 제도에 대하여 저작자 권리 중심의 해석을 시도했고, 인센티브 이론은 저작권 제도를 창작 인센티브 보호를 통해 저작물 창작을 촉진하는 공리주의적 수단으로 파악했다. 인센티브 이론은 미국 등에서 저작권 제도의 정당화 근거에 대한 주류적인 시각이 되었지만 외적 모티 베이션을 강조하는 특유의 관점 때문에 현실과는 부합하지 않는 측면이 있다는 비판이 다양하게 제기되어 왔다. 종래 인센티브 이론에 의한 현실 분석이 한계를 보인다는 지적이 제기되면서 그 대안적 이론으로 행동법경제학 내지는 저작권 온정주의가 대 두되었다. 인센티브 이론 내지 합리적 경제인 모델에 대해 회의적인 시각을 보였던 행동법경제학 이 저작권 온정주의로 발전된 것이었다. 온정주의는 개인, 특히 저작자들의 결정에 따른 결과로부터 그들을 보호하기 위한 목적으로 개인 선택을 제한 하는 것을 의미한다. 실제로 미국과 우리의 저작권 법상에도 종래의 인센티브 이론 내지 합리적 경제인 모델로는 해석하기 어려우나, 온정주의 이론으로는 무리 없이 해석 가능한 조항들이 존재한다. 저작권 온정주의는 종래 인센티브 이론과는 다른 새로운 시각을 제시하여 저작권법을 통한 현실보완을 도모할 계기를 제공하였다는 점에서 높이 평가할 수 있다. 즉, 온정주의 이론은 일부 취약한 저작권자들을 저작권법을 통해 보호할 근거를 제시하였다. 그러나, 한편으로는 간접적 보완이라는 연성 온정주의를 넘어 직접적 보상(규제) 이라는 경성 온정주의까지 진행하는 것은 창작에 대한 개입과 시장의 왜곡이라는 부작용을 초래할 우려도 있으므로 신중한 접근이 필요하다.

The body is an important object of costume expression, and the reflection of the aesthetics of the body according to age, culture, individual or group determines the form of the costume. In particular, British artist Leigh Bowery provided many designers and celebrities with original design ideas. Leigh Bowery’s costumes are related to the carnival concept. Thus, this study analyzed Leigh Bowery’s life and works, and examined Michael Bakhtin’s grotesque carnivalesque theory. Based on Bakhtin’s carnival theory around 100 works by Leigh Bowery, in the form of YouTube videos and DVD clips were analyzed in this study. The results of the analysis Leigh Bowery’s body and costume research are as follows. First, this study can define fetishism as a characteristic of costumes such as body suits, harnesses, high-heeled boots, and stockings, that stress the body. Second, the character of the body is not expressed as that of an idealized body, but the fat and ugly aspect are revealed. Third, Leigh Bowery’s costumes are characterized by ambiguity. The costumes blur the boundaries between women and men. Fourth, common sense, combined with normal and bizarre, brings out a strong sense of carnival humor with ridiculousness arising from the gap between reality and reality. His performance has had a significant impact on victims of discrimination or unequal treatment in sexual, racial, and age-related situations. This study should inspire many designers through the study of Leigh Bowery’s body expression and dress, but it also introduces fashion icons that are not well known in Korea.

The 19th century’s international law distinguished civilized from non-civilized States resulting in any country desiring equal treatment was required to obtain recognition from those already deemed civilized. Japan was able to join the civilized world by presenting a civilized image of itself in the First Sino-Japanese War, which was depicted by Western legal scholars as a clash between barbarism and civilization. Neither Japanese nor Western scholars of international law, however, have touched on the issue of the Triple Intervention. This incident serves as a case study for re-evaluating the operation of Western countries’ international legal standards. The argument is, that these countries cloak their motives in legal language for self-aggrandizement, thereby demonstrating the ahistorical nature of the West’s rhetoric of civilization. Further, this incident taught Japan the lesson that international law is concerned not with morality but with power.

Lee, Kathy. 2018. An Analysis of English Teachers' Metalinguistic Discourse. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 26(2), 195~223. In this paper, I examine an effort by the South Korean Ministry of Education (MOE) called the “Teaching English in English” (TEE) policy, which is still in practice today. In 2001, the MOE enacted TEE to improve the proficiency of Koreans through English instruction, with the implicit acknowledgement that 40 years of traditional teaching methods had not produced competent English users. To understand this policy's implications for teachers, I draw on ethnographic observations and interviews at a government-sponsored center, where Korean teachers of English participated in an intensive English course. Approaching this policy from a language ideological framework, I pay attention to their metalinguistic discourse about English. Analysis of the findings reveals that teachers challenged but also reproduced dominant language ideologies that prevented viewing themselves as legitimate English teachers. Based on these teachers' language ideologies, it is not helpful to view problems in English education as due to teachers' lack of English skills or confidence. The findings illustrate the importance of understanding the social and language practices of the local community when designing a well-informed language policy that can effectively transform language education and challenge ideologies that view Koreans as poor English speakers or English as a language of the Other.

