경주지진과 포항지진으로 수도관 파열과 상수도관 누수가 보고되었다. 따라서 상수도 시설의 지진안전성 확보는 지속적이고 안정적인 물공급을 위하여 중요한 이슈이다. 상수도관은 주로 도로 하부나 일반 성토지반에 매설되어있기 때문에 지진파에 의한 변형뿐만 아니라, 지반의 영구변형, 사면의 불안정성 및 지반 액상화 등에 의한 배관의 굽힘 변형이 발생하게 된다. 이러한 배관의 굽힘 변형이 과도하게 발생 되면 배관 이음부 변위허용량을 초과하여 손상 및 누수로 이어지게 된다. 따라 서, 상수도관 이음부의 허용 변형각이 산출되어야 지진으로 인한 지반의 변형에 대하여 상수도관의 지진안전성을 정확하게 평가할 수 있다. 상수도 시스템은 현장 상황과 설치 여건에 따라 다양한 종류의 상수도관을 이용하고 있다. 그중 주철 상수도관은 오랜 기간 사용되고 개선되어 일반적으로 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국주철관공업(주)에서 제작한 EZ-LOK 조인트가 적용된 주철 상수도관에 대하여 4점 굽힘시험을 수행하였으며, 매설된 주철 상수도관의 내진 및 내침하 설계기준인을 참조하여 지진안전성을 평가하였다.

Artemisia annua (AA) is a well-known as a source of antimalarial drug (artemisinin), which also has been traditionally used as an antipyretic and hemostatic agent in Korea and China. In preclinical effective study, a water extract of Artemisia annua (WEAA) ameliorated weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation in high-fat diet-fed mice. The plasma levels of triglyceride, AST, and ALT were reduced in the WEAA-treated group. Based on these results, the safety of WEAA as a functional ingredient for liver health was evaluated in this repeated dose oral toxicity study before the clinical trial. Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats were treated by gavage with 20 times (1,000 mg/kg) more than the effective dose for 13 weeks. All rats had survived at the end of the study, and there were no changes indicating obviously abnormal clinical sign and behavior. The treatment of WEAA were also observed no obvious toxicities in the body weights, urine, hematological, serum biochemical, ophthalmic and histopathological examinations. Based on the results of this study, the NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) of WEAA in SD rats was estimated to be 1,000 mg/kg. In conclusion, WEAA could be used as a safe functional ingredient for the improvement of liver health in individuals with hepatic diseases including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

본 연구에서는 높은 항산화, 항염증, 피부 미백 및 멜라닌 생성억제 활성을 지닌 톱니모자반 추출물(학명 Sargassum serratifolium, ESS)의 저장 안정성을 향상시킬 목적으로 oil-in-water (O/W) 나노 에멀젼을 제조하였다. 톱 니모자반으로부터 추출되어 농축, 탈염 및 탈당 과정을 거친 ESS의 주성분은 지용성 성분으로 높은 항산화 활성 때문 에 산화가 쉽게 일어남으로써 기능성 화장품 소재로써의 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 이전의 연구에서 확립된 PEG 400, 폴리옥실 캐스터오일 (EL) 및 Poloxamer 407의 농도를 적용하여 MES가 함유된 O/W 나노에멀젼을 제조하였다. 확립된 조건에서 제조된 나노에멀젼의 평균 크기는 16 ~ 22 nm로 나타났으며, 나노에멀젼은 항산화, NO 생성억제 능, 멜라닌생석억제능 alc MMP-1 생성억제능이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 저장기간에 따른 이들 효능을 분석한 결과 5 사이클의 시간 변화에도 큰 차이가 없었으므로 장기간 저장에 따른 활성변화가 없음을 나타내었다.

