A new type of food created in laboratories – lab grown meat (LGM) is an alternative to traditional animal farming and attracting attention of media, industry experts and consumers. Why is this new product so controversial? It is claimed that cell-based meat production is more environmentally friendly, ethical and sustainable than traditional methods that involve animals. Hence, being less harmful and potentially slowing down environmental degradation that leads to climate change. However, consumers have concerns regarding product quality, sourcing of cells used for production and use of growth serums. So many differing views are present, even before LGM is introduced as a marketable product. This paper examines what drives public discourse regarding how this new industry can be regulated, technology and how social media posts, fake news and publicly available rhetoric address consumer concerns and consumer acceptance regarding this new food category.

While metadiscourse use has been well-attended in second language (L2) writing research, relatively less effort has been made in documenting changing patterns of metadiscourse use among L2 writers. The present study addressed this gap by probing a diachronic change of interactive metadiscourse in research articles published in English Teaching across a span of 40 years. Using the corpus of 931 articles written by Korean L2 writers, we examined whether, and to what extent, interactive metadiscourse use in academic writing had changed over time. Our findings revealed an overall increase in the frequency of interactive resources mainly driven by a significant increase of evidentials. The observed pattern of change in interactives suggests that academic discourse within the applied linguistics community in Korea is becoming more persuasive and reader-oriented over time, consistent with Hyland and Jiang (2018) who reported a dramatic rise in interactive metadiscourse in the global discourse community of applied linguistics.

To make semiconductor chips, a number of complex semiconductor manufacturing processes are required. Semiconductor chips that have undergone complex processes are subjected to EDS(Electrical Die Sorting) tests to check product quality, and a wafer bin map reflecting the information about the normal and defective chips is created. Defective chips found in the wafer bin map form various patterns, which are called defective patterns, and the defective patterns are a very important clue in determining the cause of defects in the process and design of semiconductors. Therefore, it is desired to automatically and quickly detect defective patterns in the field, and various methods have been proposed to detect defective patterns. Existing methods have considered simple, complex, and new defect patterns, but they had the disadvantage of being unable to provide field engineers the evidence of classification results through deep learning. It is necessary to supplement this and provide detailed information on the size, location, and patterns of the defects. In this paper, we propose an anomaly detection framework that can be explained through FCDD(Fully Convolutional Data Description) trained only with normal data to provide field engineers with details such as detection results of abnormal defect patterns, defect size, and location of defect patterns on wafer bin map. The results are analyzed using open dataset, providing prominent results of the proposed anomaly detection framework.

Recently, a novel cast-in specialty insert was developed in Korea as an anchor for lightweight pipe supports, including fire-protection pipes. As these pipe supports and anchors play a critical role in transferring loads of fire-protection pipes to structural members, it is crucial to evaluate their seismic performance before applying the newly developed insert. In this study, the seismic shear performance of the insert anchors was evaluated through cyclic loading tests based on the loading protocols of ACI 355.2 and FEMA 461. Initially, five monotonic loading tests were conducted on the insert anchors in cracked concrete, followed by cyclic loading tests based on the monotonic test results. The findings revealed that the insert anchors exhibited negligible decrease in shear strength even after cyclic loading. Furthermore, a comparison of the maximum load and displacement of the insert anchors obtained under the loading protocols of ACI 355.2 and FEMA 461 was performed to investigate the applicability of the FEMA 461 loading protocol for anchor performance evaluation.

The electroconvection generated on the surface of an ion exchange membrane (IEM) is closely related to the electrical/ chemical characteristics or topology of the IEM. In particular, when non-conductive regions are mixed on the surface of the IEM, it can have a great influence on the transfer of ions and the formation of nonlinear electroconvective vortices, so more theoretical and experimental studies are necessary. Here, we present a novel method for creating microscale non-conductive patterns on the IEM surface by laser ablation, and successfully visualize microscale vortices on the surface modified IEM. Microscale (~300 μm) patterns were fabricated by applying UV nanosecond laser processing to the non-conductive film, and were transferred to the surface of the IEM. In addition, UV nanosecond laser process parameters were investigated for obvious micro-pattern production, and operating conditions were optimized, such as minimizing the heat-affected zone. Through this study, we found that non-conductive patterns on the IEM surface could affect the generation and growth of electroconvective vortices. The experimental results provided in our study are expected to be a good reference for research related to the surface modification of IEMs, and are expected to be helpful for new engineering applications of electroconvective vortices using a non-conductive patterned IEM.

