Eighty pigs (40 pigs per farm aged 40 days old) that had been raised on two commercial pig farms A and B were used to evaluate oxidative stress status. The results from each farm were compared to investigate a relationship between pig performance and oxidative stress status. Pig performance on farm A was relatively better than that on farm B for the period of 3 years. The level of plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) of the pigs in group 1 (farm A) was significantly higher (p=0.045<0.05 ) than that of the pigs in group 2 (farm B). The level of plasma total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) value of the pigs in group 2 were significantly higher (p= 0.045<0.05 and p=0.001<0.05) than those of the pigs in group 1 These results revealed that pig performance was associated inversely with oxidative stress status.

The seaweed Ecklonia cava, a brown algae abundant in JeJu Island, South Korea, has large amounts of the polyphenol compound phloroglucinol (PG, 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene), which has been proposed to exert interesting biological properties including antioxidant and radioprotective effects against ionizing radiation-induced damages in various cells and tissues. To identify antioxidant and radioprotective effects of PG in skin tissues, we exposed mice to 8.5 Gy whole body irradiation (WBI) at day 6 after depilation with and without PG treatment. In PG treated cases, PG was applied twice, once at 17.8 hours before and then at the time of WBI. At 8 hours after WBI, a reduction in the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substrates (TBARS) was observed in the PG treated group. Upon western blot analysis, PG treatment overexpressed the MnSOD, catalase, and GPx-1, although the difference was not significant. In parallel with the results of western blot analysis, the percentage of MnSOD-and catalase-positive cells was significantly increased at 8 and 24 hours after WBI, while no significant difference was observed over 48 hours in PG treated skins. Moreover, PG treatment increased the percentage of Ki-67 positive cells compared with that of irradiated only mice at 8 hours after WBI. Our results suggest that PG is effective at attenuating oxidative stress, and that the promotion of antioxidant enzymes such as MnSOD and catalase may be an important aspect for its radioprotection in skin.

Free radicals originate due to the radiolysis of cytoplasmic water with low “Linear Energy Transfer” (LET) radiations. Naringenin (Ng) is a natural antioxidative compound found in citrus fruits. This study revealed that Naringenin (Ng) reduced the radiation damage of critical organs by scavenging oxidative free radicals. In the study, Ng was orally administrated to rats daily for 7 consecutive days, prior to whole body exposure to gamma-rays. The scavenging efficacy was evaluated biochemically by measuring the concentration of cytotoxic byproducts and the activity of enzymes relevant to oxidative free radicals, after extracting the organs from the exposed rat. We observed increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the exposed control group. However, pretreatment with Ng significantly reduced the MDA concentration, and increased the activities of SOD and CAT, as compared to the control group, due to the free radical scavenging by Ng. The results indicate that Ng administration prior to irradiation could protect critical organs from radiation damage.

The cancer and Parkinson's disease associated protein DJ-1 is multifunctional protein that involves in diverse cellular process. DJ-1 protein has a cellular protective role and promoted cell survival under an oxidative stress. However, the cellular protective mechanism of DJ-1 is not fully understand, and we needs to be further study their functions in novel organisms. In the present study, we investigated the protective role of DJ-1 against induced oxidative stress in canine cell line. On the basis of these experiments, canine DJ-1 overexpressing and null cell lines were established. The stable overexpression and down regulation of DJ-1 efficiency confirmed by the western blot analysis. Subsequently, the DJ-1 gene transfected cell lines and control cells were subjected to induced the oxidative stress, and then cell viability, cell proliferation assay, cellular apoptosis detection analysis (Annexin V and TUNEL assay), intracellular ROS and mitochondrial activity were measured appropriately. The results showed that DJ-1 overexpressed cells were up-regulated cell viability under oxidative stress conditions induced by the rotenone and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), whereas loss of DJ-1 cells were down-regulated the cell survival activity. Additionally, overexpression of DJ-1 cells increased cell resistance to oxidative stress and inhibited the elevation of cell death and cellular ROS induced apoptosis. Moreover, DJ-1 overexpressed cells was increased mitochondrial functions by using confocal microscopy with MitoTracker staining. On the contrary to this, DJ-1 null cells show defective cellular protection and mitochondria activity against oxidative stress conditions. Our data indicate that canine DJ-1 protein attenuates cellular apoptosis and ROS generation, enhances the cellular survival activity and promote mitochondrial function under the oxidative stress, likewise other mammalian cells. Importantly, DJ-1 overexpression may be an important part of a protective strategy as a sensor for oxidative stress.