축산 폐수는 고농도의 영양염류와 중금속을 함유하고 있어, 배출될 때 수질을 악화시킨다. 기존 처리 기술과 비교하여 bioremediation은 축산 폐수 처리에 유능하다. 특히, 미세조류는 오염물질 제거에 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Ankistrodesmus bibraianus를 이용하여 축산 폐수 내 영양염류 (질소 (N), 인 (P))와 중금속 (구리 (Cu), 아연 (Zn))의 제거 가능성을 평가하고, A. bibraianus의 최적배양조건을 확립하였다. 연구결과, 최적 배양조건은 28°C, pH 7, 광주기는 14 : 10 h로 설정되었다. N과 P의 단일 처리구 (500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000 mg L-1)에서 제거효율은 각각 22.9~80.6%와 11.9~50.0%였다. 또한, N과 P의 복합 처리구에서 제거효율은 각각 16.4~58.3%와 7.80~49.8%였다. Cu와 Zn의 단일 처리구 (10, 30, 50 mg L-1)에서 제거효율은 각각 15.5~81.5%와 6.28~34.3%였다. 유사하게, Cu와 Zn의 복합 처리구에서 제거효율은 각각 16.7~74.5%와 5.58~27.5%였다. 또한 영양염류 (N 및 P)와 중금속 (Cu 및 Zn)의 성장 및 제거효율을 축산 폐수에 적용할 수 있음을 나타냈다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르면 A. bibraianus는 축산 폐수 내 영양염류와 중금속 제거에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study analyzed how the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant of an apartment building affected identifying pressurized water in the pipe, making it easier to conduct internal inspection on the fire suppression system, and ensuring reliability of fire suppression. The following are the study’s results: First, identifying pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This implies that a higher level of identification of pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe had a positive impact on improving the installation and use of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. Second, making it easier for the fire safety officer to inspect the fire suppression system had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This suggests that if it becomes easier for the apartment building’s stakeholder to conduct internal inspection or the firefighting facility manager to carry out inspection on the fire suppression system, it would have a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. Finally, ensuring reliability in fire suppression had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This implies that if it becomes easier to identify pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe, for the fire safety officer to conduct internal inspection, or for the firefighting facility manager to carry out inspection in accordance with the fire suppression system’s internal inspection requirements, it would increase reliability in fire suppression, making it more necessary to install a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant.

노루궁뎅이균사로 발효한 율무 열수추출물의 항산화, NO 생성저해, tyrosinase 합성 억제, melanin 생성 저해 및 유용성분 분석을 수행하였다. 노루궁뎅이균사발효율무 열수추출물의 ergosterol 함량은 740.2 mg%으로 나타났으며, 원료로 사용한 율무 열수추출물에서는 검출되지 않았다. 노루궁뎅이균사발효율무 열수추출물의 β-glucan 함 량은 245.3 ± 5.1 mg%으로 나타났다. 노루궁뎅이균사발 효율무 열수추출물은 100%, 104.1%, 107.2%, 105.3%, 102.1%, 101.3%, 100.4%의 세포생존율이 측정되어, 율무 열수추출물보다 노루궁뎅이균사발효율무 열수추출물의 세포생존율이 더 높게 나타났다. B16F10 cell 500 ug/mL 농도로 처리했을 때, 노루궁뎅이균사발효율무 열수추출물 은 8.9 μM의 NO 생성율을 보여, 율무 추출물(10.6 uM) 의 NO생성율 보다 낮은 NO 생성율을 나타내었다. 10, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300 및 500 mg/mL 모든 농도에서 율무 열수추출물보다 노루궁뎅이균사발효율무 열수추출물이 유의적으로 tyrosinase 및 melanin 생성을 억제함을 확인 할 수 있었다. 노루궁뎅이균사발효에 따른 DPPH radical 및 ABTS radical 소거활성 측정결과 노루궁뎅이 균사발효 율무열수추출물이 율무 열수추출물보다 항산화 효과가 높음을 확인하였다. 따라서 추가적인 연구를 통해 노루궁뎅이균사발효 율무열수추출물은 기능성식품 원료와 식품 첨가물, 화장품 산업에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

In this study, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dimethylolbutanoic acid (DMBA) were used on the basis of poly caprolactone diol (3M, 3.5M, 4M, 4.5M) for the synthesis of water-based polyurethanes for coating on skin layers of leather. Tensile strength, elongation, and adhesive strength of the prepared samples were measured. As a result of measuring the tensile strength, the tensile strength was found to be 4.09 kgf / mm2 when 3 moles were applied, and 1.071 kgf / mm2 when 4.5 moles were applied. Elongation was 366 % when 3 moles of PCL were applied, and 709 % at 4.5 moles. Adhesive strength was 2.887 kgf / cm when 3 moles of PCL was applied and 0.998 kgf / cm when 4.5 moles were applied.

