This study was to assess the health risk of VOCs in indoor air under uncontrolled Korean-IAQ regulation. We measured the concentrations of formaldehyde and 5 VOCs (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene) in indoor air at 232 public buildings for four kinds of public facility (32 wedding halls, 17 Gymnasiums, 20 Galleries, and 166 Welfare facilities) around the country. There were estimated the human exposure dose and health risk used average time and frequencies of questionaries for subjects such as facility users and office workers. There were estimated the lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR) for carcinogens (formaldehyde and benzene) and hazard quotient (HQ) for non-carcinogens (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and styrene). For the facility user, the average levels of ECRs were 10-4∼10-5 and 10-5 ∼10-6, respectively, for formaldehyde and benzene in all facilities. HQs of four non-carcinogens were not exceeded 1.0 in all facilities and subjects. In addition, there was showed the highest ECR in the smoking facility.

This study was undertaken to investigate the concentration of VOCs from newly built apartments in three cities (Suncheon, Yeosu, and Gwangyang) of Honam province in Korea. VOCs were sampled using canister and analyzed by GC/MSD. The result of the canister blank test showed that, most VOCs were not detected when 5 ppb was cleaned once and 10 ppb was cleaned with two times. In case of the replicate alalysis to check for the precision of GC/MSD, RSD values were found to be excellent at 6%. The upper floor of C apartment (25 pyong) showed the highest concentration of TVOCs at 3,235 ㎍/㎥. The average concentration of TVOCs was the highest in C apartment (25 pyong) as 1,833±1,217 ㎍/㎥. The average concentration of TVOCs in K (52 pyong) and S apartment (16 pyong) were 1,820±1,035 ㎍/㎥ and 498±71 ㎍/㎥, respectively. The I/O ratio of TVOCs were 8.99∼35.90 (mean : 25.99), 11.51∼35.43 (mean : 20.07) and 6.03∼7.90 (mean : 6.92) in K, C and S apartment, respectively. From these results, it is believed that the concentration of TVOCs was comparatively high in new apartment. Therefore, it is important to use low VOC emission materials to reduce the emission concentration of VOCs from in new apartment. It is hence necessary that a scientific study is performed to secure clean indoor air quality.

The characteristics of odor and VOCs emitted from a sewage treatment plant was investigated to provide the basic informations in the design of odor and VOCs treatment processes. The sewage treatment plant which treated domestic wastewater only and consisted of a flow equalization tank, thicker, and sludge container was selected. Odor and VOCs sampled three times (June - July) at the temperatures ranging from 24℃ to 27℃ were analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FPD. Odors were hydrogen sulfide, dimethylsulfide, ammonia, and styrene. Among them, the main compounds were dimethyldisulfide (14.45~2,340.91 O.U.) and ammonia (18.51~16,520 O.U.). The order of odor dilution ratio and odor unit can be listed as follows : Sludge container ＞ Flow equalization tank ＞ Thicker. The main VOC produced from sewage treatment plant was benzenes, and the others were dichloromethane, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, styrene, 1,2,4,-trimethylbenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The concentration of toluene of a flow equalization tank, thicker, and sludge container were produced from 70.38 ppb to 103.07 ppb, from 28.18 ppb to 40.35 ppb, and from 67.92 ppb to 180.26 ppb. The producing order of VOC can be listed as follows : Sludge container ＞ Flow equalization tank ＞ Thicker.

Uncertainty evaluation was performed for the measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds(VOC) in indoor air. The analytical procedure and result were validated by evaluating every uncertainty source related to the measurement method. An easy approach for uncertainty evaluation for indoor VOC measurement was tested using relative standard uncertainty method which is simple in the evaluation of a measurement uncertainty in case of indoor VOC measurement. The measurement uncertainties of toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p-xylene, styrene and o-xylene in indoor air are obtained as less than or close to 10%, and those results were validated by using Gum-workbench uncertainty evaluation program. Based on the evaluation, uncertainties were found to come largely from two major sources, uncertainty related to the concentration of standard Tenax tube which was used for calibration in measurement, and the to air sampling process. This study could be used as a good example in evaluating uncertainties in the measurement of indoor-air VOC at buildings including a newly-built apartment.

This study was performed to estimate the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to evaluate the risk level affected by indoor air pollutants (IAPs) in 27 new apartments (prior to residence) in Seoul City from December 2004 to March 2005. The indoor air pollutants investigated in this study include formaldehyde, several aromatic VOCs (benzene, toluene, styrene, xylene, and ethylbenzene). All measurements were made based on the standard method of Ministry of Environment in Korea. The indoor concentration levels for benzene, xylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and formaldehyde have significant increase trend 5 hours after closing windows and doors. Levels of air pollutants did not exhibit significant difference between living rooms and bedrooms. The air exchange rates by the concentration decay method using SF6 were 0.37 for low floor, 0.32 for middle floor, and 0.75 for high floor. The emission rate showed the highest level in the middle floor and second one in the low floor, when estimated by the IAQ model for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene, and formaldehyde. Considering the above result, it is suggested that the estimation of emission rate be considered when the new apartment is designed and constructed with respect to construction materials to emit low VOCs. Moreover, the related regulation should be established for IAQ management.

