본 연구는 시설하우스에서 비점오염원으로 인해 배출되는 오염된 농업배수를 인공습지에서 효과적으로 처리하기 위한 기초자료를 확보하기 위해 인공습지에서 여재종류, 조합방법 및 부하량에 따른 오염물질 정화효율을 평가하였다. 인공습지의 조합방법은 수직-수평흐름조, 수평-수직흐름조, 수평-수직-수평흐름조 및 수직-수평-수평흐름조로 구분하여 설계 및 시공하였으며, 여재는 왕사, 쇄석, 방해석 및 혼합여재로 구분하여 각 조에 충진하였다. 또한 농업배수 부하량을 150, 300, 600 L m-2 day-1으로 달리하여 오염물질의 처리효율을 조사하였다. 조합방법별 수처리효율은 HF-VF-HF 조합방법이 다른 조합방법에 비해 높은 처리효율을 보였으며, 최적여재는 COD 처리효율은 왕사가 가장 높았고, T-N은 쇄석, T-P는 방해석이 가장 높았다. 하지만 모든 처리효율과 경제성 부분을 고려하였을 때 최적여재는 혼합여재가 가장 효과적일 것으로 판단된다. 농업배수의 부하량에 따른 처리효율 결과 COD는 농업배수 부하량 600 L m-2 day-1까지 안정적인 처리효율을 보였으나, T-N 및 T-P는 150 L m-2 day-1≒300 L m-2 day-1¤600 L m-2 day-1의 순으로 농업배수의 부하량이 증가함에 따라 약간 감소하는 경향이었다. 따라서 시설하우스 농업배수 처리를 위한 인공습지 농업배수처리장의 최적조건은 HF-VH-HF 조합형 인공습지에 왕사, 쇄석 및 방해석이 혼합된 혼합여재로 충진하고 부하량 300 L m-2 day-1 이하의 농업배수를 주입하는 것이 최적일 것으로 판단된다.

We estimated decreasing rate of indoor air pollutants with are airborne bacteria, airborne fungi, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, PM10, and PM2.5 in 10 children’s hospitals and 6 childbirth houses located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do from November to December in 2012. Sectional period was respectively divided for operating and non-operating the air cleaners. There was a trend that concentration of surveyed pollutants in children’s hospitals and childbirth houses during operating period decreased among indoor air. We used Monte-Calro simulation to remove uncertainty and identify efficiency of eliminated pollutants such as surveyed pollutants by the air cleaners. Average efficiency of removal were 61.39 ± 21.42% for airborne bacteria, 71.77 ± 19.65% for airborne fungi, 73.37 ± 24.62% for formaldehyde, 71.20 ± 25.96% for total volatile organic compounds, 65.16 ± 23.80% for PM10, and 71.06 ± 23.97% for PM2.5.

스펀지 형태의 담체가 첨가된 침지형 막결합 연속회분식 생물반응기에서 담체가 제거효율과 여과성능에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 담체는 반응기 부피 기준으로 각각 5%, 10% 및 20% 첨가하였고, 담체를 첨가하지 않은 반응기를 대조군으로 하였다. COD, T-N 및 T-P에 대한 제거효율은 담체 첨가 유무에 관계없이 큰 차이가 없었다. 그러나 담체를 첨가한 경우, 첨가하지 않은 경우에 비해 조업시간에 따른 막간차압(TMP)은 매우 서서히 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 폭기에 의해 상승하는 담체가 막 표면과 충돌하게 되고, 이때 막 표면에 형성된 케이크 층을 제거시키기 때문이다. 결론적으로 담체가 첨가된 막결합형 연속회분식 생물반응기는 담체가 없는 반응기에 비해 여과성능이 크게 개선되어, 폐수처리에 효과적으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

침지식 막결합형 연속회분식 생물반응기에서 폐수의 도입단계가 제거효율과 여과성능에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 호기성 단계의 초기에 공급할 경우(Mode-1)와 무산소 단계의 초기에 공급할 경우(Mode-2)에 대하여 89일 동안 동시에 운전하였다. COD 제거효율과 여과성능은 2가지 운전방식 간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 그러나 영양염류(총질소와 총인)의 제거효율에 있어서 Mode-2가 Mode-1에 비해 보다 효과적이었다. Mode-2의 경우 COD, 총질소 및 총인의 제거율은 각각 99.1, 73.3 및 77.7%이었다.