본 논문은 일상의 삶에서 나타나는 다양한 권력들이 어떻게 대중들에게 행하여지고 있으며, 어떻게 일상의 삶을 지배하는 지를 살펴보았다. 최근 10년 동안 중국 대중들에게 이슈화 되었거나 인기를 끌었던 TV드라마를 통하여 그들의 일상에서 나타나는 권력들을 분석하고 이들의 문제점들이 무엇이며 어떻게 중국을 바라볼 것인가를 살펴보았다. 본 논문은 푸코가 주장한 권력 담론을 방법적 틀로 삼아 일상에서 일어나고 있는 권력의 형태를 분석하고, 권력이 어떻게 대중의 삶을 지배하고 있는지를 이해하려 하였으며, 특히 감시, 규율, 생체(몸)의 권력으로 나누어 드라마 속에 어떻게 이들이 작동하는 지를 살펴보았다.

우리는 살아가면서 다양한 괴로움에 직면한다. 괴로움으로부터 벗어나 진정한 행복에 도달하기 위해서는 현실의 삶이 괴로움이라는 사실을 인정하고 괴로움을 극복하기 위한 노력이 필요하다. 그러나 오늘날 많은 사람들은 괴로움과 같은 부정적 정서를 외면하고 즐거움과 기쁨을 주는 행위에 집중하며 쾌락을 주는 상태가 진정한 행복이라고 착각한다. 소비와 쾌락으로 만들어진 인공행복은 편리하게 행복감을 느낄 수 있게 한다. 그러나 지속적인 만족감과 행복으로 연결되지 않기 때문에 끝내는 인간을 공허하게 만든다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 조장된 행복의 문제점을 살펴보고 행복에 대한 초기불교의 견해를 탐구하여 행복담론이 나아가야 할 방향성을 고찰한다. 초기불교 경전에서는 행복을 인간의 행복, 천상의 행복, 궁극의 행복이라는 3가지 차원으로 구분하고 있다. 붓다는 인간의 행복과 천상의 행복을 결코 등한시 하지 않았으나 통찰의 지혜를 통해 세간적인 행복에 매몰되지 않고 궁극적인 행복으로 향하는 가능성을 열어둘 것을 강조한다. 또한 붓다는 중도로서의 팔정도의 실천과 사띠를 통한 수행을 통해 자신의 내면에서의 행복을 찾는 것을 권장한다. 팔정도의 실천은 쾌락과 고행과 같이 양극단에 치우쳐진 행복의 방식을 넘어서서 균형 잡힌 행복으로 나아갈 수 있게 하고 사띠의 수행은 긍정성과 부정성에 대한 집착 모두에서 벗어나게 한다. 붓다의 이러한 가르침은 우리가 집착하는 모든 것들이 무상한 것임을 자각하게 하여 쾌락과 긍정성으로 포장된 인공행복이 아니라 진정한 행복의 성취 가능성을 제시해 준다.

Schiffrin (1987) defines discourse markers (henceforth DMs) as “sequentially dependent elements which bracket units of talk” (p. 276). DMs have been regarded as a signpost used by a speaker to display a certain attitude or embedded intention in a spoken discourse. However, few studies have investigated how DMs are used in a spoken discourse of English as Foreign Language (henceforth EFL) learning context. The purpose of the present study is to examine how okay is used as a DM by Korean teachers of English in their naturally-occurring discourses of EFL classes. The data for this study was obtained from recorded videos of English classes taught by six Korean teachers of English. The data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed on the basis of the Conversation Analysis framework. The multifunctional use of the DM okay deployed by the teachers can be classified as follows: (ⅰ) getting attention, (ⅱ) signaling approval and acceptance as a feedback device, and (ⅲ) working as a transition activator.

This study, drawing on critical discourse analysis methodologies, aims to show how Chinese international students are discursively represented in a Korean newspaper. Articles from the Chosun Ilbo were collected between 2008-2016. The media has framed social images on Chinese International students quite often from the Beijing Olympic torch relay in 2008. Following van Dijk’s (1998) ideological theory, macro- and micro-level of textual analysis were conducted. It was found that the two groups of ‘us’ and ‘them’ (Chinese international students) were dichotomized. It was enforced by discursive strategies such as conjugation, over-lexicalization, and delegitimization. As for the micro-level analysis, drawing on Halliday’s (1985) systemic functional grammar, three dimensions of analysis (ideational, interpersonal, and textual) were conducted to uncover the power relations under the linguistic forms. This study concludes that Chinese international students were represented by the ideological square of positive self-presentation and negative other-presentation.

