This study assessed the efficacy of aqueous chlorine dioxide (CIO2) and commercial chlorine sanitizer in terms of its ability to eliminate Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 on radish sprouts (Raphanus sativus L.). Radish sprouts were inoculated with a cocktail containing one each of three strains of three different foodbome pathogens, then treated with distilled water (control) or chemical sanitizers (100 ppm commercial chlorine, and 50, 100, 200 ppm CIO2) for 1, 5, and 10 min at room temperature (22士2℃). Populations of S.Typhimurium, E. coli 0157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were counted at 4.64, 6.05, and 4.29 log CFU/g, respectively, after inoculation. Treatment with water did not significantly reduce the levels of any of the three foodbome pathogens. The levels of all three pathogens were reduced by treatment with chemical sanitizers; however, the observed 1evels of reduction of E. coli 0157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were not significant as compared with the controls. The levels of the three pathogens were reduced most profoundly when treated for 10 min with 200 ppm of CIO2, and the reduction levels of S. Typhimurium, E. coli 0157:H7, and L. monocytogenes were 1.17, l.63, and 0.9610g CFU/g, respectively. When chemically injured cells were investigated using SPRAB for E. coli 0157:H7 and by selective overlay methods for S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, respectively, it was noted that commercial chlorine sanitizer generated more numbers of Í넌red pathogens than did CIO2. These data indicate that CIO2 treatment may prove useful in reducing the numbers of pathogenic bacteria in radish sprouts.

We have produced, characterized and compared different colloidal vehicles based on nanoemulsions. We also have investigated morphology and droplet distribution by means of electron microscope and photon correlation spectroscopy. Nanoemulsion systems characterized by different method on formulations have been obtained. Hydration power has been studied by means of a corneometer, measuring the skin electrical capacitance before and after the application of various type of skin lotions. It has been demonstrated that nanoemulsion with oil or fatty alcohol displayed a pronounced hydration power with respect to the solubilization system. In order to compare the smoothness of the skin after using skin lotion, we have measured the friction force. The skin lotions produced by nanoemulsion technique show improved smoothness of an atopic skin.

The theories of Korean Public Art originated by the artists who were against dictatorship and they associated with democratic politicians. They criticized the Fine art that were supported by the dictatorship and gave their efforts for restoration of ‘resistance paintings(against dictatorship)’, ‘proletarian painting’, ‘realism painting’. In addition, they participated new social ideology(democracy) movement and demonstrated for their rights in arts. These became the main kernel the public art theory was initiated. The public artists splitted into several different parts and participated in the democratic social movement as well as the art movement for freedom. They opened various art exhibitions within different genre, diverse space for various art section such as an exhibition hall, a factories, a university, or a congregation square. Furthermore, the public art theorists published their divergent views through newspaper/broadcasting or unauthorized printed materials. Most of the public artist and the theorists kept their relationship strongly until 1985, the time when ‘ National Arts Association’ started. In 1983 and 1984, they were clearly separated into two parts; artists(move only in art museums) and activists(move in public spaces like school, convention square etc). Their ideological separation also took out national problems. The division; professional artists and armatures, became the social issue as a social stratification matter. And in creating method, there are also other conflicts; critical realism, and public realism as well as western painting and traditional one. These kinds of separation and conflicts made different Public artists associations, under divergent names; ‘Reality and Speak’(R&S), ‘KwangJu Art Association’, ‘Durung’, ‘Dang(Land)’, and ‘Local Youth Students Association’. In addition, their ideology and pursuit toward art movements were very difference. However, the differences and conflicts weakened When the oppression of democratic education from new dictatorship(Pres. Jun, Doo Hwan) came out. In August. 1985 the government opened to the public so called, 'The draft of School stabilization law'(Hankwon Anjung Bup) to control the teachers' rights and that initiated bigger street demonstration and conflicts between police and educators. In November.1985, assembly meeting of National Arts Association in democracy opened as ‘ONE’ combined organization. In this presentation, I'd like to summarize the stream of art movement until 1984, and clarify the main art theories that lead the Public Art Movements in 1980s. The main theories in 1980s are crucial because they become the origin of public art theories. This presentation started with O,youn's ｢Hyunsil Dong In the first declaration｣ and explained the absent of practice in 1970s. In addition, Won, Dong Suk 's theory was mentioned as all over struggles in theories before 1980s. GA and R&S 's founding declarations in 1970s were the start of public art theorists' activities and this article reported the activities after the declarations. First, realism base on the consciousness of reality. Second, practice art democratization based on the ideology. Third, the subject of public art movement based on understanding people's social stratification structure. Fourth, the matters of national forms and creative ways in arts based on showing reality. Fifth, the strong points in arts that the practitioners accepted. About the public art theories around 1984, I discussed the dividing point of public art theories that were shown in ‘generation theory’, ‘organization theory’, and ‘popularization theory’ by the practitioners. The public realism theory that subjects the contradiction of reality and point out the limits of critical realism not only showing the new creative ways but also giving the feeling of solidarity to the public art activist groups. After that, public art movements expressed ‘Dismentlement of Capitalism’ and ‘Public revolution’. In addition, the direction of public art movements were established strongly. There were various opinions and views during the start and formation of the public art theories. The foundation of theorists activities derived from the practitioners who had the concept based on stratification and nationalism. The strong trend of group division spreaded out by practitioners who opened art work together in factories, universities, squares and rural areas. Now many lively active practitioners are gone to the other field not related with arts, and others join into professional art field not public art one with unknown reason. The theorists have the same situation with the practitioners. It means to me that theory always have to be based on the practice.