본 연구는 만자카니(Quercus infectoria Olivier)의 항염증과 같은 생리활성에 대해 실험하였다. 만자카니는 열수(MDE)와 80% 에탄올(MEE)로 추출하였으며, MTT assay로 세포독성을 측정하였다. 항 염증 활성을 위하여 nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandon E2 (PGE2) 및 leukotrien B4 (LTB4)의 생성을 측정 하였으며, 염증성 사이토카인(IL-1β, IL-6 및 tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)) 생성 및 전사인자의 발현을 측정 하였다. 그 결과 본 연구 농도범위인 1, 5, 10 ㎍/㎖에서 유의한 세포독성이 나타나지 않는 것을 확인 하였다. 각 시료의 10 ㎍/㎖ 농도에서 NO의 경우 MDE 37.2%, MEE 43.7%, PGE2의 경우 MDE 30.9%, MEE 43.7%, LTB4의 경우 MDE 37.1%, MEE 43.7% 감소되는 것을 확인하였다. 염증성 사이토 카인의 경우 각 시료의 10 ㎍/㎖ 농도에서 IL-1β는 MDE 38.8%로 MEE 50.8%, IL-6는 MDE 35.0%, MEE 44.2%, TNF-α는 MDE31.9%, MEE 36.6% 감소되었다. 또한 전사인자의 경우 NF-κB는 MDE 44.0%, MEE 16.0%, iNOS는 MDE 44.0%, MEE 55.0%, COX-2는 MDE 45.0%, MEE 40.0% 감소되었다. 추출물 모두 항염증 활성에 효과가 있었으나 상대적으로 MEE가 염증성 인자의 감소 효능이 높은 것으로 확인 되었다. 결과적으로 만자카니의 여수 및 에탄올 추출물 모두 항염증 효능이 확인 되었으며 상대적으로 MEE의 효능이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 객관적으로 유의한 효능을 나타냈으므로 향후 염증으로 인한 피부 손상 나아가 염증관련 질환을 개선하는 제품의 유용한 소재로써 응용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and β-glucan content of extracts extracted by varying the temperature at 30, 55 and 80℃ after hot air drying or freeze drying of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii. For the analysis antioxidant activity of each mushroom, β-glucan, total phenol, flavonoid contents, and DPPH․ABTS+․Nitrite assay were measured. Also, the β-glucan content, total flavonoid content and ABTS+ scavenging activity increased with freeze drying rather than hot air drying, and increased with increasing extraction temperature in both mushrooms. However, the total phenol and nitrite scavenging activity increased with hot air drying rather than freeze drying, and decreased with increasing temperature in both mushrooms. DPPH scavenging activity was not significant in both mushrooms, but decreased with increasing extraction temperature. Pearson’s correlations between total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities were r=0.719~0.753 (p<0.01). As a result, the β-glucan content, total flavonoid content, and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity were highest during freeze drying and extraction at 80℃. And the highest total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and nitrite scavenging activity were obtained during hot air drying and extraction at 30℃.

Due to global climate change, Korea is experiencing flooding and drought severely. It is hard to manage water resources because intensive precipitation during short periods and drought are commonly occurred in Korea, recently. Severe drought occurred in 2015 and 2017 in the islands, and coastal and inland areas in Korea, and the citizens experienced decreased water supply and emergency water service by using bottled water. Therefore, the Korean government provided additional governmental funds such as the grant of drought disaster. In this study, we tried to calculate the cost of water for drought response based on the cost of tap water for the regional local governments in Korea and the grant of drought disaster by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety in Korea, etc. The estimated costs of water for drought responses in coastal and inland areas which have a chance to apply alternative water sources such as brackish or seawater desalination and water reuse in Korea were higher than in other areas in Korea. Additionally, as the novel approach of drought response, the 300 m3/day-scale desalination vessel was suggested to provide desalinated water for the islands in Korea. The estimated expenses of water supply for the target island areas (Sinan-gun and Jindo-gun) by the desalination vessel was lower than those by emergency water service by using bottled water.

With growing expectations for economic cooperation between the two Koreas, there is much interest in participating in the construction of infrastructure in North Korea. In particular, water and sewage infrastructure is the four major social infrastructures in addition to housing, transportation, electricity and telecommunications. North Korea is known to have severe water pollution and ecosystem destruction in major rivers, water pollution and soil pollution in mining areas are serious, and water and sewage infrastructures in cities other than Pyongyang are known to be weak. Preemptive investment in water supply and drainage in North Korea is the foundation for securing the quality of life of the North Korean and is the foundation of public health and industry. It is a leading investment to reduce the cost of unification and is a new growth engine for the water reloded industry. In this study, we proposed a plan to exchange and cooperate in water environment for building water infrastructure of North Korea by examining the data related to water quality, water resources, water disaster, related legal system and human resources exchange situations in North Korea.

