Although it is rapidly increasing the number of day-care centers in Korea, the quality of food and nutrition services is not improved sufficiently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrition and health status of children in day-care center. Menus for lunch of 253 centers were collected and the content of nutrients was analyzed. Nutrient intakes from lunch and snacks of 90 children were investigated using weighing method and those from breakfast and dinner by 24-hour recall method surrogated from their mothers. Anthropometric indices of height, weight, skinfold thickness, the ratio of fat were measured. The lunch menus for children contained 437.0±138.9 Kcal, 17.6±6.7gr protein, 153.9±87.7mg Ca, 3.63±1.6mg Fe, 164.5±158.2RE Vit A. and 4.46±3.04mg Vit B1. Energy, Ca and Fe supplied were below one third of RDAs. Mean daily calorie intake of children aged 3 years was 1303.0±474.0Kcal/day, 1322.3±442.4Kcal in aged four, 1307.0±545.9Kcal in aged five and 1497.1±93.5kcal in six year of age. Intake of iron, vitamin A and vitamin B1 were below RDAs.

The purpose of this study is to find the standard value of hand width, of grip strength and of pinch strength by age, sex, and by left hand and right hand and also to find how the general characteristics influences grip strength and pinch strength. Martin Vigorimeter (List No. 17-27-01) was used for measuring grip strength, and the pinch gauge (0∼30 lbs) of B&L engineering for measuring pinch strength. The subjects of this study are the children at the age of three to seven years, who attending the babies' play room, kindergarten and the primary school in Seoul and the Kyungki province area. They all were normally developed without any significant neurology problem. wo hundred girls and two hundred boys were partifipated in this study. They were divided into ten subgroups according to the age of six month interval. Each group consisted of forty children of twenty boys and twenty girls. Analysis of data presents the technical statistics upon the hand width of right and left hand and the grip strength and pinch strength according to the age and sex. Multiple regression analysis using mixed liner model was operated in order to find how the general characteristics (of the age, sex, and side of hand) influence hand width, grip strength, and pinch strength individually. Also, we calculated the correlation among hand width, grip strength and pinch strength under the condition of controlling general characteristics; and to find correlation between the right hand and the left hand of the age and sex, we carried out paired t-test and came to the conclusion as follows: 1.　Hand width is significantly increased with the increase of age (p<0.01). The increase of hand width according to age, boy is wider than that of girl significantly (p<0.01), and the right hand is wider than that of the left hand significantly (p<0.01). 2.　Grip strength is significantly increased as the age and hand width increased (p<0.01). The increase of grip strength according to the age, boy is stronger than that of girl significantly (p<0.01), and grip strength of the right hand is stronger than that of the left hand(p<0.01). 3.　Three-jaw pinch strength is increased as the age, hand width and grip strength are increased(p<0.01). But there is no significant difference of three-jaw pinch strength according to sex and the side of hand(p>0.05). 4.　Tip pinch strength is significantly increased as the age and grip strength are increased(p<0.05). The increase of tip pinch strength according to the age, boy is stronger than that of girl significantly (p<0.05), but there is no significant difference between the right hand and the left hand(p>0.05). 5.　Lateral pinch strength is significantly increased as the age and grip strength are increased(p<0.01). But the increase of lateral pinch strength, there is no significant difference according to the hand width, sex and the side of hand(p>0.05). 6.　The test of correlation among hand width, grip strength and pinch strength showed the correlation between grip strength and pinch strength was stronger than the correlation between hand width and pinch strength(0.3<r<0.7). There was strong correlation between each pinch strength(0.3<r<0.7). Above all, the correlation of three-jaw pinch strength and tip pinch strength was strongest(0.7<r<1.0). 7.　The test of hand width according to the age and sex, and the difference between the right hand and the left hand in grip strength and pinch strength showed that there was significant difference against all the test of hand width, of grip strength, and of pinch strength in the age group from seven years and six months to seven years and eleven months than the age group under six years, specially in girls group(p<0.05).

