CO₂ and PM₁₀ in military barracks were studied using DustMate, Mini Vol. Air Sampler and DirectSense^TM PPC TG-502 Monitoring Kits in 2010. The distributions of CO₂ and PM₁₀ in the military base were strongly affected by soldier's behaviors as well as managements for the barracks. Before this study, the military site may fail to follow "IAQ Administration Law of Multiplex Utilization Facilities, ect." in terms of CO₂ and PM₁₀. After adopting advanced cleaning methods and ventilation system, the concentrations of CO₂ and PM₁₀ were maintained under the regulation, respectively. The distribution of CO₂ was related to the number and time of ventilation. In contrast, PM₁₀ was dependant on the soldiers' indoor-activities rather than ventilation. This study supported that management and education for barracks and soldiers plays in a role to control indoor quality of military facility.

본 연구에서는 2006년부터 2008년까지 3년간 봄철에 PM10과 PM2.5를 채취하여 질량농도와 금속원소의 화학적 특성, 기상인자와의 관계 분석, 황사 및 비황사시의 미세먼지 특성 그리고 이동경로에 따른 농도의 특성을 고찰하였다. 연구기간동안의 PM10, PM2.5, PM10-2.5평균농도는 각각 126.2±89.8, 85.5±41.6, 40.7±54.9μg/m3이었으며 PM2.5/PM10 및 PM10-2.5/PM2.5 비는 각각 0.70, 0.48이었다. 우리나라의 북서쪽인 북경을 포함한 지역과 서쪽인 상해를 포함한 지역에서 공기덩어리가 이류 할 때 가장 높은 미세먼지농도를 나타내었다.

House dust mite of the indoor environment is one of the most important causes of allergic asthma and rhinitis. It has been known that more than 70% of Korean children and about 50% of adult with the respiratory allergy are sensitive to house dust mite. The purpose of our study is to find out the relationship between the concentration of formaldehyde (HCHO)/PM10 and the number of house dust mite in the indoor environment. In this study, sampling sites were education, social and dwelling facilities. We inquire the questionnaire of the resident on the indoor air quality in all sampling sites. At the same time, we measured the concentration of formaldeh yde(HCHO)/PM10 as well as house dust mites. it was complained by 20% respondents that the indoor air quality was bad and by 10% that the atopy symptom was evident. When a certain amount of house dust mites were detected, the contents of PM10 were observed high and that of HCHO low. However when the house dust mites were not detected, the concentration of PM10 was low and that of HCHO high. From our results, it is concluded that the indoor air quality (i.e. conc. of PM10/HCHO) is quite related to the contents of house dust mites supporting the fact that the symptom of atopy and asthma is due to these small organisms.

This study was performed to investigate airborne volatile organic compounds(VOCs), formaldehyde, respiratory particulate for concentration in primary schools. The concentrations of major indoor air pollutants(VOCs , benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene, formaldehyde, PM-10) were observed from November to December 2006. Sampling was undertaken at 81 primary schools. The sampling sites of air pollutants are classroom and hallway. VOCs with distribution of most of general environmental contamination material will be able to confirm that it shows the log-normal distribution which is similar exposure distribution. The exposure quality of VOCs and the place pollution level was indoor> hallway>outdoor, which whole is located in the metropolis and the industrial areas is higher than farm village area. It tried to observe the I/O ratio, it appeared highly from the interior of the material of most. The mean concentrations of formaldehyde, respiratory particulate were 22.07㎍/㎥, 88.06㎍/㎥ respectively. Indoor and outdoor ratios(I/O) of formaldehyde and respiratory particulate were 3.6 and 1.4, respectively. The concentration of respiratory particulate is 27.2% higher than guideline for school hygiene(100㎍/㎥). From the comparison in the construction year, the highest concentration of formaldehyde is showed under one year. However, as time passed by the concentrations of formaldehyde become lower.