Although cryopreservation of sperm is routinely used for clinical requirement, it has some problems, such as high generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cold-shock. To reduce the detrimental damage in sperm, anti-oxidants were added to cryoprotectant for sperm. Curcumin is one of anti-oxidants, which are added in cryoprotectants. However, recent studies have demonstrated that curcumin decreases sperm viability and motility. This study was performed to identify the effect of curcumin on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-exposed bovine sperm, which were cryopreserved-thawed. In H2O2-exposed bovine sperm, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly reduced by treatment with curcumin in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Among tested concentrations of curcumin (1 to 50 μM), 30 and 50 μM curcumin showed anti-oxidant effect on H2O2-induced ROS generation. On the other hand, combination of 30 or 50 μM curcumin with anti-oxidant H2O2 increased the percentage of apoptotic sperm compared to only H2O2 treatment. Sperm viability was also decreased in the combination of 30 or 50 μM curcumin with H2O2 as judged by FDA/PI staining. H2O2–induced decrease in sperm progressive motility was recovered by treatment with 1 μM curcumin. These results show that high concentration of curcumin has anti-oxidant effect, but it has also cytotoxic effect on bovine sperm. Sperm viability and motility might be more affected by cytotoxic signals of curcumin compared to antioxidant signals.

Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai is a type of edible bamboo grass distributed on Jeju Island, Korea. S. quelpaertensis has been used as afolk medicine for treatment of a variety of ailments. It has been reported to present biological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we demonstrate that S. quelpaertensis Nakai extract (SNE) rescues immunocytes from gamma radiation-induced apoptosis and oxidative DNA damage. We examined the cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, DNA damage, apoptosis, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mice given SNE for 45 days in immune cells. To determine the splenocytes protection capability of SNE, gamma-ray was irradiated to the whole body of C57BL/6 mice. Our results suggest that SNE stimulated the proliferation of splenocytes without cytotoxic effects. In addition, SNE not only decreased DNA damage but also reduced apoptosis of splenocytes, and attenuated the production of ROS generation in hydrogen peroxide-induced splenocytes. Therefore, SNE can protect against gamma radiation-induced damage in mice.

Edaravone (Eda) is a potent scavenger of inhibiting free radicals including hydroxyl radicals (H2O2). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2 can alter most kinds of cellular molecules such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, cellular apoptosis. In addition, oxidative stress from over-production of ROS is involved in the defective embryo development of porcine. Previous study reported that Eda has protective effects against oxidative stress-like cellular damage. However, the effect of Eda on the preimplantation porcine embryos development under oxidative stress is unclear. Therefore, in this study, the effects of Eda on blastocyst development, expression levels of ROS, and apoptotic index were first investigated in preimplantation porcine embryos. After in vitro fertilization, porcine embryos were cultured for 6 days in PZM medium with Eda (10 μM), H2O2 (200 μM), and Eda+H2O2 treated group, respectively. Rate of blastocyst development was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the Eda treated group compared with only H2O2 treated group. And, we measured intracellular levels of ROS by DCF-DA staining methods and investigated numbers of apoptotic nuclei by TUNEL assay analysis is in porcine blastocyst, respectively. Both intracellular ROS levels and the numbers of apoptotic nucleic were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in porcine blastocysts cultured with Eda (10 μM). More over, the total cell number of blastocysts were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the Eda-treated group compared with untreated group and the only H2O2 treated group. Based on the results, Eda was related to regulate as antioxidant-like function according to the reducing ROS levels during preimplantation periods. Also, Eda is beneficial for developmental competence and preimplantation quality of porcine embryos. Therefore, we concluded that Eda has protective effect to ROS derived apoptotic stress in preimplantation porcine embryos.