Physiological Cost Index (PCI) of walking has been widely used to predict oxygen consumption in healthy subjects or patients. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the predictability of physiological cost index of upper extremity exercise with a sander for the amount of exercise and cardiac function and to find out most efficient speed of exercise. Upper extremity exercise was conducted in 67 healthy children (age 4 -12) for 2 minutes with a sander in two different speeds, such as self selected comfortable and self selected fast speeds. Speed of sander was calculated, and heart rate were measured before and immediately after the exercise. Physiological Cost Index (PCI) of upper extremity exercise was calculated for statistical analysis. The result were as follows; 1.　Comfortable and fast speeds of the sander went up according to the increase of age, sander PCI during exercise by it, decreased as the age increased with significant difference in each group (p=0.00). The heart rate change during exercising by it, there was no significant difference. 2.　The heart rate change during the exercise by sander increased as the speed of sander increased. Linear regression equation between the heart rate change during the exercise by sander and the speed of sander were 'Y (the heart rate change by sander) = 0.332X (the speed of sander) + 12.731' (R²= 0.154). Stepwise regression showed the speed of sander affected the change of heart rate positively, and the age affected negatively (R²= 0.242, p = 0.00). 3.　The PCI during the exercise by sander decreased as the speed of sander increased. Linear regression equation between the PCI during the exercise by the sander and the speed of sander were 'Y (the PCI by sander) = -0.00495X (the speed of sander) + 2.091'(R²= 0.267), and statistic significant was recognized (p = 0.00). 4.　The speed of exercise by sander it increased as the age increased. Linear regression equation between the speed of the sander and the age were 'Y (the speed of sander) = 2.481X (the age) -0.893(R²= 0.452), and statistic significant was recognized(p = 0.00). 5.　The reliability analysis for the method of examining each PCI, showed high reliability coefficients and the value of alpha was 0.9337. In conclusion, PCI of the upper extremity exercise with a sander could be thought to predict the energy consumption from the speed of sander as there was a linear relationship between the speed of sander exercise and heart rate change with exercise. PCI of the upper extremity exercise with the self selected fast speed was most efficient. Further study with oxygen consumption analysis is recommended to apply PCI in upper extremities in patients with different pathologies in motion.

The purpose of this study was to find a more effective balance training method. The subjects of this study were 14 children with cerebral palsy (7 males, 7 females) being treated at Seran Pediatric Developmental Research Center in Taegu. Two groups of children with cerebral palsy (everyday trained group, every-other-day trained group) were evaluated with visual & auditory feedback. Evaluation and training device was Balance Performance Monitor (BPM) Dataprint Software Version 5.3. There was statistically significant difference of the balance score between the pre-and the post-training in both group (p<.05), but there was no difference of the balance score between two groups (p<.05). In conclusion, it is likely that the visual and auditory feedback in children with cerebral palsy was effective in improving standing balance, but there was no difference between everyday trained group and every-other-day trained group.

The present study was performed to investigate the prevalence rate of idiopathic scoliosis and to determine the effect of exercise training on scoliotic angle in elementary school children. In this study, two out of five elementary schools in Seosan city were chosen by random sampling. Seven hundred sixty four students (from four grade to the sixth grade student) were selected in two schools. Screening tests were conducted to find idiopathic scoliosis. Among the 764 individuals, 139 subjects who showed positive sign in physical examination took whole spine radiography. Thirty six subjects who had a curve of 10 or greater and consented to participate in the exercise program were selected for the exercise program. The exercise program was performed four times a week for 5 months. The results of this study were as follows: 1) One hundred thirty nine subjects showed positive sign in the scoliosis screening test. 2) The overall prevalence of curve of greater in X-ray finding was 8.15%. The prevalencies of curve of greater in male and female were 7.1% and 9.2%, respectively. 3) Scoliosis curves were observed at thoracic area (48.4%), at thoracolumbar area (27.4%) and at lumbar area(24.4%). 4) Right side curve was 59.7%, and left side curve was 40.3%. 5) After the 5 month exercise program for scoliosis, the Cobb's angle was significantly decreased. 6) There was no significant difference of Cobb's angle change respect to sex, grades, and scoliosis curve site. Results shown here indicates that an early detection and early exercise for scoliosis can result in decreased the Cobb's angle in elementary school children.