본 연구에서는 전국에 산재한 총 152개 지점의 측정망으로부터, 6년 동안 월 단위로 요약 정리한 PM10 농도 자료를 이용하여 대한민국 주요 행정구역(7개시와 9개 도)에 대한 PM10 성분의 시공간적 분포 특성을 진단하였다. 16개 행정구역에 대한 PM10의 농도분포를 조사한 결과, PM10의 농도는 황사의 영향이 두드러지는 봄철에 가장 높은 농도를 나타내고 있었다. 그리고 강수의 양이 많은 여름철에 농도가 줄어드는 결과를 보이는데, 이는 배출원의 강도와 습식침적이 왕성하게 나타나는 기상환경 등의 영향을 반영한 결과라 할 수 있다. 지역적으로 PM10의 농도를 비교하면, 서울에서 68.2μg/m3로 최고 농도를 보인데 반면, 제주도가 39.2μg/m3로 최저 농도를 나타내었다. 전체 지역별로 보면, PM10의 농도는 대도시 지역으로 갈수록, 높은 농도를 나타내고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 상관분석을 통하여 지역간 PM10 농도 분포의 공간적 상관성을 비교한 결과, 이를 통해 PM10 농도는 근접한 거리에서는 서로 영향을 주고 있다는 것도 확인하였다. 결과적으로 PM10 농도는 기상조건과 인위적인 배출원의 영향을 많이 받고 있다고 할 수가 있다.

부산지역에서 PM10 과 PM2.5중의 금속 성분 농도를 파악하기 위하여 2004년 3월부터 2004년 12월까지 조사하였다. PM10의 평균농도는 58.2μg/m3 농도범위는 8.3~161.1μg/m3이었으며, PM2.5의 평균농도는 29.3μg/m3, 농도범위는 2.8~65.3μg/m3였다. PM10의 평균 질량농도는 황사시 121.5μg/m3, 비황사시 56.0μg/m3로 나타났다. 10 이상의 지각농축계수를 보인 성분은 Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb 및 Zn로서 인위적기원을 받은 것으로 추정된다. PM10과 PM2.5 중 미량금속 성분의 지각농축계수는 황사시보다 비황사시에 높게 나타났으며, 인근의 공단지역으로부터 인위적 오염물질이 수송된 것으로 추정된다. PM10과 PM2.5의 토양입자의 평균 기여율은 각각 15.2%와17.5%였다. 토양기여율의 황사/비황사비는 PM10과 PM2.5에서 각각 1.9와 2.1로 나타났다.

This study, conducted from April to May 2004 in the metropolitan and surrounding areas of Seoul, Korea, was performed to show the relationship between indoor and outdoor levels of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in 14 residential houses. In addition, indoor/outdoor ratios of PM10, PM2.5 concentrations were calculated. The relationship between the PM10, PM2.5 concentrations and respiratory symptoms by self recording questionnaire of 14 houses was investigated. In conclusion, although the results of this study failed to establish the relationship between PM10, PM2.5 concentrations and respiratory symptoms among residents, the levels of indoor PM2.5 were significantly higher than those of outdoor levels. The indoor PM10, PM2.5 concentrations were increased by the amount of time spent of residents. Further research should be directed to establish the relationship between PM10, PM2.5 concentration and respiratory symptoms.

서울시에서 설치하여 운영중인 대기질 측정소의 입자상물질을 대표하는 PM2.5, PM10, TSP와 황사기간 중 고용량고기포집기로 채취한 먼지성분을 분석, 평가하였다. 1990년도부터 2002년 11월까지 서울에서 관측된 황사일수는 2000년 이후 발생빈도가 증가하였으며 황사지속시간도 길어지는 경향을 보였다. PM10/TSP 비율은 황사시 2000년, 2001년도에 각각 52.9%, 59.4%로 비황사시에 비해 PM10의 비율이 약 10% 정도 낮은 것으로 미루어 황사시 10 μm이상의 입경이 큰 입자 영향이 컸던 반면에 2002년 황사시에는 PM10의 영향이 오히려 크게 나타나 PM10이 TSP 중의 71.4%에 달하였다. 황사가 전체 먼지농도에 미치는 기여율은 2002년도에 PM2.5 11.9%, PM10 23.1%, TSP 19%로 가장 높은 기여도를 보여 황사가 전체 면지농도에 미치는 영향이 매우 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 서울시 북동지역의 군자동에 위치한 세종대학교를 중심으로 2001년 봄철 3월에서 4월까지 PM2.5와 PM10을 채취하여, 이들과 결합된 중금속 성분들에 대한 농도분포의 특성을 살펴보았다. 전체 관측기간 동안 산출된 PM2.5, PM10, 조대입자 영역(PM10-PM2.5)의 평균농도는 49.3±29.2, 95.5±46.1, 50.5±35.0 μg/m3으로 나타났다. 연구대상지역의 중금속 오염도를 살펴보기 위해 부화계수(enrichment factor: EF)를 비교한 결과, 미세 및 조대입자 모두에서 Zn, V, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, Mo 등의 중금속 성분들의 EF값이 수십, 수백의 범위에 달할 정도로 오염의 수준이 심각하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 미세/조대입자 영역간에 형성되는 농도비를 비교한 결과, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni 등이 미세입자 영역에서 뚜렷하게 더 높은 농도를 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 중금속 농도에 대해 보다 세부적인 분석을 실시한 결과, 중금속 성분들의 농도는 상당 수준 증가하는데, 이와 같은 증가는 황사의 영향을 상당 수준 받는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution characteristics, source identification, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in particulate matter 10 (PM-10), in Gwangju. PM-10 samples were collected from September 2021 to August 2022 from three sampling sites, one located in each of the following areas: green, residential, and industrial. The average concentrations of PAHs were found to be higher in the industrial area (9.75±6.51 ng/㎥) than in the green (6.90±2.41 ng/㎥) and residential (6.74±2.38 ng/㎥) areas. Throughout the year and across all sites, five-ring PAHs accounted for the largest proportion (29.8–34.5%) of all PAHs. The concentrations of PAHs showed distinct seasonal variations, with the highest concentration observed in winter, followed by autumn, spring, and summer. Source apportionment analyses were performed using diagnostic ratios and principal component analyses, which indicated that coal/biomass combustion and vehicle emissions were the primary sources of PAHs in PM-10. The incremental lifetime cancer risk was estimated for all age groups at all sampling sites, and the results revealed a much lower risk level than the standard acceptable risk level (1×10-6).