This study researches the restaurant industry in Seoul during the late 1940s. The research was based on the four major newspapers in Korea. The data included a total of 227 businesses with 164 non-fusion restaurants that served single-nation type food consisting of 101 Korean, 31 Western, 20 Japanese, and 12 Chinese. Some examples of South Korean dishes are Masan, Daegu, and Jeolla-do-style local foods. As for North Korean food, Pyongyang-style bulgogi, Naengmyeon, Hamheung-style janggukbap, and Gaejangguk were introduced frequently. Chinese restaurants that appeared were highend places with Beijing-style cuisine. In the case of Japanese restaurants, they mostly had Sukiyaki with Joseon food served as well. Moreover, Western restaurants were fusioned with Japanese as in pork cutlet and curry rice. Others are comprised of “French Cuisine”, “Indian curry rice”, “Steak”, and “Russian soup”. This analysis indicates that foreign cuisines had actively entered the market.

The purpose of this study is to apply the traditional Chinese fretwork on the ‘Faux Chenille’ textile work method in a way of enhancing the decorative features of patterns and developing the fashion design. As for the method, it works on the historic background and advancement of the fretwork and it refers to the bibliographies pertinent to the traditional Chinese geometric pattern. The result are as follows. First, pure cotton and 100% rayon are mixed to make it feasible to produce the texture for the material to be tender and enhanced, and in the process of washing and drying the Faux Chenille textile. The Faux Chenille textile is an important material that is required to select materials with great absorption capability as the most effective material to re-visualize the lines and patterns by sustaining the diagonal lines. Second, the fretwork is designed to process the basic formation for 90° angle with the sense of unlimited extensive line and changes with straight line. It has been confirmed that, if the angle that controls the Faux Chenille textile and the tailoring interval are well aligned, the expression of traditional geometric pattern would be effective and it may be expressed in contemporary style. Third, through the fashion design application by utilizing the Faux Chenille textile of the fretwork, it is confirmed that the contemporary application of the traditional culture could be expressed uniquely and creatively while it is affirmed that the western technique and Asian culture can be blended in harmony.

The community temperature index (CTI) reflects the temperature and environmental preferences of the community. We investigated the distribution patterns of major aquatic insect assemblages (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; EPT) based on CTI in streams of South Korea. We selected unpolluted 151 study sites at upper streams (less than 3rd) with less than 1.5 mg L-1 of biochemical oxygen demand. Study sites were clustered into six groups based on the similarities of their EPT composition. All three orders showed a continuous decrease in the number of species as CTI increased, especially in Plecoptera. In addition, the functional feeding groups were also significantly changed according the CTI changes. Temperature tolerance range of each group’s indicator species varied according to the CTI of the group. Finally, changes of CTI reflected differences of EPT assemblages according to the differences of environmental condition including temperature. Therefore, CTI can be applied to the evaluation and preservation of stream ecosystems and prediction of community changes due to climate change.

본 논문에서는 외계 행성에서 주어진 임무를 모두 수행하여 클리어하는 탑 뷰 슈팅 게임을 제안한다. 제안 하는 게임을 진행한 플레이어 45명의 로그 기록과 설문 조사 결과를 분석하여, 몰입감, 플레이 패턴의 다양 성, 접근성을 중심으로 제안하는 게임의 특징을 살펴보고자 한다. 첫째, 제안한 게임은 더 높은 몰입감을 위 해 스토리 애니메이션과 오디오를 제공한다. 실험 결과 시각, 청각적 방면으로 몰입감을 효과적으로 제공하 고 있어 대다수의 플레이어가 스토리 애니메이션을 건너뛰지 않고 끝까지 시청했다. 둘째, 제안하는 게임은 더 다양한 플레이 패턴으로 즐길 수 있다. 실험 결과 수많은 경우의 수가 존재하는 무기와 스킬을 선택할 수 있게 하였기 때문에 대부분의 플레이어가 선택하는 스킬들이 서로 겹치지 않고 다양한 방식으로 게임을 플레이할 수 있다. 플레이 패턴이 다양한 만큼 더 게임을 오랫동안, 더 재미있게 즐길 수 있다. 셋째, 제안한 게임은 맵을 비교적 단순하게 구성하였다. 그런데, 호기심 많은 일부 플레이어들이 미션과 직접 관련이 없는 경로를 찾아서 길을 헤매는 경우가 나타났다. 이로 인해, 플레이어들이 게임을 다시 한번 진행하고자 하는 경향이 나타났다.