The purpose of this study was to assess the removal efficiency of formaldehyde using carbon nano colloid (CNC) which was produced by comparatively easy and cheap method. In this study, carbon nano colloid based on water was produced by an electro‐chemical method. The particles which have mostly a spherical shape whose diameter was, what is called,‘nano‐size’were produced. Non‐woven fabric filter, which is currently on the market as a medium filter, was used for the removal efficiency test. Known concentration (0.5 ppm) of formaldehyde standard gas was used as a pollutant. The overall results indicate that (1) nanosize carbon colloids which have a stable dispersibility of which diameter is approximately 10 nm or less, (2) filters treated with carbon nano colloids showed higher removal efficiency, 44.47 ㎍ of HCHO removed/g of carbon and 19.28 ㎍ of HCHO removed/g of carbon, compared to the control experiment using a normal carbon filter, 1.45 ㎍ of HCHO removed/g of carbon.

This study is to evaluate control effects of separation wall by surveying water quality and sewer overflows during dry and wet periods in combined sewer and separated sewer systems. Ravine water from the combined Seokgyo outfall with the separation wall was separated about four times larger than sewage flow during dry periods. The water quality of the combined Seokgyo outfall with separation wall during dry periods is flow weighed average T-N 22mg/L, T-P 2.4mg/L, the combined Chenseokgyo outfall without the separation wall is average T-N 21mg/L, T-P 2.6mg/L, and the separated Pyoungsong center outfall is average T-N 12mg/L, T-P 1.0mg/L. The T-N, T-P concentration in separated outfall make form about 44%, 42% of the combined outfall, and this means the separated outfall (i.e. storm sewer) is polluted by inflow of sewage. The overflow load of the separated outfall is ten times higher than the combined outfall and its overflow load per rainfall is three times than combined outfall during the wet periods. Therefore, the control plan of overflow load is required in storm sewer. The control effects of the overflow load increased 100% by setting the separation wall in the combined sewer, and showed 44% increase without the separation wall in separated sewer, but forecasted over than 82% increase of effects with the separation wall.

The average BOD concentration was found to be about 269mg/L before a process innovation, but after the innovation, it became 30mg/L, which satisfied the effluent standard of 120mg/L. The removal effluent standard of 120mg/L. The removal efficiency was about 60～80%, and the concentration of the treated water was found th be low. after the process innovation, the average COD concentration was 29mg/L, and the CODmn removal efficiency became low to the level of about 65～76%, which was found lower than the effluent standard of 130mg/L. After the process innovation the SS average concentration of the treated water was 13mg/L, which was lower than that before the innovation (32mg/L). By the activated sludge process innovation, the SS removal efficiency was improved to be 30～70%. The average concentration of total coliform before the process innovation was 6100 count/mL because an Activated sludge process only occasionally pass over the allowed standard(The average number of the total coliform of Activated sludge process treated water was about 8100 count/mL), UV disinfection process was introduced. after the introduction, the average number of the total coliform was 1800 count/mL, which satisfied the allowed effluent standard of 3000 count/mL.

The treatment of piggery wastes was carried out at pilot scale using a multilayered metal-activated carbon system followed by carbon bed filtration. The physicochemical properties were obtained from treated samples with aqueous solutions containing metallic ions such as Ag+, Cu2+, Na+, K+ and Mn2+, which main obsevations are subjected to inspect surface properties, color removal properties by Uv/Vis and EDX. Multilayered metal-activated carbons were contacted with waste water to investigation of the simultaneous catalytic effect for the COD, BOD, T-N and T-P removal. The removal results for the piggery waste using multilayered metal-activated carbon bed was achieved the satisfactory removal performance under permitted values of Ministry of Environment of Korea. The high efficiency of the multilayered metal-activated carbon bed was determined by the performance of this material for trapping, catalytic effect and adsorption of organic solid particles.

The electrochemical removal (ECR) of water pollutants by activated carbon fiber (ACF) electrodes from wastewater was investigated over wide range of electrochemical reaction time. The ECR capacities of ACF electrodes were associated with their internal porosity and were related to physical properties and to reaction time. And, surface morphologies and elemental analysis for the ACFs after electrochemical reaction are investigated by SEM and EDX to explain the changes in adsorption properties. The FT-IR spectra of ACFs for the investigation of functional groups show that the electrochemical treatment is consequently associated with the homogeneous removal of pollutants with the increasing surface reactivity of the activated carbon fiber surfaces. The ACFs were electrochemically reacted to waste water to investigate the removal efficiency for the COD, T-N and T-P. From these removal results of pollutants using ACFs substrate, satisfactory removal performance was obtained. The outstanding removal effects of the ACFs substrate were determined by the properties of the material for adsorption and trapping of organics, and catalytic effects.