Today’s cities require deeper understanding of the thermal environment and PM10 as their management becomes more critical. Based on these circumstances, this study investigated the Granger causality between the thermal environment and PM10 of the 25 districts of Seoul, the most populous and urbanized city in Korea. The results of the Granger causality test on the thermal environment and PM10 were classified into 12 types. Except for type 12, the temperature and urban island heat intensity of the other 11 types operated as a Granger-cause to each other in both directions. Temperature operates as a Granger-cause of urban island heat intensity in type 12. The PM10 level and urban pollution island intensity operated as a Granger-cause to each other in all districts. For types 1 and 2, thermal environment operated as a Granger-cause to PM10 in one direction, and type 3–type 12 confirmed that thermal environment and PM10 operated as a Granger-cause in both directions. Findings reveal the intricate c

To analyze the effects of PM10 and PM2.5 on daily mortality cases, the relations of death counts from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases with PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were applied to the generalized additive model (GAM) in this study. From the coefficients of the GAM model, the excessive mortality risks due to an increase of 10 μg/m3 in daily mean PM10 and PM2.5 for each cause were calculated. The excessive risks of deaths from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases were 0.64%, 1.69%, and 1.16%, respectively, owing to PM10 increase and 0.42%, 2.80%, and 0.91%, respectively, owing to PM2.5 increase. Our result showed that particulate matter posed a greater risk of death from respiratory diseases and is consistent with the cases in Europe and China. The regional distribution of excessive risk of death is 0.24%–0.81%, 0.34%–2.6%, and 0.62%–1.94% from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively, owing to PM10 increase, and 0.14%–1.02%, 1.07%–3.92%, and 0.22%–1.73% from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively, owing to PM2.5 increase. Our results represented a different aspect from the regional concentration distributions. Thus, we saw that the concentration distributions of air pollutants differ from the affected areas and identified the need for a policy to reduce damage rather than reduce concentrations.

Because of the population growth and industrialization in recent decades, the air quality over the world has been worsened with the increase of PM10 concentration. Korea is located near the eastern part of China which has many industrial complexes, so the consideration of China’s air quality is necessary for the PM10 prediction in Korea. This paper examines a machine learning-based modeling of the prediction of tomorrow’s PM10 concentration in the form of a gridded map using the AirKorea observations, Chinese cities’ air quality index, and NWP (numerical weather prediction) model data. A blind test using 23,048 cases in 2019 produced a correlation coefficient of 0.973 and an MAE (mean absolute error) of 4.097㎍/㎥, which is high accuracy due to the appropriate selection of input variables and the optimization of the machine learning model. Also, the prediction model showed stable predictability irrespective of the season and the level of PM10. It is expected that the proposed model can be applied to an operative system if a fine-tuning process using a larger database is accomplished.