The proper operation and safety management of water and wastewater treatment systems are essential for providing stable water service to the public. However, various natural disasters including floods, large storms, volcano eruptions and earthquakes threaten public water services by causing serious damage to water and wastewater treatment plants and pipeline systems. Korea is known as a country that is relatively safe from earthquakes, but the recent increase in the frequency of earthquakes has increased the need for a proper earthquake management system. Interest in research and the establishment of legal regulations has increased, especially since the large earthquake in Gyeongju in 2016. Currently, earthquakes in Korea are managed by legal regulations and guidelines integrated with other disasters such as floods and large storms. The legal system has long been controlled and relatively well managed, but technical research has made limited progress since it was considered in the past that Korea is safe from earthquake damage. Various technologies, including seismic design and earthquake forecasting, are required to minimize possible damages from earthquakes, so proper research is essential. This paper reviews the current state of technology development and legal management systems to prevent damages and restore water and wastewater treatment systems after earthquakes in Korea and other countries. High technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles, wireless networks and real-time monitoring systems are already being applied to water and wastewater treatment processes, and to further establish the optimal system for earthquake response in water and wastewater treatment facilities, continuous research in connection with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including information and communications technologies, is essential.

The study presented in the article is focused on use of graphene obtained by novel microwave-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MECVD) method as a construction material for 3D porous structures—aerogels and sponges. MECVD graphene nanoplatelets-based aerogels were obtained by mixing MECVD graphene nanoplatelets and chitosan, dissolved in 3% acetic acid followed by its freeze drying and carbonization at 800° in inert medium. Surface morphology of aerogels was characterized by SEM. MECVD graphene nanoplatelets-based aerogels are characterized by a porous structure; they are superhydrophobic and possess high sorption capacity with regard to organic liquids of different densities. Polyurethane sponges coated with MECVD graphene can serve as an alternative to aerogels. The process of their obtaining is cheaper and less complicated. They were obtained by facile “dip-coating” method, modifying its surface to increase its hydrophobicity. The resulting sponges are superhydrophobic and superoleophilic, and demonstrate high rate of sorption of organic liquids and can be easily regenerated by squeezing. In addition, they can be used as a separating material in conjunction with vacuum system for continuous and selective collection of organic liquids from the surface of water.

물 유거(Run-off)에 따른 토양유실량을 자동정량하고자 ISCO 6712 수질환경 종합측정장치를 이용하여 토양유실량 추정장치를 고안하였고, 이 장치를 통해 실시간으로 유실되는 토양량을 추정할 수 있었다. 토양유실량 추정장치는 ISCO 6712 장치에 수위계(ISCO 730), 우량계(ISCO 674) 그리고 흙탕물을 받는 저수조 내에 층위 별로 흙탕물을 자동으로 채취할 수 있는 시설을 추가하였다. 1 × 5 m2 크기, 경사 15 %의 라이시미터(lysimeter) 내 석비레(Saprolite) 토양에 옥수수를 심어 실험한 결과 2017년 1회 강우량 161.3 ㎜의 강우사상에서는 실측 토양유실량의 85.1%, 82.6 ㎜ 강우사상에서는 101.7 %의 토양량을 추정하였다.

본 연구는 적외선 열 영상 장치를 이용하여 2년생 ‘유미’ 복숭아나무의 토양수분 수준에 따른 엽온 및 CWSI를 분석하여 수분스트레스 측정 가능성을 검토하였다. 엽온은 대기온도와 유사한 일변화를 보이며 낮 시간대에는 대기온도보다 높은 양상을 보였다. 엽온은 전일(24시간) 기준으로 대기온도(r2 = 0.95), 일사량(r2 = 0.74), 상대습도(r2 = -0.88)와 모두 높은 상관계수를 나타났다. 또한 토양수분장력은 낮 시간대(11~16시)에 엽온(r2 = -0.57), 엽-대기온도차(r2 = -0.71), CWSI(r2 = -0.72)와 높은 부의상관을 나타냈다. CWSI와 엽온, 엽-대기온도차의 상관계수는 24시간 기준으로 매우 높았고(r2 = 0.90, r2 = 0.92), CWSI와 토양수분장력의 상관분석에서 24시간 기준으로는 상관관계가 낮았으나(r2 = -0.27), 낮 시간대(11~16시)에는 상관관계가 매우 높았다(r2 = -0.72). CWSI (y)와 토양수분장력(x)의 상관관계 결정계수(r2)는 11~12시간대에 가장 높았으며(r2 = 0.68), 이때 회귀식은 y = -0.0087x + 0.14로 조사되었다. 일반적인 토양수분스트레스 시점인 -50 kPa에 해당되는 CWSI는 0.575로 계산된다. 따라서 적외선 열 영상 장치를 이용한 엽온 및 CWSI는 토양수분장력에 대해 높은 상관계수를 나타낸 것으로 보아 복숭아나무의 수분스트레스 진단에 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