당뇨 합병증을 일으키는 중요 매체인 산화 스트레스에 대한 매생이 추출물과 그 지표물질인 pheophorbide a (PhA)의 정소 조직 내 산화 스트레스 보호 효과를 streptozotocin(STZ)에 의해 유발된 당뇨 쥐 모델에서 확인하였다. 당뇨를 유발하는 물질로 알려진 STZ를 40 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)의 농도로 복강 투여하여 당뇨를 일으킨 후, 매생이 추출물(CFE)샘플을 각각 4, 20 mg/kg b.w. 그리고 PhA를0.2 mg/kg b.w.로 9 주간 투여하여 실험하였다. 정소 조직에서 산화 스트레스에 생성되는 체내 과산화물 지표인 혈액 nitric oxide와 지질 과산화물이 당뇨 유발군에 비해 CFE와 PhA 투여군에서 유의적인 감소를 보였으며, 체내 과산화물 축적을 제어하는 효소인 glutathione peroxidase,glutathione-S-transferase가 정상 수준으로 회복되었다. 또한, 체내 항산화 방어기작에서의 중요한 효소인 superoxide dismutase, catalase 활성 또한 샘플 투여 시 회복되는 것을 보아 CFE 투여군과 PhA투여군에서 조직 내 항산화 효소 조절과 함께 과산화물 축적 저해 효과를 통하여 당뇨 상태에서 고혈당에 의한 산화 스트레스가 일으키는 생식 조직 손상으로부터 매생이 추출물과 그 지표물질인 PhA는 보호 효과를 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

양파 과육과 과피의 생리학적 효과를 평가하기 위하여, in vitro 항산화 활성과 H2O2로 유도된 산화적 스트레스에 대한 PC12 세포보호 효과를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 양파의 과육과 과피 모두 EtOAc 분획물에서 가장 높은 ABTS, DPPH 라디칼 소거활성과 MDA 저해활성을 나타냈다. 양파의 과육과 과피의 EtOAc 분획물을 이용하여, H2O2로 산화적 스트레스를 유발한 PC12세포에서의 ROS 함량과 세포보호효과를 DCF-DA assay, MTT assay 및 LDH assay를 통하여 확인한 결과, 과피가 과육 대비 약 10배 낮은 농도에서 비슷한 보호효과를 나타내었다. 최종적으로 GC-MS를 이용하여 주요 페놀성 화합물인 quercetin 함량과 quercetin 배당체 함량을 분석한 결과, 양파 과육(각각, 4.83, 8.70mg/100g dry weight)과 과피(91.80, 61.81mg/100g dry weight, respectively) 함량을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과들을 종합해볼 때, 양파 과피뿐만 아니라 과육이 나타내는 항산화 효과 및 산화적 스트레스에 대한 신경세포 보호효과는 퇴행성 신경질환과 같은 질병에서 효과적인 소재일 것이라고 사료된다.

본 연구는 식용 버섯의 조리방법에 따른 항산화 생리활성의 평가를 위해 수행되었으며, 산화적 스트레스에 의한 DNA 손상 감소 효과를 통해 조리방법을 달리한 버섯 추출물의 유전독성학적 방호효과를 살펴보았다. Human lymphocyte에 조리방법을 달리한 3가지 버섯(느타리, 팽이, 표고)의 추출물을 처리하고, hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)로 산화적 손상을 준 후, DNA 감소 효과를 Comet assay로 평가한 결과, 모든 시료군에서 산화적 손상에 의한 DNA 손상 감소 효과를 나타냈다. 3가지 버섯 모두 비조리군이 조리군보다 높은 효과를 나타냈는데, 이는 조리과정에 의한 페놀성 화합물의 감소로 인한 것으로 보이며, 조리군 중에서 볶기와 전이 비교적 낮은 DNA 손상 감소 효과를 나타낸 것은 조리 시 첨가되었던 대두유의 가열 산화에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 결론적으로, 조리된 버섯은 생버섯에 비해 산화적 스트레스에 의한 DNA 손상 감소효과가 낮으나, 양성 대조군과 비교하였을 때 손상을 유의적으로 감소시킨 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 본 연구에서 사용한 네 가지 조리법(굽기, 데치기, 볶기, 전) 중 DNA 손상 감소에 효과적인 조리법은 대두유를 사용하지 않은 굽기와 데치기인 것으로 판단된다.