This study investigates the characteristics of diurnal, seasonal, and weekly roadside and residential concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Busan, as well as relationship with meteorological phenomenon. Annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were 44.2 ㎍/m3 and 25.3 ㎍/m3, respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 concentration ratio was 0.58. Diurnal variations of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were categorized into three types, depending on the number of peaks and times at which the peaks occurred. Roadside PM10 concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM10 concentration was highest on Monday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM2.5 concentration was highest on Monday and Tuesday and lowest on Friday. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were highest on Asian dust and haze, respectively. The results indicate that understanding the spaciotemporal variation of fine particles could provide insights into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of fine dust PM10 and heavy metals in PM10 in Asian dust flowing into Gwangju from 2013 to 2018. The migration pathways of Asian dust was analyzed by backward trajectory analysis using HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model, and the change of heavy metal concentration and heavy metal content per 1 μg/m3 of fine dust PM10 in Gwangju area were analyzed. Also, the characteristics of the heavy metals were analyzed using the correlation between the heavy metals in PM10. As a result of analyzing Asian dust entering the Gwangju region for 6 years, the average concentration of PM10 measured in Asian dust was 148 μg/m3, which was about 4.5 times higher than in non-Asian dust, 33 μg/m3. A total of 13 Asian dust flowed into the Gwangju during 6 years, and high concentration of PM10 and heavy metals in that were analyzed in the C path flowing through the Gobi/Loess Plateau-Korean Peninsula. As a result of the correlation analysis, in case of Asian dust, there was a high correlation between soil components in heavy metals, so Asian dust seems to have a large external inflow. On the other hand, in case of non-Asian dust, the correlation between find dust PM10 and artificial heavy metal components was high, indicating that the influence of industrial activities in Gwangju area was high.

This research investigated the characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at the main subway stations in Busan. Annual mean PM10 concentrations at the Seomyeon 1- waiting room and platform were 51.3 ㎍/㎥ and 47.5 ㎍/㎥ , respectively, and the annual PM2.5 concentration at the Seomyeon 1- platform was 28.8 ㎍/㎥ . PM2.5/PM10 ratio at Seomyeon 1-platform and Dongnae station were 0.58 and 0.53, respectively. Diurnal variation of PM10 concentration at subway stations in Busan was categorized into four types, depending on the number of peaks and the times at which the peaks occurred. Unlike the areas outside of the subway stations which reported maximum PM10 concentration mostly in spring across the entire locations, the interiors of the subway stations reported the maximum PM10 concentration in spring, winter, and even summer, depending on their location. PM10 concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Sunday. The numbers of days when PM10 concentration exceeded 100 ㎍/㎥ and 80 ㎍/㎥ per day over the last three years at the subway stations in Busan were 36 and 239, respectively. The findings of this research are expected to enhace the understanding of the fine particle characteristics at subway stations in Busan and be useful for developing a strategy for controlling urban indoor air quality.

직경 10 μm 미만의 대기 미립자 물질(particulate matter, PM10)은 다양한 신체기관에서 산화 스트레 스와 염증반응을 유발한다. 본 연구의 목적은 인간 표피 각질형성세포(HEK)에서 PM10에 의해 유도되는 반응 성 산소종(ROS) 생성의 메커니즘을 알아보는 것이다. 배양된 HEK를 PM10에 노출시켰을 때 ROS가 증가하였으며, 이는 항산화제 apocynin에 의해 저해되었다. PM10에 의해 유도되는 ROS 생성에서 NADPH oxidase (NOX) family의 역할을 규명하기 위하여 이들의 mRNA 발현을 분석하였다. PM10은 NOX1, NOX2, dual oxidase (DUOX)1 및 DUOX2의 mRNA 발현을 증가시켰다. 다른 NOX들에 비교하여 DUOX1 및 DUOX2의 발현 수준이 높았으며, 이들 효소의 maturation factors, 즉 DUOXA1와 DUOXA2의 mRNA 발현도 PM10에 의하여 증가하였다. 칼슘 의존성 효소인 DUOX1과 DUOX2가 PM10에 의해 유도되는 ROS의 생성을 매개하는 지 조사하였다. 선택적인 세포내 칼슘 킬레이터인 BAPTA-AM은 PM10 및 칼슘 ionophore A23187에 유도된 ROS 생성을 감소시켰다. 작은 간섭 RNA (siRNA)에 의한 DUOX2의 하향 조절은 PM10에 의해 유도된 ROS의 생성을 감소시켰고 DUOX1 siRNA는 영향이 없었다. PM10은 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 및 interferon (IFN)-γ 등 사이토카인의 발현을 증가시켰다. siRNA에 의한 DUOX2의 하향 조절은 IFN-γ의 발현을 저해하였지만 다른 사이토카인의 발현은 저해하지 않았다. 본 연구는 PM10에 노출된 HEK의 ROS 생성 및 염증 반응에서 DUOX2가 중요한 역할을 함을 시사한다.

