Flame arrestor as end of line flame arrester for endurance burning prevents a light-back at deflagration and stabilized burning (during and after endurance burning) of potentially explosive vapor-air and gas-air mixtures at the end of vent pipes. In a flame arrestor, spring is an important part. The spring load as well as the spring's elasticity determine when the hood is opened. In addition, the spring have to work in high temperature condition due to gas burning. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze mechanical load and elasticity of spring when gas is burned. Based on the dynamic calculation on working process of a specific flame arrestor, analysis of spring is taken. A three dimensional model for spring burned in flame arrestor by using CFD simulation. Results of the CFD analysis are input in FEM simulation to analyze structure of the spring. The simulation results can predict and estimate the spring’s load and elasticity at variation of the spring’s deflection. Moreover, the obtained result can provide makers with references to optimize design of spring as well as flame arrestor.

The Membrane structure has a number of problems in the application of a fireproof code based on general buildings codes. Thus, the fireproof code of membrane structure is necessary to activate the construction of the membrane structure. Because it requires a systematic classification of fire retardant and flame proof performance of membrane material. Fire retardant and flame proof tests are conducted on membrane materials mostly used in current construction to propose the fire and flame retardant performance criteria of membrane materials. Fire and flame retardant tests results, PTFE membrane material with the glass fiber fabric have a limit-combustible performance. PVDF membrane material with the polyester fabric does not ensure the fire retardant performance, but this membrane material has the flame retardant performance of a thick fabric. Also, ETFE does not ensure the fire retardant performance, but this membrane material has the flame retardant of a thin fabric.

Nowadays in restaurant industry, the chef is the major worker in the kitchen; they are exposed to highly dangerous working environment for a long time, and their physiological safe and health should be stressed. Apron is one of the protecting cloths when chef is working, it is supposed to function as protect chef’s psychological and physiological safe. The aim of this study is to develop fire retardant apron to protect chef from thermal conductivity burns when exposed to hot objectives and avoid the heat damage from thermal radiation to chef. To improve the above situations, first of all, this study explores the situation and need expectation of chef’s use of fire retardant apron to confirm the necessity of developing apron. Then this study collects Taiwanese fire retardant function cloth, and we use the result of chef’s need expectation to develop fire retardant function apron for chefs. Finally, this study use sensibility evaluation model to explore chef’s evaluation after wearing apron developed by this study. Based on the research finding, the conclusions are as follows: 1. According to the result of questionnaire survey, at present the apron material that chef wear does not have fire retardant function, chef expect apron material can add this function, they think apron material adding this function can protect physiological health, proving the necessity for developing fire retardant apron. 2. This study use the result of chef’s need expectation, and combine ergonomics data to adjust existing apron structure design, then this study use fire retardant cloth to develop fire retardant apron to meet chef’s need expectation. 3. Through the sensibility evaluation test of fire retardant apron developed by this study, those who exposed to higher temperature fry stove fire, charcoal fire or caldron cook in specific kitchen infield for a long period of time have higher preference and feeling.

In recent years, flame synthesis has absorbed a great deal of attention as a combustion method for the production of metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and other related carbon nanostructures, over the existing conventional methods. Flame synthesis is an energyefficient, scalable, cost-effective, rapid and continuous process, where flame provides the necessary chemical species for the nucleation of carbon structures (feed stock or precursor) and the energy for the production of carbon nanostructures. The production yield can be optimized by altering various parameters such as fuel profile, equivalence ratio, catalyst chemistry and structure, burner configuration and residence time. In the present report, diffusion and premixed flame synthesis methods are reviewed to develop a better understanding of factors affecting the morphology, positioning, purity, uniformity and scalability for the development of carbon nanotubes along with their correlated carbonaceous derivative nanostructures..