Anthocyanins, a class of flavonoids, are natural water-soluble pigments, which are mainly found in vegetables and fruits. Anthocyanins have attractive pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of anthocyanins-rich fraction (ANF) from Korean purple sweet potato variety, "Shinjami", against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. In our results, pre-treatment of HepG2 cells with ANF (10μg/mL) significantly prevented cell death and maintained cell integrity, following exposure to 0.9 mM hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2-dependent production of intracellular ROS was also significantly decreased by pre-treatment with ANF (6 h, 10μg/mL). In addition, ANF increased the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and glutathione level in H2O2-treated HepG2 cells. These results indicated that ANF protected HepG2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by inducing protective system.

Chios Gum Mastic (CGM) is a natural resin extracted from the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus, a plant endemic to the Greek island of Chios. It has been used by traditional healers, and it has antibacterial, antifungal properties, and therapeutic benefits for the skin. The CGM reduces the formation of dental plaque and bacterial growth in oral saliva, and recent studies have demonstrated the role of antioxidant activity of CGM. Although CGM has been widely investigated, its protective effect against oxidative-damage to keratinocytes, as well as the relationship between CGM and autophagy, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of CGM against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and to evaluate the autophagic features induced by CGM in human keratinocytes. The pretreatment with CGM significantly reduced apoptosis in H2O2-exposed HaCaT cells. It promoted the degradation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9; and it induced the formation of the processed PARP. The treatment with CGM caused an increase in vesicle formation compared to control group. The level of p62 was reduced and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was increased in CGM treated HaCaT cells. Also, the treatment with CGM increased cleavage of ATG5-ATG12 complex. In summary, CGM helps the cells to survive under stressful conditions by preventing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. Besides, the present investigation provides evidence to support the antioxidant potential of CGM in vitro and opens up a new horizon for future experiments.

Early onset torsion dystonia is caused by mutations in DYT1 gene in humans. Two deletion mutations and one missense mutation were found from patients with this devastating disorder. The molecular and cellular etiology underlying this disorder is not still understood yet. Because vertebrates have more than 4 homologs in their genomes, it is very hard to elucidate the exact in vivo functions of Torsin1A. Instead, Drosophila has only one homolog named Torsin. To investigate the in vivo functions of Torsin, we generated and characterized transgenic flies expressing coding regions of Torsin mRNA or double stranded inhibitory DNA constructs (RNAi). The specific antibodies for Drosophila Torsin (DTor) also were generated. The transgenic expression of DTor cDNA or RNAi in all tissue induced significant changes in DTor proteins levels. Even though expression of DTor cDNA in neuronal system increased the amount of DTor proteins, expression of DTor RNAi did not significantly altered the amount of DTor. Consistent with this result, the numbers of flies with motor-activity were not discernible among neuronal expression lines. However, flies expressing DTor cDNA or RNAi on muscles showed significantly altered locomotor ability, suggesting that DTor plays important roles in regulating motor-activity at the post-synaptic terminals of motor neurons. In addition, DTor over-expressing flies showed increased resistance to H2O2. In the future study, we will found how those phenotypes were accomplished by performing various experiments. (NRF-2012R1A1A4A01011674: HRF-S-201.-6)

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) are messengers that carry signals to alter the redox state in order to activate plant responses and other physiological processes, such as differentiation, aging, senescence, and pathogen defense. Quite a large number of genes are involved in this signaling and lead to oxidative stress in plants. Although the role of ROS/RNS during stress conditions is well documented, a comprehensive list of genes and comparative study of these genes has not yet been completed. Accordingly, the in silico identification of oxidative stress-related genes was performed for soybeans and Arabidopsis. These genes were also studied in relation to multiple domain prediction. The presence of domains like dehydogenase and ATPase suggests that these genes are involved in various metabolic processes, as well as the transportation of ions under optimal environmental conditions. In addition to a sequence analysis, a phylogenetic analysis was also performed to identify orthologous pairs among the soybean and Arabidopsis oxidative stress-related genes based on neighbor joining. This study was also conducted with the objective of further understanding the complex molecular signaling mechanism in plants under various stress conditions.