본 연구에서는 SDSS DR6을 이용하여 별탄생율과 활동성 은하핵의 막대의 특성, 특히 막대의 세기에 대한 의존성을 조사하였다. 막대의 세기를 보다 잘 표현하기 위하여 막대의 길이와 축비를 이용하여 막대를 6개의 군으로 나누었다. Hα 방출선 세기로부터 구한 별탄생율은 막대의 세기와 좋은 상관관계를 보였으나 활동성 은하핵은 막대와 또렷한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 전자의 상관관계는 막대에 의해 유발되는 가스 유입이 막대의 세기에 의존하기 때문이라고 해석되며, 활동성 은하핵이 막대의 특성과 특별한 상관관계를 보이지 않는 것은 초중량 블랙홀로 들어가는 가스의 양이 막대와 초거대 블랙홀과의 상호 작용에 의해 조절된다는 것을 의미한다. 활동성 은하핵은 주변의 밀도에 의해 영향을 받으나 별탄생율은 주변의 밀도와 무관해 보인다. 이것은 별탄생은 은하에서의 가스 밀도에 의해 결정되는 국지적인 현상인데 반해 활동성 은하핵은 질량이나 광도와 같은 은하의 특성이 밀도-광도관계로 표현되는 은하의 환경 의존성과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 암시한다.

A necessary condition for the formation of a filament is magnetic helicity. In the present paper we seek the origin of magnetic helicity of intermediate filaments. We observed the formation of a sinistral filament at the boundary of a decaying active region using full-disk Hα images obtained from Big Bear Solar Observatory. We have measured the rate of helicity injection during the formation of the filament using full-disk 96 minute-cadence magnetograms taken by SOHO MDI. As a result we found that 1) no significant helicity was injected around the region (polarity inversion line; PIL) of filament formation and 2) negative helicity was injected in the decaying active region. The negative sign of the injected helicity was opposite to that of the filament helicity. On the other hand, at earlier times when the associated active region emerged and grew, positive helicity was intensively injected. Our results suggest that the magnetic helicity of the intermediate filament may have originated from the helicity accumulated during the period of the growth of its associated active region.

두루미류의 취식무리 크기 및 구성과 도로 유형별, 취식무리 규모에 따른 분포거리 연구를 월동기인 2005년 12월에서 2006년 2월까지 총 8회 실시하였다. 두루미와 재두루미의 취식무리는 주로 2~4개체로 구성된 무리였다. 두루미와 재두루미 모두 혼종무리 보다는 단일종의 취식무리가 많았다. 두루미와 재두루미간 취식무리 크기별 비율은 유의한 차이가 있었다. 두루미의 포장도로(PR)와의 평균거 리는 비포장농로(UPR), 포장농로(PFR), 비포장농로(UPFR) 도로와의 거리에 비하여 멀었다. 재두루미의 경우 도로로부터의 이격거리는 농로로부터의 거리와 차이가 있었다. 두루미와 재두루미 종간 도로유형별 이격거리는 포장도로에서만 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 이 결과는, 두루미류가 차량 출입이 잦은 도로를 차량 출입이 낮은 농로에 비하여 선호하지 않는 것을 보여준다. 포장도로에서 5개체 이상의 두루미 취식무리는 전체 취식무리와 5개체 미만의 취식무리에 비하여 도로로부터 이격거리가 멀었다. 재두루미는 5개체 이상의 취식무리가 5개체 미만의 취식무리에 비하여 포장도로 및 포장농로와 비포장농로에서 이격거리가 멀었으며, 비포장도로에서는 무리크기에 따른 이격거리의 차이가 없었다. 결과적으로, 무리의 크기가 큰 경우 방해요인에 대한 영향이 일부 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 두루미류의 큰 취식무리가 주변을 감시하는 효율이 무리크기가 작은 경우보다 높은 것과 관련이 있을 것으로 보인다.