Environmental pollution remains a considerable health risk source all over the world; however, hazards are usually higher in developing countries. Iraq has long been suffering from the problem of pollution and how to treat pollution. Photocatalytic degradation has turned out to be most productive process for dye degradation. In this investigation, Rhodamine B (RhB), dye has been selected for degradation under visible light illumination. To address this issue, we fabricate erbium trioxide nanoparticles (Er2O3/NPs). Erbium trioxide nanoparticles are prepared and utilized for photo-catalytic degradation. The characterization of Er2O3/NPs is described and confirmed by utilizing of XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The average size of Er2O3 nanoparticles is observed to be 16.00 nm. Er2O3/NPs is investigated for its ability of photo-catalytic degradation through certain selected parameters such as concentration and time. The methodological results show that the synthesized Er2O3/NPs is a good photo-catalytic for Rhodamine degradation.

After harvest, Dolcetto cut roses were immediately exposed to air for 0 (E-0), 1 (E-1), 2 (E-2), and 3 h (E-3) and then placed under tap water for recovery. We determined the effect of air exposure time on vase life, water relations, and gene expression of cut flowers. The results revealed that E-0 treatment exhibits a higher postharvest quality of cut flowers than others. E-3 treatment significantly decreased the vase l ife of c ut r oses d ue t o an early f ailure o f water relations, such as larger stomatal size, higher transpiration, shorter time maintaining positive water balance, and the bacterial proliferation. E-0 treatment significantly decreased water stress, maintained leaf chlorophyll fluorescence ratios, and extended the vase life of cut roses. The decrease in water stress of E-0 treated flowers may increase the expression of Rh-PIP2;1 and Rh-TIP in rose petals, resulting in maintained cell turgor and increased flower diameter of cut flowers. These results recommend that a non-exposed harvest can be used for the harvest s tage to improve the postharvest quality of cut flowers. Understanding the relationship between air exposure time and water relations of cut flowers will significantly help in developing distribution systems for assuring cut roses quality.

본 연구에서는 우수한 미백 및 주름 개선 기능을 갖는 천연 유래 해초추출물 톱니모자반 추출물(학명 Sargassum serratifolium, MES)의 저장 안정성과 피부투과성을 향상시키는 목적으로 oil-in-water (O/W) 나노 에멀젼 구조를 적용하였으며 나노에멀젼에 대한 최적의 제조 조건을 연구하였다. 톱니모자반으로부터 추출되어 농축, 탈염 및 탈당 과정을 거친 MES의 주성분은 소수성의 활성성분으로 구성되어 있어 산화가 쉽게 일어나고 화장품 성분으로 사용하기에는 적합하지 않다. 본 연구에서는 PEG 400, 폴리옥실 캐스터오일 (EL), Poloxamer 407 등 다양한 계면활성 제와 첨가제 성분을 사용하여 MES가 함유된 O/W 나노에멀젼을 제조하였다. 그 과정에서 사용된 구성성분의 배합순 서와 화학적 조성 비율이 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 연구하였다. 최적화된 조건에서 제조된 나노에멀젼의 평균 크기는 20 ~ 30 nm 범위로 나타났으며, 시간 변화에 따른 나노에멀젼의 멜라닌 합성 억제 효율 성능은 5 사이클의 시간 변화에도 큰 차이가 없었다. 이것은 나노에멀젼의 우수한 장기간 저장 안정성과 피부투과성을 시사한다.

본 연구에서는 에틸아세테이트와 피페라진을 적용한 가죽 표면 코팅제로 사용할 수용성 폴리우레탄의 합성을 위해 poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol(PTMG)를 기반으로 isoporon diisocyanate (IPDI)와 dimethylolbutanoic acid(DMBA)의 반응을 통해 프리폴리머를 합성하였다. 이후 수분산시킨 수지에 피페라진을 0.01M, 0.03M, 0.05M, 0.07M을 쇄연장 반응을 해서 각각의 인장강도, 연신율, CV(cyclic voltammetry), 내용제성 분석을 실시했다. 준비된 시료의 인장강도는 피페라진 함량 0.07M일 때 5.422 kgf/㎟ 로 측정되었으며, 연신율을 측정한 결과 피페라진이 0.01M 일 때 587 %로 측정되었다. 내용제성 분석결과 피페라진 함량과 상관없이 동등한 내용제성으로 측정되었으며, CV 측정을 통해 피페라진 함량에 따라 산화환원전위가 변화되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다.