This study was performed to study the removal efficiency of residual organophosphorus pesticides with process for making Perilla Jangachi. Two organophosphorus pesticides(chlorpyrifos-methyl and fenitrothion) were artificially attached to Perilla leaves. Then Perilla leaves were washed with detergent solution for 1minute and rinsed 2 times each for 1 minutes. After washing with neutral detergent solution, Perilla Jangachi was made with 2 steps of optimal condition. As a pretreatment, when soaked with 2% salt concentration solution for 42hours, the removal rate of residual pesticides was 81.75% of chlorpyrifos-methyl and 76.82% of fenitrothion. When Perilla leaves were steamed for 72 seconds after soaking, it became 88.94% and 82.19%, respectively. Finally, after making optimal Perilla Jangachi with 27% onion contents, removal rate was 89.12% of chlorpyrifos-methyl and 82.76% of fenitrothion. Consequently, it appeared that the process for making Perilla Jangachi effectively removed the residual pesticides of Perilla leaves.

원자력시설에서 방사성요오드 제거용으로 사용되는 TEDA 첨착활성탄의 고온공정에서치 메틸요오드의 제거성능을 은이온제올라이트(AgX)와 상호 비교하였다. 3-40 온도범위에서 온도에 따른 메틸요오드의 흡착량 및 탈착후 잔존량을 측정한 결과, 비첨착활성탄의 흡착성능은 온도가 증가함에 따라 급격히 감소하지만 TEDA 첨착활성탄의 흡착성능은 10 부근에서도 AgX-10과 거의 유사한 값을 나타내었고, 탈착후 잔존량은 25 까지도 비첨착활성탄에 비하여 매우 높은 값을 유지하였다. 또한 10 이상의 고온공정에서 AgX 및 TEDA 첨착활성탄을 충전한 고정층 파과특성을 상호 비교한 결과 10 이상에서 AgX-10의 메틸요오드 흡착량 및 잔존량은 TEDA 첨착활성탄에 비하여 평균 30%정도 높은 값을 나타내어 고온에서 더 흡착성능이 우수함을 보여주고 있다. 흡착반응 후 생성된 기체의 성분을 분석한 결과를 토대로 AgX-10 흡착제를 충전한 고정층에서 메틸요오드 제거 메카니즘을 제안하였다.

농촌배수처리용 자연습지내의 생물상 및 유기물 제거효율을 조사하였다. 습지내에서 출현한 수생식물의 종조성은 13과 22종으로 나타났으며, 현존량이 가장 많은 종은 갈대로 약 35%, 고마리, 애기부들, 가막사리 및 돌피가 12~19%의 고른 분포를 보였으며, 나머지가 1%를 차지하였다. 습지 내에서 출현한 대형무척추동물은 복족강, 빈모강, 거머리강, 거미강, 갑각강, 곤충강이 조사되었으며, 그 중에서 곤충강이 7목 18과로 나타났다. 채집된 개체수로는 곤

본 연구에서는 꼬막(cockle), 전복(abalone), 가리비(scallop) 패각을 이용하여 중금속 제거효율 평가를 수행하였다. 꼬막, 전복, 가리비의 주 구성광물은 각각 아라고나이트, 아라고나이트와 방해석, 방해석으로 구 성되어 있다. 각 패각들의 비표면적은 2.7241 m2/g에서 4.5481 m2/g까지 다양하며 가리비 > 전복 > 꼬막이다. 반응 후 중금속 분석 결과 As는 패각에 의한 흡착이나 pH 상승에 의한 침전 제거 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 납은 반응 초기에 모든 패각 시료에서 모두 제거되었다. 카드뮴과 아연은 매질에 따라 약간의 차이가 있지만 제거 효율은 가리비 > 전복 > 꼬막 순으로 나타났다. 중금속 제거 효율은 가열 시료가 원시료 비해 약간 높 으며, 비표면적이 클수록 높은 경향이 있다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different Hydraulic Retention Times (HRTs) on the contaminant removal efficiency using Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS). A laboratory-scale experiment was performed using a sequencing batch reactor, and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), nitrogen, orthophosphate removal efficiency, AGS/MLSS ratio, and precipitability in accordance with the HRT were evaluated. As a result, the COD removal efficiency was not significantly different with the reduction in HRT, and at a HRT of 6 h, the removal rate was slightly increased owing to the increase in organic loading rate. The nitrogen removal efficiency was improved by injection of influent division at a HRT of 6 h. As the HRT decreased, the MLSS and AGS tended to increase, and the sludge volume index finally decreased to 50 mL/g. In addition, the size of the AGS gradually increased to about 1.0 mm. Therefore, the control of HRT provides favorable conditions for the stable formation of AGS, and is expected to improve the contaminant removal efficiency with the selection of a proper operation strategy.