전북 부안군 백악기 계화리층 하부에 나타나는 현무암질 안산암-실트암 페퍼라이트의 산출양상과 특성을 보고한다. 페퍼라이트는 판상의 현무암질 안산암에 수반되어 산출되며, 안산암은 적색의 범람원 기원 실트암과 실트질 사암교호층 내에 조화적으로 협재되어 있다. 페퍼라이트가 안산암 상부 경계부에서 산출되는 점과 경계부에서는 분산형 페퍼라이트가 우세하나 안산암 내부쪽에서는 밀집형 페퍼라이트가 우세해지는 점은 안산암이 관입기원(?관입암상)임을 지시한다. 마그마 관입과 페퍼라이트 형성은 계화분지 형성 초기부터 퇴적동시성 화산활동이 활발하였음을 시사한다. 안산암의 K-Ar 전암 절대연령은 백악기 후기(Santonian)로 측정되었다.

To improve the filtration efficiency of porous materials used in filters, an extensive specific surface area is required to serve as a site for adsorption of impurities. In this paper, a method for creating a hybridized porous alloy using a powder metallurgical technique to build macropores in an Al-4 wt.% Cu alloy and subsequent surface modification for a microporous surface with a considerably increased specific surface area is suggested. The macropore structure was controlled by granulation, compacting pressure, and sintering; the micropore structure was obtained by a surface modification using a dilute NaOH solution. The specific surface area of surface-modified specimen increased about 10 times compare to as-sintered specimen that comprised of the macropore structure. Also, the surface-modified specimens showed a remarkable increase in micropores larger than 10 nm. Such a hybridized porous structure has potential for application in water and air purification filters, as well as membrane pre-treatment and catalysis.

경상북도 포항시 북부해수욕장 부근과 창포동 일대에 분포하는 마이오세의 두호층에서 Albizia miokalkora의 열매화석 두개가 채집되었다. 꼬투리는 편평하고 길며 7개의 종자가 들어있다. 꼬투리 화석은 비록 인상이기는 하지만 완전한 형태를 보여준다. 화석 Albizia는 동아시아에서 온난한 온대기후에서 번성한 식물로 판단된다. 이 화석의 산출은 우리나라 신제3기의 식물군에서 두 번째 기록이다.

The sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) protein is functionally expressed in salivary glands. In this experiment, we examined the role of NBC in HCO₃-formation in human parotid gland acinar cells. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured in 2'-7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF)-loaded cells. Acetazolamide (0.1 mM) and 4,4'-diisothio cyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS, 0.5 mM) were used as specific inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase and NBC, respectively. The degree of inhibition was assessed by measuring the pHi recovery rate (△pHi/min) after cell acidification using an ammonium prepulse technique. In control experiments, △pHi/min was 1.40±0.06. Treatment of cells with 0.5 mM DIDS or 0.1 mM acetazolamide significantly reduced △pHi/min to 1.14±0.14 and 0.74±0.15, respectively. Simultaneous application of DIDS and acetazolamide further reduced △pHi/min to 0.47±0.10. Therefore, DIDS and acetazolamide reduced △pHi/min by 19% and 47%, respectively, while simultaneous application of both DIDS and acetazolamide caused a reduction in △pHi/min of 67%. These results suggest that in addition to carbonic anhydrase, NBC also partially contributes to HCO₃- formation in human parotid gland acinar cells.

The emission of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels has been identified as a major contributor to green house emissions and subsequent global warming and climate changes. For these reasons, it is necessary to separate and recover CO2 gas. A new process based on gas hydrate crystallization is proposed for the CO2 separation/recovery of the gas mixture. In this study, gas hydrate from CO2/H2 gas mixtures was formed in a semi-batch stirred vessel at a constant pressure and temperature. This mixture is of interest to CO2 separation and recovery in Integrated Coal Gasification (IGCC) plants. The impact of tetrahydrofuran (THF) on hydrate formation from the CO2/H2 was observed. The addition of THF not only reduced the equilibrium formation conditions significantly but also helped ease the formation of hydrates. This study illustrates the concept and provides the basic operations of the separation/recovery of CO2 (pre-combustion capture) from a fuel gas (CO2/H2) mixture.

