본 연구는 제주 지역의 공립 유치원 방과후 과정 전반적인 운영 체계, 급·간식 및 안전 관리, 교직원 구성, 시설 및 행·재정 지원에 대한 교사의 인식을 조사하는데 목적이 있다. 연구에 참여한 교사는 제주도에 소재 하는 공립유치원에서 근무하는 방과후 과정 업무를 담당한 교사 89명이었다. 연구과정은 2015년 1월 5일 (월) ∼ 1월 23일(금)까지 3주간 실시하였다. 연구도구는 선행연구를 참고로 하여 연구자가 수정·보완하여 설문지를 사용하였다. 연구의 결과는 첫째, 특성화 프로그램을 가르치는 외부강사의 질 관리가 필요하다. 둘째, 급·간식 업무는 전문가의 영양(교)사가 담당해야 하며 보안시설이 완비되고 보안 담당자가 배치된 안 전관리가 필요하다. 셋째. 방과후 과정의 인력 배치가 확대 되어야 한다. 넷째, 방과후 과정의 예산이 확대 와 행정 실무 인력의 배치가 필요하다.. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 유치원 교사의 방과후 과정 업무를 지원 하는 교육청의 행·재정 지원이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

Long-term variations of PM10 and the characteristics of local meteorology related to its concentration changes were analyzed at 4 air quality sites (Ido-dong, Yeon-dong, Donghong-dong, and Gosan) in Jeju during two different periods, such as PI (2001-2006) and PII (2007-2013), over a 13-year period. Overall, the long-term trend of PM10 was very slightly downward during the whole study period, while the high PM10 concentrations in PII were observed more frequently than those in PI. The concentration variations of PM10 during the study period was clarified in correlation between PM10 and meteorological variables, e.g. the low (high) PM10 concentration with large (small) precipitation or high (low) radiation and in part high PM10 concentrations (especially, Donghong-dong and Gosan) with strong wind speed and the westerly/northwesterly winds. This was likely to be caused by the transport effect (from the polluted regions of China) rather than the contribution of local emission sources. The PM10 concentrations in “Asian dust” and “Haze” weather types were higher, whereas those in “Precipitation”, “Fog”, and “Thunder and Lighting” weather types were lower. The contribution of long-range transport to the observed PM10 levels in the urban center (Ido-dong, Yeon-dong, and Donghong-dong), if estimated by comparison to the data of the background site (Gosan), was found to explain about 80% (on average) of its input.

This study analyzed the frequency of heatwave occurrences in Jeju Island in summer season (June to September) for the recent 46 years (1968-2013). The frequency showed an increasing trend up until now and we applied statistical change-point analysis in order to determine whether this increasing trend had a climate regime shift. As a result, it was discovered that frequency of heatwave occurrences has rapidly increased since 1990. Thus, to determine the causes of rapid increase in frequency of heatwave occurrences in Jeju Island since 1990, a difference in mean values of June to September between a period of 1990-2013 and a period of 1968-1989 was analyzed. The analysis result of differences between two periods about stream flows showed that large anomalous anticyclonic circulations were strengthened in the subtropical western Pacific and the center of the small anomalous anticyclone, which was branched westwardly out of the anticyclonic circulations was located within the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. This strengthening of the anomalous anticyclone in the Korean Peninsula was also shown at the middle and upper troposphere. The anomalous anticyclonic circulations, which were expanded to the Korean Peninsula from the subtropical western Pacific in recent years was due to strengthening of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) in the Korean Peninsula. Hot and humid air can be introduced into the Korean Peninsula due to the strengthening WNPSH in the Korean Peninsula. Furthermore, a difference in daily maximum temperature at 2m height as well as sensible heat net flux between two periods were analyzed in order to determine the degree of the heat at the ground. There was positive anomalies found along the coast in East Asia and the center of the positive anomalies was linked to the Korean Peninsula via the northern part of China. Thus, the Korean Peninsula including Jeju area had more heat than usual in recent years.

Observation data (1981-2014) and climate change scenario data (historical: 1981-2005; RCP 2.6 and 8.5: 2006-2100) were used to analyze occurrence and future outlook of the extreme heat days and tropical nights in Daegu and Jeju. Then we compared the mortality and observations data (1993-2013). During 1981-2014, the average of extreme heat days (tropical nights) was 24.41 days (12.47 days) in Daegu, and 6.5 days (22.14 days) in Jeju. Extreme heat days and tropical nights have been similarly increased in Daegu, but tropical nights increased more than extreme heat days in Jeju. Extreme heat days and tropical nights in both, Daegu and Jeju showed high correlation with daily mortality, specifically Daegu’s correlation was higher than that of jeju. The yearly increasing rate of extreme heat of the future (2076-2100) was 1.7-3.6 times and 7.8-37.7 times higher than the past (1981-2005) in Daegu and Jeju, respectively. The yearly increase rate of tropical nights of future was 2.6-5.0 times and 2.9-5.6 times higher in Daegu and Jeju, respectively. During 2006-2100 periods, the trend of extreme heat days was observed both in Daegu and Jeju. On the average, extreme heat days and tropical nights in Jeju increased more than that of Daegu. However, the trend of extreme heat days increase in Daegu was higher than that in Jeju, whereas, the trend of tropical nights in Jeju was higher than that in Daegu.