본 연구에서는 화염에 대해서 카툰 렌더링 및 연필 렌더링을 구현하는 비사실적 렌더링 기법을 제안한다. 이를 위해서 본 연구팀에서 수행한 연소 모델을 이용한 화염에 대한 복합 모델을 이용해서 화염 애니메이션을 생성하고, 이 화염 애니메이션에 대해서 평균 이동 기법을 적용해서 카툰 렌더링 효과를 구현하며 화염의 연소 방향을 연필 스트로크 흐름으로 활용해서 연필 렌더링을 구현한다. 화염에 대한 이러한 비사실적 렌더링 기법은 애니메이션이나 게임 등과 같은 다양한 콘텐츠를 제작할 때 매우 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

폴리메틸메타크릴레이트(PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate) 판재의 기존 물성에 영향을 주지 않는 범위에서 비할로겐계 난연제인 인계 난연제를 단량체인 메틸메타아크릴레이트를 괴상중합 하여 셀 주형 성형 법에 의하여 PMMA판재를 제조하였으며 난연제 함량에 따른 난연성, 가교제의 함량과 경화시간이 PMMA판재에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 고찰하였다. 난연제 함량이 증가할 수록 탄화길이는 감소, 차르양은 많아지며 난연 효과를 나타내었다. 또한 난연제의 함량이 증가할수록 난연성은 우수하였으나 경도가 낮아지는 경향이 있어 가교제를 3 wt.% 사용하여 경도를 증가 시켰으며, 가교제 첨가에 의해서 경화시간을 3시간에서 2시간으로 단축시킬 수 있었다.

매연 생성에 대하여 톨루엔의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 순수에틸렌 대향류 확산화염에 톨루엔을 소량 혼합하여 수치해석을 수행하였다. 톨루엔(C7H8)의 혼합 비율은 3%, 5%, 10%, 및 20%로 하였다. 계산에는 CHEMKIN III 기반의 Senkin 코드와 oppdif 코드를 이용하여 0-D 계산과 1-D 계산을 수행하였다. 0-D의 Senkin 계산에서는 톨루엔의 혼합율이 증가할수록 메틸라디칼의 농도는 증가하고 이에 따른 벤젠의 농도도 증가하였다. 이는 순수 에틸렌 화염에 톨루엔을 혼합할 경우 더 많은 매연이 생성될 것이라는 걸 의미한다. oppdif 코드에 의한 1-D 계산에서는 10% 톨루엔 반응식으로부터는 H 라디칼의 생성율이 결정적인 역할을 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 위 결과들로부터 확산화염 내 매연 생성에 있어 메틸라디칼, 벤젠과 H 라디칼이 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Magnesium hydroxide-melamine core-shell particles were prepared through the coating of melamine monomer on the surface of magnesium hydroxide in the presence of phosphoric acid. The melamine monomer was dissolved in hot water but recrystallized on the surface of magnesium hydroxide by quenching to room temperature in the presence of phosphoric acid. The core-shell particle was applied to low-density polyethylene/ ethylene vinyl acetate (LDPE/EVA) resin by melt-compounding at 180˚C as flame retardant. The effect of magnesium hydroxide and melamine content has been studied on the flame retardancy of the core-shell particles in LDPE/EVA resin according to the preparation process and purity of magnesium hydroxide. Magnesium hydroxide prepared with sodium hydroxide rather than with ammonia solution revealed higher flame retardancy in core-shell particles with LDPE/EVA resin. At 50 wt% loading of flame retardant, core-shell particles revealed higher flame retardancy compared to that of the exclusive magnesium hydroxide in LDPE/EVA composite, and it was possible to satisfy the V0 grade in the UL-94 vertical test. The synergistic flame retardant effect of magnesium hydroxide and melamine core-shell particles was explained as being due to the endothermic decomposition of magnesium hydroxide and melamine, which was followed by the evolution of water from the magnesium hydroxide and porous char formation due to reactive nitrogen compounds, and carbon dioxide generated from melamine.

This study was performed to test the flame retardancy of zelkova sarrata-based materials by the treatment of ammonium salts. Zelkova sarrata plate was soaked by the treatment with three 20 wt% ammonium salt solutions consisting ammonium chloride (AMSL), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP), respectively, at the room temperature. After the drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustion properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). When the ammonium salts were used as the retardant for zelkova sarrata, the flame retardancy improved due to the treated ammonium salts in the virgin zelkova sarrata. However the specimen shows increasing CO over virgin zelkova sarrata and It is supposed that toxicities depend on extents. Also, the specimen with ammonium salts showed the higher total smoke release (TSR) than that of virgin plate. Of specimens treated with ammonium salts the ammonium chloride handled the test side was considered a improved inhibitory effect of combustion.