Demineralized Freeze Dried Bone(DFDB) graft material have been used for reconstruction of large bony defects or augmentation of thin alveolar ridge during implantation of titanium fixtures. But at present osteogenic effect of DFDB do not overcome the capacity of autogenic bone graft. Thus many investigators had applicated various bioactive substance to DFDB to enhance the ability of osteogenesis of DFDB. In this study, mixture of grafting material was made from fibrin glue(F) and DFDB(D)(group 1: F+D), fibrin glue, DFDB and rhBMP-2(B) (group 2: F+D+B), fibrin glue, DFDB, polylactic- co-glycolic acid(PLGA)(P) and rhBMP-2(goup 3: F+D+B+P), fibrin glue, DFDB, PLGA, rhBMP-2 and autogenic osteoblasts( O)(group 4: F+D+B+P+O), and fibrin glue, DFDB, autogenic osteoblasts (group 5: F+D+O). During first surgical procedure, extraction of molar teeth was performed at male Biggle dog's mandible, and collected bone marrow tissue from tibia at same Biggle dog. Collected bone marrow tissue was cultured and differentiated into osteoblasts in vitro, and stored in nitrogen bottle. After four months, titanium fixture was implanted with prepared graft material to Biggle dog's mandible. After four and eight weeks respectively, experimental dog was sacrificed. Obtained tissues were prepared for examination by using resin embedded ground section method. Prepared sections were evaluated with transmitted and polarized microscope, and areas of osteoid and cacified bone were calculated with IPTK 5.0( image processing tool kit version 5.0). Resultant data was statistically analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software. Results of this study showed that autogenic osteoblats had more enhancing capacity of bone formation than rhBMP-2, but PLGA inhibited bone forming potential of bony tissue.

본 연구는 화훼공간형성(花卉空間形成)에 나타나는 한국성인자(韓國性因子)에 관한 연구이다. 한국성인자는 다음과 같다. 1. 한국성은 선행연구를 토대로, 전통성을 수반한 장소성, 현재성, 주체성으로 전제 있었다.2. 한국성인자는 화훼공간형성의 기원, 시대적 발생과정, 사상적 배경에서 추출한다.3. 화훼공간 형성의 기원에서 나타나는 한국성 인자는 정령신앙, 당산나무, 서낭당, 솟터(삼천뱅맷대), 등이다.4. 화훼공간형성의 시대적 발생과정에서 나타나는 한국성 인자는 목적성, 원근감, 조형성, 장식성, 선의 대비를 바탕으로상징성, 감상적으로 변화한다.5. 화훼공간형성의 사상적 배경에서 나타나는 한국성 인자는 천􀂂지􀂂인, 오방색, 은은, 운치, 단아, 고고, 농담, 아속 등으로구성되었다.

Formation and characteristics of spraying powder for BSCCO High-Tc superconductor prepared by plasma spray coating were investigated. The addition of 3% of binder gives the best flowability of the powder. Ball milling for 30h and 35h gives the best flowability of powder in the case of 2001 and 0212, respectively. The withdraw ratio increases upon binder addition from 12 to 27% in the case of 2001 and from 18 to 31% in the case of 0212 for sieving powder of in size. The built-up efficiency for thickness of spray coating is increased more than 30% by binder addition. The microstructure of the spray coated layers was investigated by XRD and EDS analysis.

중국은 자고로 禮儀의 나라라고 하며, 禮는 즉 존경하는 것, 바로 타인에 대한 공경함을 말하다. 많은 사람들은 중국어에 존경을 나타내는 말이 존재하지 않은 다고 한다. 하지만 실제 중국어에는 존경을 나타내는 많은 언어들이 있다. 뿐만 아니라 그 역사 또한 유구하다. 물론 존경을 나타내는 언어는 대화 중 경의를 나타내는 언어들을 말한다. 그중 빠질 수 없는 부분이 바로 존칭어이다. 또한 존칭어는 반드시 형성요인과 과정이 존재 한다. 본 논문은 경의를 나타내는 존칭어의 형성요인과 과정에 대해 연구하였다. 존칭어의 형성요인이 주로 신에 대한 경배에서 시작되고 국가의 형성에 따론 등급제도와 언어문자의 발전 및 유학의 흥기로 사람들 간의 관계 즉 아랫사람이 윗사람에게 존경으로 대하고, 비천한 자가 존귀한 자를 존경하며, 나이가 어린　자가 나이든 자에게 존경으로 대하는 것으로 발전하게 되었다. 또한 이런 관계에는 상대방에 대한 존경이 내재 되어야 함으로 존칭어를 사용하게 되었다. 또한 많은 존칭어들은 夏, 商, 周 및 秦, 漢대의 발전을 통해 지금까지 사용되고 있다.