Ryoo, Hye-Kyung. 2017. “Discourse Analysis of Microteaching: Dynamic Identities and Situational Frames”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(2), 165~196. The present paper is based on a discourse analysis of Microteaching speech events of Korean pre-service training students taking a teacher training course in college. The purpose of this study is to look closely into what really is going on in the discourse of microteaching events in terms of the participants' identity enactment and framing of situations. Fifteen pre-service training students' microteaching lessons were video-taped and transcribed to examine detailed discourse features. The results of the qualitative analysis of the discourse revealed frequent dynamic shifting and enactments of identities in momentary situational frames. The participants in the present study were able to act on diverse situational frames by orienting to locally-managed situated identities.

This paper discusses the grammatical categories of tense-aspect expressions at a discourse level and how discourse dimensions should be connected with discourse functions. Among many tense-aspect expressions, the paper focuses on the forms ‘-ess-’ and ‘-essess-’, which are complex in a sense that they depict both tense and aspect. The results show that ‘-ess-’ has a total of five discourse functions: ‘statement of past situation,’ ‘reminiscence of past situation,’ ‘objectification of present situation,’ ‘present validation of default result’ and ‘realization of hypothetical result.’ Moreover, ‘-essess-’ represents ‘order of past situations’ and ‘present invalidation of default results.’ Also these discourse functions are related to the discourse elements of ‘topic, information, and speaker.’ The findings of this study explain the characteristics of the discourse function relevant to discourse elements. Ultimately, discourse research on tense-aspect expressions in Korean language education enables understanding of the utterance intention of Korean speakers using tense-aspect grammar. And it provides learners with the basis of using Korean correctly and appropriately.

Recently, the business discourse has constituted an important part in the CPT, especially in the Readings. The forms of business discourse includes: Advertisement discourse, reports in the Company meetings and records in interviewing. This essay studies on the Chinese about the business discourse in the reading comprehension and listening comprehension in the CPT. In this essay, advertisement, meeting reports and interviewing notes are the three genres constituting the Chinese about business discourse. The study is basing on the exam questions in the CPT, researching the text dimensions, including the knowledge, ability and the quality.

Lee, Jee Won. 2017. “The Use and Discourse-Pragmatic Function of wo buzhidao in Naturally Occurring Mandarin Chinese Conversation”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(1). 167~192. This study investigates several aspects of Chinese (wo) buzhidao using both qualitative and quantitative methods, including its distributional properties and discourse-pragmatic functions in conversational contexts. This study has found that (wo) buzhidao occurs in conversational environments other than in reply to information questions and carries more interactive and social implications than had been previously proposed by previous studies. First, (wo) buzhidao marks the speaker’s uncertainty and concerns about the truth of the proposition expressed. Second, (wo) buzhidao constructs the speaker’s neutral position by disattending opinions, assessments, or troubles. Third, (wo) buzhidao avoids an explicit disagreement. The use of (wo) buzhidao as a stance marker allows the speaker to convey his/her consideration for the hearer’s face, and it can help to achieve a range of interactional goals. Native speakers of Mandarin Chinese employ (wo) buzhidao in conjunction with other interactive strategies to organize their speech via their recipient enabling mutual intersubjectivity.

Kim, KaHyun & Shin, Dongil. 2016. “A Critical Discourse Analysis on Global Talents and Their English Competence”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 249~280. The purpose of this study is to examine the media discourse on global talents and their English competence through critical discourse analysis. The special feature articles of the JoongAng daily newspaper on ‘global talent’ were traced and analyzed. The articles of JoongAng Sunday magazine on the global talent, which were published between January 2008 and March 2016, were also examined. The analysis drew upon the van Dijk’s (2009b) sociocognitive approach. By understanding how social cognition played its role in formative process of the discourse with linguistic features, the dialectical relationship of the dicourse and the society was inferred. Findings revealed the schema of the global companies, which counted human resources as the goal of management and essential part of their success, empathized individuals’ role and led them to make efforts. Microscopic linguistic features formed global talent discourses with being influenced and affecting the macroscopic structure. The media discourse often valued self-improvement, which involved neoliberalistic orientation of global companies.