Melamincyanurate(MC), as an non halogen flame retardant are used as the polymer and plastic materials. In this study, melamine and cyanuric acid were used for the synthesis of MC. The optimum condition of synthetic MC were controlled by different molar ratio of melamine to cyanuric acid. MC was modified by coupling reaction with four different agents. The influences of modified MC were based on the coupling agent types. Preparation methods are available to offer the prospect of improved morphology control deposit stability in polyol. The results reveal that glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane(GDS) has the best storage stability. The best properties were obtained with melamine and cyanuric acid from 1:1 molar ratio. Modification of MC through coupling agent can efficiently enhanced the deposit stability in polyol up to 30 %.

Different types magnesium hydroxide groups have been obtained using the hydrothermal precipitation technique from magnesium sulfate and calcium carbonate solution. The Mg atom coordinated around O atom of SO42- in another layer to form a multi-layer structure crystal. The influence of synthesis parameters on the morphological characteristics and size of magnesium hydroxide groups precipitated in aqueous were investigated such as different of additive and pH. Magnesium hydroxide groups were decomposed gradually and converted finally to MgO particles after heated in air temperature up to 1050℃. The particle size and it's distribution morphology, crystal phase and thermal behavior of the samples were characterized through XRD, SEM, EDS, and TG/DTA.

Various inorganic fillers improve the thermal conductivity and physical properties of organic products. Alumina has been used a representative filler in the heat radiation sheet for the heat radiation of electric device. The high filling rate of alumina increases the thermal conductivity and properties of products. We successfully developed the spherical alumina by flame fusion process using the oxygen burner with LPG fuel. In the high temperature flame (25003000) of oxygen burner, sprayed powders were melting and then rotated by carrier gas. This surface melting and rotation process made spherical alumina. Especially effects of chemical composition and particle size of stating materials on the melting behavior of starting materials in the flame and spheroidization ratio were investigated. As a result, spheroidization ratio of boehmite and aluminum hydroxide with endothermic reaction of dehydration process was lower than that of the sintered alumina without dehydration reaction.

The effect of Al(OH)3 on physical, thermal, and retardant property of rubber was studied. It was analyzed by statistical experimental design method with one way array to confirm the effect of factors. Physical characteristics, thermal pyrolysis temperature, and combustion time were considered as the properties. The amount of Al(OH)3 addition was chosen as significant parameter. As the result of ANOVA analysis, thermal pyrolysis temperature increased and combustion time decreased with increasing of Al(OH)3.

Two component polyurethane (PU) flame retardant coatings were prepared by blending trichloro modified polyesters (TCMPs) and isophorone diisocyanate isocyanurate. TCMPs were synthesized by polycondensation of trichlorobenzoic acid (TCBA), a flame retardant component, with adipic acid, 1,4 butanediol, and trimethylolpropane. The content of TCBA was varied in 10, 20, and 30 wt% for the reaction. Theses new flame retardant coatings showed various properties comparable to other non flame retardant coatings. Moreover, we carried out the combustion test and the flammability test for our flame retardant coatings. The results of vertical burning test for the coatings containing more than 20 wt% of TCBA were determined as no burn. The results of flammability test for the coatings with 20 wt% and 30 wt% of TCBA contents indicated the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of 26% and 29% respectively, which implied relatively good flame retardancy.

The flame-retardant coatings were prepared by blending the synthesized triphosphorus modified polyester in the previous paper and hexamethylene diisocyanate-trimer and curing it at room temperature. The characterization of the films of the prepared coatings was performed. It was confirmed that no deterioration of physical properties of PU coatings was observed with the increasing phenylphosphonic acid (PPA) contents. Flame retardancy was tested by a 45˚ Meckel burner method and LOI method. With the 45˚ Meckel burner method, CATBTP-20C and CATBTP-30C that contain 20 wt% and 30 wt% of PPA, flame retarding component, respectively, showed the first grade flame retardancy with 2.8~3.9 cm of char length ; and, with LOI method, they exhibited a good flame retardancy as a range of 30~32% of combustion values.