본 연구에서는 유역 물수지 방법을 기반으로 제주도 지역에 적합한 용수량 산정방법을 제안하고, 이를 기반으로 4개 하천유역에 대해 지역 및 고도에 따른 증발산량, 용수량 특성을 평가하였다. SWAT-K 유역모형을 적용하여 1992∼2013년 기간에 대해 잠재증발산량과 실제증발산량을 산정하고, 이로부터 유역의 순물소모량을 추정하였다. 고도증가에 따라 잠재 증발산량은 선형으로 감소하는 반면, 실제증발산량은 강수량에 의한 토양내 가용수분의 증가로 인해 약 400 m 고도까지는 증가하다가 이후 고도에서는 식생, 가용수분의 감소, 저온현상 등으로 인해 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 고도에 따른 순물소모 량은 강정천유역을 제외한 3개 유역에서 고도증가에 따라 순물소모량이 선형적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 고도 200 m 이하 작물경작지에서의 순물소모량은 연간 559∼680 m로 분석되었다. 추정된 용수량을 실제 관정 이용량과 비교한 결과, 여름철(6∼8월) 양수량은 급수관행으로 인해 크게 증가하는데 비해, 작물경작에 따른 순물소모량은 오히려 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 대해서는 향후 더 많은 관정 이용량과 추가적인 대상지역을 반영하여 분석이 필요할 것으로 판단된

The process that a new energy policy introduces and merges into the formal social system is an important but difficult journey for the transition to the low carbon society. Meanwhile, the government was obliged to allocate carbon emission reduction, the companies are called obligatory participants through emissions trading scheme were building an internal greenhouse gas reduction system to reduce Risk and to respond this new system. However, the internal response and reduction system of the Waste Field are easy to exposure to the ETS Risk because the local government employee is unaware of the ETS. Thus, it is necessary to establish a framework for rational decision making institutions through analyzing the existing system of greenhouse gas energy target management system. This study was predicted for the first phase emissions trading allowances based on excess or deficiency received through the 2015 quota allocation applications and explained the process proceeded in greenhouse gas energy target management system by the Jeju Special Self-case analysis of the waste sector, predicted potentially losses cost during the first phase in the emissions trading credits that are traded on the KRX market price. Furthermore, throughout the sensitivity analysis of major waste process parameter suggested the internal system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions directly as well as external policies by the direct participation of citizens through the local recycling center expansion. After all, this study suggested the need for the construction of internal and external system corresponding to these systemic risk.

본 연구에서는 제주도에 자생하고 있는 12종의 야생 버섯에 대한 항산화, 미백 그리고 염증억제 효능을 조사하였다. 항산화 효능은 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)를 이용한 free radical 소거 활성을 측정하였으며, 미백 효능 검정을 위하여 tyrosinase 저해활성을 측정하였다. 그리고 항염 효능 검정을 위하여 nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해활성을 측정하였다. 그 결과, DPPH 소거 활성(FSC50)에서는 참나무 잔나비버섯 추출물(74.8 μg/mL), 서어나무 잔나비버섯 추출물(182.6 μg/mL)이 높은 억제 활성을 나타내었다. Tyrosinase 저해 활성(IC50)에서는 참나무 잔나비버섯 추출물(346.8 μg/mL)이 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었고, 이는 비교 대조군으로 사용한 Arbutin (421.6 μg/mL)보다 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 염증 억제 효능 관련 NO 생성 저해율을 측정한 결과, 100 μg/mL 처리 시 참나무 잔나비버섯과 때죽나무 잔나비버섯에서 각각 74.1%, 62.9%의 억제활성을 나타내었다. 그리고, 이들을 농도별로 처리한 결과 농도 의존적으로 NO 생성을 저해함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 연구결과로부터, 참나무 잔나비버섯, 서어나무 잔나비버섯, 때죽나무 잔나비버섯에서 화장품 효능 원료로서의 가능성을 발견할 수 있었다.

미국이나 일본 같은 외국의 사례와는 달리, 한국에서는 음식물 분쇄기의 사용이 법적으로 허용되지 않고 있다. 음식물 쓰레기의 성상과 특징상 다른 종류의 그것과는 그것을 일일이 분류하여 일정한 장소에 갖다놓고 수거하는 것에 대한 번거로움과 어려움이 있다는 것은 주지의 사실이다. 또한 많은 사람들이 해외에서 합법적으로 사용되고 있는 주방용 오물분쇄기의 합법화를 원하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 2007년도에 이루어진 가정용 오물분쇄기의 도입에 대한 제주지역 주민들을 대상으로 실시한 설문 분석을 토대로 WTP를 추정하고 이에 영향을 끼치는 요인을 분석한다. 나아가 본 분석을 토대로 현재까지도 논의중에 있는 우물분쇄기 전면허용에 대한 함의점을 찾고 정책적 시사점을 제공 하는 것이다. 제주시의 사례에서 나타난 바는 응답자의 WIP가 초기 제시가격이 높고 환경친화성향이 강할수록 높았으며 비용편익비율이 1.09로 나타났다.