The aim of this study is to survey the eating habits and nutritional knowledge of children in Pusan, with a view to uncovering problems and their underlying causes and cultivating desirable dietary habit and nutrition for children. Three hundred and fifty six elementary school students were asked questions about their eating habits and nutritional knowledge as well as general information about their personal characteristics. The results showed: 1. Only 53.5% of the subjects had breakfast every day. Seventy-six percent of the subjects had dinner every day. Only 40% of the children took meals and talked with family at both breakfast and dinner. Thus there was little opportunity for dietary guidance by parents. 2. About half of the subjects answered that their appetite decreased after eating snack foods between meals. A third of the subjects liked the baked goods as snacks. Because of their high sugar and fat content, they can damage children's health, resulting in child diabetes and tooth decay. For this reason, careful education is necessary to allow children to be able to select snack foods that are appropriate in kind and quantity. 3. About 85% of the subjects had an unbalanced diet. Therefore systematic nutrition education at school is necessary to instill in children the value of balanced diet. 4. Children preferred rice to other cereals as a staple food. They disliked kimchi, seasoned and blanched foods and salads as subsidiary foods. It is therefore necessary to teach children systematically the nutritional advantage of cereals and vegetables and to heighten their awareness of Korean food culture. 5. Children had a low level of nutritional knowledge. The knowledge of specific nutrients was lower than that of foods. In conclusion, systematical educational programs need to be developed at elementary school. These should include information about achieving a balanced diet, good eating habit, meal management and Korean dietary culture. Nutritional education at home must be emphasized.

Compared to last decade, body size of children has been changed because of many factors such as caloric intake, hereditary evolution, individual exercise, and so on. Naturally, children will grow up and they will become teenagers, college students as time goes by. Also, all children will enter into appropriate educational institutes according to age. The objective of this study is to compare and analyze the data of body size of children for safe educational environment. The data are measured by some parts on body such as stature, height, weight, circumferences, length, width, and depth. The samples for this study are randomly chosen from kindergartens in. Seoul and Kangnung during three months (2000. 3 ∼ 2000. 5).

W. B. Yeats’ “Among School Children” was the result of the poet’s visit to an elementary school. Apparently, it seems to be the record of his visit and his imagining Maud Gonne’s life and his life. When it is closely examined, it is proved to contain his philosophical thoughts regarding the reality and actuality. As is well known, Yeats lost his interest in Christianity early in his childhood and studied the mysticism, the esotericism, the occultism, and the Orientalism including the old Indian philosophy and Buddhism from childhood to adulthood. Sometimes he studied the various pagan philosophy systematically and sometimes unsystematically. It is natural that his poetry shows the reflection of his philosophy as his poetic aim was to put himself into the poetry. This paper proves the influence of Buddhism on his poem, “Among School Children”. The first chapter deals with the background of this poem’s making and surveys the contents of this poem. The second chapter summarizes his study of Mysticism and the Indic philosophy focussing on Buddhism. This chapter also explicate the main ideas of Buddhism; the Great Wheel, the emptiness, non-self-being, metempsychosis, the Law of Karma, etc. The third chapter examines the poem “Among School Children” in the light of Buddhism. First the poem is proved to be based on the idea of the Great Wheel. The speaker and the persons who are imagined by the poet are chained to the Wheel and cannot escape from it. They have to be reincarnated according to the law of Karma, that is they are suffering the metempsychosis. The law of Karma emphasizes relativity/relatedness among objects. The people named and/or appeared in this poem are related to each other, and have no self-being. The fourth chapter discusses the poem’s development from dualism to monism. Western philosophy is basically based on dualism but Buddhism is monism. We can conclude that Yeats’ thoughts on the actuality and the reality are based on monism in this poem. But his acceptance of Buddhism was not literally, but he adopted and changed it to his purpose. His “Unity of Being” is originated from Buddhism but is not the same as that of Buddhism. He insists that the real life should be valued when the spirit and the body come to be united. In Buddhism, all the actuality is emptiness itself, but Yeats affirms the actuality. In Buddhism, reincarnation and/or re-living is taking different body from the former body, but Yeats thinks we are reincarnated or re-live by feeling and accepting other people’s selves. These are main points of difference between Buddhism and Yeats.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of anterior walker and posterior walker on gait parameters and body alignment of children with cerebral palsy. The intraclass correlation coefficient was .99 for intertester reliability. Intratester reliability was between .96 and .99. The use of posterior walker increased gait velocity and facilitated more upright posture. The measurement of joint angle program was found to be reliable to measure range of motion. This study has a limitation of generalizing the results to all children with cerebral palsy. Research is required to investigate the effect of posterior walker on energy efficiency.