In the industrial wastewater that occupies a large proportion of river pollution, the wastewater generated in textile, leather, and plating industries is hardly decomposable. Though dyeing wastewater has generally been treated using chemical and biological methods, its characteristics cause treatment efficiencies such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) to be reduced only in the activated sludge method. Currently, advanced oxidation technology for the treatment of dyeing wastewater is being developed worldwide. Electro-coagulation is highly adapted to industrial wastewater treatment because it has a high removal efficiency and a short processing time regardless of the biodegradable nature of the contaminant. In this study, the effects of the current density and the electrolyte condition on the COD removal efficiency in dyeing wastewater treatment by using electro-coagulation were tested with an aluminum anode and a stainless steel cathode. The results are as follows: ① When the current density was adjusted to 20 A/m2, 40 A/m2, and 60 A/m2 under the condition without electrolyte, the COD removal efficiency at 60 min was 62.3%, 72.3%, and 81.0%, respectively. ② The removal efficiency with NaCl addition was 7.9% higher on average than that with non-addition at all current densities. ③ The removal efficiency with Na2SO4 addition was 4.7% higher on average than that with non-addition at all current densities.

Livestock manure treatments have become a more serious problem because massive environmental pollutions such as green and red tides caused by non-point pollution sources from livestock manures have emerged as a serious social issue. In addition, more food wastes are being produced due to population growth and increased income level. Since the London Convention has banned the ocean dumping of wastes, some other waste treatment methods for land disposal had to be developed and applied. At the same time, researches have been conducted to develop alternative energy sources from various types of wastes. As a result, anaerobic digestion as a waste treatment method has become an attractive solution. In this study has three objectives: first, to identify the physical properties of the mixture of livestock wastewater and food waste when combining food waste treatment with the conventional livestock manure treatment based on anaerobic mesophilic digestion; second, to find the ideal ratio of waste mixture that could maximize the collection efficiency of methane (CH4) from the anaerobic digestion process; and third, to promote CH4 production by comparing the biodegradability. As a result of comparing the reactors R1, R2, and R3, each containing a mixture of food waste and livestock manure at the ratio of 5:5, 7:3, and 3:7, respectively, R2 showed the optimum treatment efficiencies for the removal of Total Solids (TS) and Volatile Solids (VS), CH4 production, and biodegradability.

호소의 부영양화와 같은 수계오염을 유발하는 질소 및 인에 대한 방류수 수질기준 규제가 점차 강화되고 있으며, 최종 개정된 방류수 수질기준에서는 처리수를 Ⅰ지역에 방류하는 경우, 총 질소 20 mg-N/L, 총 인 0.2 mg-P/L로 규제하고 있다. 이에 따라 대부분의 공공하수처리시설은 고도처리공법을 확보하고 있으며 현재 운영중인 고도처리시설에는 생물학적 고도처리법인 SBR공법과 A O 공법이 가장 많이 적용되고 있다. 그러나 한국 하수 성상의 경우 질소에 대한 유기물의 비율이 낮기 때문에 질소 제거효율이 낮고, 탈질을 위해 외부 탄소원을 추가적으로 주입함에 따라 운영비의 증가 문제가 발생된다. 외부 탄소원의 주입에도 불구하고 2015년 환경부에서 발표한 방류수 수질현황을 참고하면 공공하수처리시설의 T-N 제거효율은 약 70%에 그친다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 생물학적 고도처리법으로 가장 많이 적용되고 있는 SBR 공법에 수처리용 스펀지 담체를 투입하였을 때, 폭기구간에서의 질소제거 효율을 평가하고자 하였다. 스펀지 담체와 같이 담체 내외부의 물질전달이 자유로운 담체의 경우, 담체 내외부에 형성되는 산소 농도구배로 인하여 담체 내부에는 국소적인 무산소 조건이 형성되며, 그에 따라 담체 외부에서는 질산화가 내부에서는 탈질이 일어나는 SND(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification) 기작이 일어날 수 있다. 이에 폭기 전･후의 암모니아성 질소와 질산성 질소 측정을 통해 SND 효율을 계산한 결과, 약 30%의 효율을 나타내었으며, 이는 탈질이 유도되는 단위공정에서 탈질에 필요한 외부탄소원의 요구량을 감축시킬 수 있으므로 경제적인 측면에서 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s guideline MEPC. 277 (64) was developed and evaluated for the removal efficiency of T-N in a SBR and MBR combined process. This combined process of resized equipment based on large capacity water treatment device for a protection of marine aquatic life. In this experiment, T-N concentration of influent and effluent was measured through with the artificial wastewater. The SBR reactor operation time was varied according to the C : N : P ratios so that different conditions for mixing and aeration period in mins (90 : 60, 80 : 40, 70 : 50) and two C: N: P ratios (10 : 5 : 3, 10 : 3 : 1) were used. During experiment in the reactor’s aeration and anoxic tank DO concentrations were 3 mg/L and 0.2 mg/L respectively. Furthermore, in the reactor MLSS concentration was 2000 mg/L and flowrate was 2 L/hr. Experiment results showed that C : N : P, 10 : 3 : 1 ratio with 90 mins mixing and 60 mins aeration maximized removal efficiency at 97.3% T-N as compared to other conditions. The application of the SBR and MBR combined process showed efficient results.