The occurrence of Laodelphax striatellus (SBPH) in Korea ranged 0.3-19.3 individuals in 2021, and 0.3-23.3 individuals in 2022 during the investigation period. Nilaparvata lugens (BPH) was not observed in 2021, but N. lugens (BPH) showed the highest number(82.0 inds.) in late September of 2022. The occurrence of Sogatella furcifera (WBPH) was not severe during the study period. Compared to Korea’s situation, N. lugens (BPH) and S. furcifera (WBPH) in Asian regions showed high occurrence in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The results of the field survey could be confirmed with the occurrence pattern of about once or twice in their regions. Continuous monitoring is required for the best control of planthopper species in rice production regions of Asia. We anticipate that exchange of occurrence information and establishment of a control cooperation system will improve rice productivity in Asian regions by preventing outbreak of planthopper species and reducing damages caused by the species.

신라 금관(특히 경주 출토 5점)은 신라 최고위층이 사용한 최고 품격의 모자이다. 이들은 원형 관테의 위로 세운 장식인 입식(立飾)과 아래로 드리운 장식인 수식(垂飾)이 중심이 되는 형태이고 그 표면에는 다수의 곡옥(曲玉)과 영락(瓔珞)을 매달 고 점선문･점열문･원문･삼각문･덩굴문 등의 문양들을 점으로 표현하였다. 이 중에서 입식은 나무 모양을 도안한 세 산자 모 양<山字形. 또는 출자 모양出字形>과 두 사슴뿔 모양이다. , 필자는 이 논문에서 신라 금관의 형태(나무･사슴뿔･연꽃･곡 옥･영락･수식)과 문양(삼각문･덩굴문･원문) 모두가 기(氣･기운･ 기력)와 생장(生長) 표현이라는 주장을 거듭 주장, 강조하였다. 금관의 기와 생장 표현은 생동감･생명력･힘･성장･발전 나아가 신이와 화생(化生)까지도 아우른다. 신라 금관의 기와 생장 표현을 분석하면 첫째 입식(나무와 사슴뿔) 등의 형태를 기와 생장의 대표 주자인 연꽃 모양으로 변형한 것, 둘째 금관 표면에 우리 겨레 역사문화강역 안 신석 기･청동기시대부터 기와 생장을 대표하는 삼각문･덩굴문･원문 을 표현한 것 셋째 기와 생장 표현 모두를 연꽃으로 인식하고 상호 동격･교호(交互)･호환 관계로 표현한 점이다. 신라 금관의 대표적인 모습은 ‘산(山’)자 모양 입식이다. 이는 위로 자라는 나무의 도안에 기와 생장 표현 등을 결합한 도안 인데 이를 분석하면 첫째 기와 생장이 중앙에서 외곽으로 전개 되는 모습 중 네 방향 표현(줄기와 가지이기에 네 방향이 됨), 둘째 중앙에서 외곽으로 확산되면서 동시에 아래보다 위쪽으로 향하는 생장하는 표현(금관의 좌우 가지가 갑자기 90도(度) 꺾 여 위로 솟구친 이유) 셋째 기와 생장 표현의 초기 모습인 세 갈래 표현(중앙과 그 좌측과 우측을 함께 보여 주는 첫 모양. 좌우 균형과 안정, 간결･함축을 담고, 삼재三才사상과도 관련 된다. 금관의 형태와 문양 특히 기(기운)와 생장을 동반한 표현들 은 금관 외에도 당시 우리 겨레의 역사문화유산에 보편적으로 존재하였다. 이웃한 원(原) 중국 역사문화강역에서는 존재하지 않았던 우리 겨레의 세계적･독보적･독창적 역사문화유산인 신 라 금관･금동관의 형태와 문양 특히 기(기운)와 생장을 동반한 표현은 고대 일본에도 전파되고 영향을 끼쳤다. 주제어: 금관, 기(氣･기운氣運), 생장(生長), 연꽃, 입식(立飾), 수식(垂飾)