The purposes of this study were to research the current state of evaluation of children with delayed development and cerebral palsy and determine pediatric physical therapists' knowledge of assessment tools and their use. The subjects were 130 pediatric physical therapists (general hospitals, university-related hospitals, rehabilitation centers, etc.). Data was obtained from August 24, 1999 to October 18, 1999 by means of a survey questionnaire. The results were as follows: 1. The current state of pediatric physical therapist evaluation of children with delayed development and cerebral palsy. 1) Tools used to assess functional areas of children with cerebral palsy were: subjective description format-128 (47.1%); the GMFM-58 (21.3%); facility-generated tool-51 (18.8%); and DDST-15 (5.5%). 2) Tools used to assess developmentally delayed children were: subjective description format-121 (50.6%); the GMFM-43 (18.0%); facility-generated tool-41 (17.2%); and DDS T-14 (5.9%). 3) After their college or university study, therapists who had attended lectures on evaluation were 113 (86.9%); 13 (10.0%) therapists had not attended any lectures on evaluation 2. Test scores of physical therapists' professional knowledge of evaluation procedures: high (more than 36 points)-74 (56.9%); moderate (18~35 points)-39 (30.0%); and low (below 17 points)-none. 1) For therapists treating cerebral palsied children, 73 (65.2%) were in the high range, 39 (34.8%) were in the moderate range and none were in the low range. 2) For therapists treating children with delayed development, 71 (65.7%) were in the high range, 37 (34.3%) were in the moderate range and none were in the low range. Although the general degree of professional knowledge of evaluation was quite high, there was a lack of variety in the assessment tools used With a large number of therapists depending on subjective description. Possible reasons for the low rate of objective asses sment tool use: 1) Poor clinical environment: too many clients and lirnited treatment time. 2) Lack of any medical insurance fee category for specific assessment tools. 3) Lack of continuing education opportunities in pediatric evaluation skills during or after either college-based (3 year) or university-based (4 year) education programs. Based on the study results, provision of more extended educational opportunities would promote the use of a greater variety of objective assessment tools by pediatric physical therapists.

대전지역 5 개 구 13 개 유치원의 만 5- ti세의 유아 1291 명을 대상으로 나안시력검 사 및 자동굴절검사의 1 차 집단시력검사뜰 실시한 후 2 차 조절마비 후 굴절검사를 안과병윈에 의뢰하여 호응한 157 명을 대상으로 조사한 결과 l 차 집단시력검사의 나 안시력검사에서 정상이 72.3% 이었고 이싱이 있는 자는 27 .7%이었으며 자동굴절검사 에서는 정시가 51.4%, 1:1 1 정시가 48.ti% 이었다. 2 차 조절마비 후 굴절검사에서는 교정 시력이 정상 또는 정상교정이 가능한 자가 87.9% 이었고 정상교정이 불가능하여 약시 로 판정된 자는 12.1 %이었다. 굴절상태는 정시가 17.8%, 비정시가 82.2% 이었고 단순 원 시 가 전체 안에 대 하여 1 차， 2 차 모두에 서 각각 14.0%, 3 1.8% 로 비 정 시 중 가장 많았다. 2 차의 교정시력검사에 대한 1 차의 나안시력 검사의 민감도와 특이도는 각각 8H.9% ‘ 5 3. 2% 이었으며 양성 예측치와 음성 예측치는 각각 19.8%, 97.4% 이었고 총체 적 떤관율 57.3% 이었다 2차의 조절마비 후 굴젤검사에 대한 1 차의 자동굴절검사의 민감도와 뜩이도는 각각 78.7%. 5:~.6% 이었으며 양성 예측치와 음생 예측치는 각각 8H.ti% , 64.7% 이었고 총체적 연관율은 74.2% 로 더 높았다. 따라서 집단시력검사의 신 뢰도첼 향상시키기 위해 굴절검사가 포함되어져야 하며 구체적인 검사항목 및 측정 기기에 대한 연구가 계속되어져야 한다고 생각한다. 추가적으로 보건관련기관에 전분 의의 최종적 진단아래 집단시력검사 요원으로써 안경사의 활용이 검토되어져야 한다 고 제안하는 바이다.