The estimation of groundwater usage in Jeju island is important to understand hydrologic cycle system and to plan management of water resource because large amounts of groundwater have been used for agricultural and domestic purpose. The model has been developed to estimate agricultural groundwater usage for garlic at uplands and citrus at orchards raising outdoors using the soil water balance model from FAO 56, respectively. The total amount of water supplied for the crop evapotranspiration and the multipurpose function such as sprout promotion can be simulated by the model. However, due to the discrepancy of water use in initial stage between calculated and observed, the model was calibrated and verified using actual groundwater usage monitoring data for 3.5 years (2011.6 to 2014.12) at three uplands for garlic and three orchards for citrus. Consequently, it would be concluded that the model simulated efficiently actual water usage in that root mean square (RMS) and normalized RMS of the validation stage were less than 8.99 mm and 2.43%, respectively, in two different conditions.

The grid-based water balance of watershed scale was assessed in the mountainous area of Pyosun catchment in Jeju Island after analyzing precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff from January 2008 to December 2013. The existing results of direct runoff, evapotranspirtion, and groundwater recharge comparing to precipitation were presented 22.0%, 25.6%, and 52.4%, respectively, in Pyosun catchment. However, this study indicated each component shows 14.5%, 24.2%, and 61.0%, respectively, in the mountainous area of Pyosun catchment. Therefore, groundwater recharge rate in the mountainous area appears higher than 10% comparing to the overall catchment. It would be analyzed that the amount of direct runoff is relatively small. Moreover, this difference could be generated because of the spatial discontinuities in the process of estimating the total amount of precipitation in the mountainous area. Therefore, the grid-based spatial analysis to maximize the spatial continuity would be useful for providing a more reasonable result when the total amount of water resources are evaluated in mountainous areas in the future.

To estimate water balance of Pyosun watershed in Jeju Island, a three-dimensional finite difference model MODFLOW was applied. Moreover, the accuracy of groundwater flow modeling was evaluated through the comparison of the recharge rate by flow modeling and the existing one from water balance model. The modeling result under the steady-state condition indicates that groundwater flow direction was from Mt. Halla to the South Sea and groundwater gradient was gradually lowered depending on the elevation. Annual recharge rate by the groundwater flow modeling in Pyosun watershed was calculated to 236 million m3/year and it was found to be very low as compared to the recharge rate 238 million m3/year by the existing water balance model. Therefore, groundwater flow modeling turned out to be useful to estimate the recharge rate in Pyosun watershed and it would be available to make groundwater management policy for watershed in the future.

Groundwater level hydrographs from observation wells in Jeju island clearly illustrate distinctive features of recharge showing the time-delaying and dispersive process, mainly affected by the thickness and hydrogeologic properties of the unsaturated zone. Most groundwater flow models have limitations on delineating temporal variation of recharge, although it is a major component of the groundwater flow system. Recently, a convolution model was suggested as a mathematical technique to generate time series of recharge that incorporated the time-delaying and dispersive process. A groundwater flow model was developed to simulate transient groundwater level fluctuations in Pyoseon area of Jeju island. The model used the convolution technique to simulate temporal variations of groundwater levels. By making a series of trial-and-error adjustments, transient model calibration was conducted for various input parameters of both the groundwater flow model and the convolution model. The calibrated model could simulate water level fluctuations closely coinciding with measurements from 8 observation wells in the model area. Consequently, it is expected that, in transient groundwater flow models, the convolution technique can be effectively used to generate a time series of recharge.

Hydrologic component analysis was conducted to investigate water budget characteristics the Oedocheon watershed, Jeju Island. For this purpose, integrated SWAT-MODFLOW model was applied to this watershed for continuous surface water-groundwater modeling. Pasture and forest-deciduous are the major land use types and these affect general hydrologic component ratio. The spatio-temporal groundwater recharge can be obtained from SWAT and then distributed groundwater recharge can be reproduced by MODFLOW. The groundwater level variation was simulated with distributed groundwater pumping data. The water budget in this watershed was compared with the previous estimated result by Jeju-Do(2013). As this result considered discharge to the coastal side, the discrepancy was found. However, it was found that the overall tendency of both analyses were similar.

The depth of low permeable layer in Jeju Island was analyzed using the geologic columnar section data. The highest low permeable layer was found in center of Mt. Halla and the deepest area was in eastern part of Jeju Island. The study area, Seongsan watershed, is located in the eastern part of Jeju where the low permeable layer showing deep in a northward direction. Based on this analysis, the MODFLOW modeling was performed for groundwater flow of Seongsan watershed. The boundary of Seongsan watershed was set up as a no-flow and the modeling result showed the difference -0.26~0.62 m compared to the observed groundwater level. Meanwhile, MODFLOW model results considering low permeable layer showed -0.26~0.36 m differences compared to groundwater level and indicated more accurate than no-flow method result. Therefore, to interpret the groundwater flow over Seongsan watershed, comprehensive consideration including the low permeable layer distribution below the basalt layer is needed.