The characteristics of PM10, PM2.5 and Ratio(PM2.5/PM10) of 11 urban air monitoring stations in Gyeongnam were analyzed for the last 3 years(`15~`17). The average of the all stations was PM10 45 μg/㎥, PM2.5 24 μg/㎥ and Ratio 0.54, and annual reduction rates were PM10 -2.9%, PM2.5 –2.7% and Ratio –1.2%, respectively. The seasonal characteristics of PM10 were spring 54 μg/㎥ > winter 48 μg/㎥ > summer/autumn 40 μg/㎥, PM2.5 were spring/winter 26 μg/㎥ > summer 23 > autumn 22 μg/㎥ and Ratio were summer 0.56 > winter 0.55 > autumn 0.54 > spring 0.51, respectively. The hourly characteristics of PM10 were 11 μg/㎥ higher than 09:00~12:00 at 03:00~06:00, PM2.5 were 6 μg/㎥ higher than 09:00~12:00 at 17:00~18:00 and Ratio were 0.07 higher than 04:00~06:00 at 19:00. By site, the highest concentration of PM10 was YJ site 53 μg/㎥ and PM2.5 was HW site 28 μg/㎥. And Ratio at HD site showed the largest reduction from `15 0.62 to `17 0.52.

대기 오염은 피부의 산화적 손상, 염증 및 노화를 일으킬 수 있다. 레스베라트롤은 폴리페놀 화합물의 일종으로 항산화, 항염증, 멜라닌 생성 억제 작용 등 다양한 생물학적 활성이 있는 한편 열과 빛에 약한 단점이 있다. 레스베라트릴 트라이아세테이트(RTA)는 레스베라트롤에 비해 안정하고, 피부 안전성과 미백 효능이 보고된 화장품 신소재이다. 본 연구의 목적은 직경 10 μ m 미만 대기 미립자 물질(PM10)에 노출된 인간 표피 각질형성세포(HEK)의 염증 반응에 대한 레스베라트롤과 RTA의 영향을 조사하기 위한 것이다. 배양된 HEK세 포를 레스베라트롤과 RTA의 유무 조건에서 PM10에 노출시키고, 세포 생존율, 반응성 산소종(ROS)의 생성 및 염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 분석하였다. PM10을 처리하였을 때 세포 생존율이 감소하였고 종양괴사인자- α(TNF-α), 인터루킨-1β(IL-1β), 인터루킨-6(IL-6) 및 인터루킨-8(IL-8)의 발현이 증가하였다. 레 스베라트롤과 RTA는 PM10으로 유도된 세포의 사멸과 ROS 생성을 경감시켰다. PM10에 의해 증가되는 여러 염증성 사이토카인의 발현은 레스베라트롤과 RTA에 의해 경감되거나(IL-6), 증진되거나(IL-1β), 변화하지 않았다(TNF-α 및 IL-8). PM10에 의해 유도된 IL-6단백질의 발현이 레스베라트롤과 RTA에 의해 감소되 었다. 본 연구의 결과는 레스베라트롤과 RTA가 대기 미립자 물질에 노출된 피부의 세포 손상과 염증 반응을 조절하는 작용이 있음을 시사한다.

This research investigated the characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration at roadside (Choryangdong) and residential (Sujeongdong) locations in Busan. The PM10 concentration at roadside and residential locations were 50.5 and 42.9 ㎍/m3, respectively, and PM2.5 at roadside and residential were 28.1 and 23.9 ㎍/m3, respectively. The roadside/residential ratio of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration were 1.18, and the PM2.5/PM10 ratio at roadside and residential were 0.55 and 0.56, respectively. The PM10 concentration in spring at roadside were 64.6 ㎍/m3, and were the highest, followed by 48.0 ㎍/m3 and 45.2 ㎍/m3 in winter and summer. Number of exceedances per year of the daily limit value for PM10 at roadside and residential were 66 and 39 days, respectively. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentration, and PM2.5/PM10 ratio at roadside were 53.0 ㎍/m3, 29.0 ㎍/m3 and 0.55 for day, and 45.5 ㎍/m3, 26.7 ㎍/m3 and 0.59 for night, respectively. These results indicate that understanding the relationship between roadside and residential could provide insight into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.