이 연구의 목적은 Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT)와 Mariannene Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP)을 사용하여 뇌성마비 아동과 정상아동의 시 지각 능력의 차이를 알아보고, 뇌성마비의 사지마비군과 양하지마비군, 그리고 정상아동군에서 두 평가도구의 결과에서 제시한 시 지각능력의 차이를 비교하기 위한 것이다. 뇌성마비 아동 21명(사지마비 11명,

Many children with physical disability have feeding difficulties. In cases of children with cerebral palsy, feeding difficulties can be seen in abnormal oral motor activity and defective swallowing coo rdination. These problems originate from neurological lesions. The purpose of this study was to i nvestigate the effect of trunk and neck position on the following aspects of swallowing: stages of oral preparation, pharyngeal swallowing reflex, pharyngeal clearing and aspiration. Sixteen subjects with quadriplegic cerebral palsy were examined to assess their swal-lowing abil ity using videofluoroscopy(VFS). Subjects were evaluated in four different positions 1) trunk erect with the neck flexed 30°2) trunk reclined 30°posteriorly with the eck positioned neutrally 3) trunk re clined 30°posteriorly with the neck flexed 30° 4) trunk in supine with the neck flexed 30°. Friedman's test was used to analyze the effect of posi tion of the neck and trunk on swallowing. The results were as follows: 1. Ability of oral preparation was significantly better with the subject's trunk recli-ned 30°poste riorly and the neck flexed 30°than with the trunk erect and the neck flexed 30°(p < 0.05). 2. Ability of pharyngeal clearing was significantly better with the subject's trunk er-ect and the neck flexed 30° than in supine with the neck flexed 30°(p < 0.05). 3. Incidence of swallowing reflex was not significantly different among the four posi- tions (p > 0.05). 4. Prevention of aspiration was significantly better with the subject's trunk reclined 30°posteriorl y and the neck flexed 30° than with the trunk reclined 30°posteriorly and the neck neutrally positi oned or in supine with the neck flexed 30°(p < 0.05). These results suggest that positions of both the neck and the trunk have an effect on swallowi ng in children with cerebral palsy. The position with the trunk reclined 30°posteriorly and the n eck flexed 30°was found to be optimal for oral preparation and prevention of aspiration. Further r esearch to study swallowing ability in conjunc- tion with respiratory function is indicated.

The purposes of this study are to evaluate the development of disabled children us- ing LAP(Learning Accomplishment Profile) and to investigate the correlation between subtest scores of LAP. The development scores were obtained using 244 items in 5 su-btests (gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, language/cognitive, and self help) of LAP in 34 children with delayed development from February, 1998 to March, 1999. The birth history and risk factors for developmental disablilty such as prematurity, hyperbilirubi-nemia, low birth weight, and seizure were evaluated. Collected data were analized by Pearson's correla tion coefficient and Mann-Whitney U test. The results were as follow : 1) Among the subtests of LAP scores, fine motor, language/cognitive, and self-help were signi ficantly correlated with the cognitive subtests scores (p > 0.001) 2) On the other hand, gross motor subtest scores were independent to cognitive sub-test scores. 3) The children who had history of seizure during neonatal period showed significantly low scores in language-naming, fine motor-writing, and self help-eating. The LAP is considered as a useful tool to evaluate the cognitive development disab- led children. Cognitive function significantly influence on other developmental areas es-pecially on fine motor development.

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing on the early treatment of children with developmental disability. Data was collected from 102 mothers of children with developmental disability who were treated at 4 rehabilitation facilities in Kyunggi-Do and Kangwon-Do. The results were as follows: 1) Of a total of 102, 63 children began to receive rehabilitation therapy during the period 0~12 months (early treatment group), 38 children after 1 year of age (delayed early treatment group). 2) There were statistically significant differences between the early treatment group and delayed early treatment group for prematurity, low birth weight, the time to discover developmental abnormalities, the time of first diagnosis, and first treatment (p<0.05). 3) There were no statistically significant differences in the two groups for level of education, economic status, risk factors (except prematurity and birth weight), home care, family's cooperation and commuting time (p>0.05). Based on this study, the important factors for early treatment were early detection, early diagnosis and constant follow-up for high-risk babies.