A discourse on the Independence Hall of Korea, a representative cultural project of the 1980s, has been understood as a repetition of the traditional debate of the 1960s. It was considered as a petrified propaganda aimed at ensuring the fragile legitimacy of the military regime, and the architect as a sympathizer. Even if all these facts are true, it does not give any explanation for the architecture. Scrutinizing the building process and the change of discourse in the Independence Hall of Korea, this paper tries to explore a section of contemporary Korean architecture in the 1980s. The architect who designed the Independence Hall of Korea is Kim Kiwoong, however, it was Kim Won who took charge of overall scheme for it. Kim Won replaced the role of a technocrat in the 1960s, who deprived architects of his autonomy. Against this backdrop, Kim Kiwoong attempted to explain his own building via various concept like postmodernism, which gave him very proper context. But, later, he appropriated words like void and madang. These derived from some architectural historian’s researches in 1970s, and were to predict the architecture of the 1990s.

국제사회에 대한 의존도가 높고 강대국의 틈바구니에서 생존을 모색해야 하는 한국 입장에서 객관적이고 냉정한 현실 인식은 필수다. 이에 이 연구는 G2로 부상하고 있는 중국에 대한 한국 사회의 재현을 분석했다. 연구를 위해 중국의 전승절 행사, 북한의 4차 핵실험, 개성공단 폐쇄 및 사드 논란 등 4가지 현안을 분석사례로 선정했다. 중국 재현의 실체를 파악하기 위해 이들 주제와 관련한 국내언론의 보도와 중국 정부, 언론의 주장을 비교했다. 연구문제로는 한중 양국 의 인식 차이, 인용되는 권위자의 차이 및 국내 언론이 동원하는 설득방법 등으로 구분했다. 분 석결과, 국내 언론에서 재현된 중국은 실체와 거리가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 중국을 대변하기 위해 동원된 권위자 역시 특정한 정치적 목적과 자의적 선택에서 자유롭지 않았다. 또한 특정한 방식의 이해와 정서적 공감을 위해 일부 사실을 축소 또는 확대하고, 권위를 만드는 것도 확인했 다. 중국을 비롯한 국제사회를 제대로 재현함으로써 보다 건전하고 합리적인 판단이 가능할 수 있는 방안을 모색하는 계기가 되었으면 한다.

본 연구는 자유주의적 관용 개념의 신학적 수용에 관한 반성적 고찰이다. 연구자는 관용의 신학적 주제화가 20세기의 종교 다원주의 신학 담론을 중심으로 전개되어 왔다고 주장하면서, 그 경향을 대표하 는 두 명의 학자인 존 힉(John Hick)과 존 캅(John B. Cobb, Jr.)의 다원주의 신학을 ‘관용 통치’의 관점에서 새롭게 점검한다. 이를 위해 이 논문은 자유주의의 이념으로서의 관용의 개념과 역사를 일별하고, 힉과 캅의 다원주의 신학의 요체를 설명한 후 각각의 한계를 타자 윤리적 관점에서 비판한다. 선교는 종교간 경계를 철회하는 관용의 급진적 수용(Hick)도, ‘존재신학’의 지속을 위한 장치이자 알리바이로 서의 관용의 도구적 이용(Cobb)도 아니다. 선교는 관용을 넘어, 타자와 의 대화를 선포를 위한 주체의 ‘의미’로 전락시키지 않으려는 노력을 통해 타자와 더불어 타자로부터 상호변화에 이르는 성육신의 과정이다. 그러므로 관용 이후의 선교는 “지극히 보잘 것 없는 사람 하나”(마 25:40)의 타자성과 대면하여 그 당혹스러운 사건으로부터 ‘존재신학’ 의 한계를 돌파해 나가는 신학(神學) 이후 신학(呻學)의 가능성이다.

『내전기의 사색』에서 예이츠는 고귀한 과거를 현재에 되살리기 위해 희 생이 불가피하다고 주장하는 아일랜드 민족주의 담론에 대해 깊은 우려를 표시한다. 문화의 통합을 이룬 과거와 폭력의 순환을 낳는 현재 간의 단절을 제시한 후 시인은 탑을 예술화하여 통합의 상징으로 재건하려한다. 그는 『나의 테이블』에서 예술의 대상 이자 전쟁의 도구인 사토의 검을 통해 역사적 연속성을 찾으려하지만 공허한 메아리 만 되돌아온다. 『대문 앞 도로』로 시작되는 3편의 시에서 예이츠는 내전을 직접적으 로 다루면서 폭력을 영웅시하고 죽음을 고귀한 희생으로 삼는 민족주의 기획의 허구 를 본격적으로 드러낸다. 이 연작시의 마지막 시인 『증오와 가슴의 충만과 다가오는 공허의 환영을 나는 보노라』는 자크 모레이를 위한 복수의 환상을 중심으로 혼돈과 폭력의 이미지로 채워져 있다. 이 환상은 이념적 복수와 순교의 영웅적 역사기술에 사 로잡혀 있는 민족주의 담론의 독단과 폭력성을 상징적으로 보여준다.