For indoor air quality at a newly built apartment before move-in, we monitored formaldehyde and VOCs and assessed human exposure and probabilistic health risk. We selected 801 newly built apartments all over the country. The results of the research on the condition show the mean concentrations of formaldehyde 294 ㎍/㎥, 210(median) 1497㎍/㎥(maximum), benzene 6㎍/㎥, (4 and 92㎍/㎥), toluene 1003㎍/㎥(773 and 5013 ㎍/㎥), ethylbenzene 120㎍/㎥, (62 and 1192㎍/㎥), xylene 287㎍/㎥(138 and 2723㎍/㎥) and styrene 64㎍/㎥, (42 and 531㎍/㎥). Formaldehyde from carcinogen and toluene and xylene from non-carcinogen were assessed the risk for human health. The excess cancer risk of formaldehyde for human beings between carcinogens is per 1.36 of average 1000 persons. This implies that it is over a level per 1.00 of 1000 persons demanding active risk reduction. Hence, we strongly need the active reduction plan and accurate source assumption. Among a variety of factors affecting indoor air quality for householders, closing construction or density of indoor air processing additional interior construction and indoor area, indoor air quality with a variety of districts show significant. The excess cancer risk for human beings of formaldehyde between carcinogens is per 1.36 of average 1000 persons. Non-carcinogen toxicity rate for human-beings with toluene and xylene among non-carcinogens is over HQ 1 from Seoul to local area.

In this study, an attempt was made to measure uncertainties involved in the analysis of gaseous VOC standards prepared at various dilution stage. A GC/FlD system equipped with air server/thermal desorption (AS/TD) unit was used to draw calibration curves for the known amounts of VOC gases (including benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene) prepared at four individual concentrations (10, 20, 50, and 100 ppb). The calibration curves obtained from standards of each respective concentration were compared with each other. It was found that the loss of samples was more prominent with decreasing standard concentrations (e.g., one prepared at 10 ppb) and that the heaviest compound, styrene exhibited the most noticeable loss than the others. In this study, an ancillary experiment was also conducted to evaluate the compatibility of standards between gaseous (using Tedlar bag) and liquid phases (using tube method). Based on this comparative analysis, the compatibility between two standard type was evaluated in terms of the recovery ratio between gas and liquid: 56 (benzene), 42 (toluene), 31 (p-xylene), and 25% (styrene).

유기증기에 대한 PDMS의 단점을 보완하기 위해 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)와 1,4-butanediol(BD)를 이용하여 poly(dimethylsiloxane)를 기초로 한 polyurethane-polysiloxanes (PU/PDMS)를 합성하였다. 그리고 poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)를 다공성 지지체로 이용하여 복합막을 제조하여 SEM 분석으로 코팅층의 존재와 두께를 확인하였다. 증기투과실험에서 투과온도와 feed의 농도가 증가할수록 flux는 점차 증가하였고, separation factor는 이와 반대로 점차 감소하는 'trade-off'현상을 보였다. 본 연구에서의 PU/PDMS는 soft segment의 함량보다는 비교적 hard segment의 함량이 높기 때문에 투과온도의 증가에 따른 영향이 크지 않았던 것으로 사료된다. PU/PDMS막은 VOCs와 상대적으로 높은 친화도를 가지고 있기 때문에 PU/PDMS 균질막과 비교하여 복합막의 형태에서도 향상된 flux와 높은 separation factor를 나타내었다.

막을 이용한 증기투과는 유기용제 및 휘발성 유기화합물의 제거와 관련되는 환경문제와 결부되어 활발한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 막을 이용한 휘발성 유기화합물 증기의 분리는 막 재질은 높은 온도에도 견딜 수 있어야 하고 증기에 대한 화학적 저항성도 매우 좋아야 한다. 증기투과에 가장 널리 쓰이고 있는 PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane)의 단점을 보완하기 위해 본 연구에서는 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), PDMS 소프트 세그먼트를 기초로 한 polyurethane-polysiloxanes (PU/PDMS)를 합성하고 그들의 증기투과 특성을 연구하였다 각 Feed에 대한 팽윤도는 톨루엔 > 1,2-이염화에탄 > 헥산 순으로 나타났다. Feed의 농도가 증가할수록 톨루엔과 1,2-이염화에탄의 flux는 점차 증가하는 경향을 나타내었지만, 헥산은 feed의 농도가 증가하여도 flux의 변화가 나타나지 않았다. PU/PDMS 막은 VOCs와 상대적으로 높은 친화도를 가지고 있기 때문에 permeate에서의 농도는 50% 전후로 일정하게 나타났다.

유기주석화합물인 tributyltin chloride (TBTC), tributyltin oxide (TBTO)와 triphenyltin chloride (TPTC)를 넙치 간장으로 만든 미크로좀에 in vitro적으로 노출시켜서 이들 화합물의 대사에 관여하는 mixed function oxidase (MFO) 중 cytochrome P450 (CYP) 농도와 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase (EROD) 활성의 변화를 조사하였으며,

PCB 화합물 및 유기기염소계농약류는 난분해성이며 독성이 높은 대표적인 유기오염물질로서 환경 중에 배출되면 오랜 시간 잔류하게 된다. 대부분의 유기염소계화합물은 우선적 관찰 및 규제 대상물질로 분류되어 지구적 관심을 모으고 있다. 광양만은 대단위의 공업단지가 밀집해있고 반폐쇄적인 지형학적 구조를 가지고 있어 유기염소계화합물의 오염이 우려되는 대표적인 해역이다. 본 연구에서는 오염 모니터링에 대표적으로 이용되는 퇴적물과 부착성 이매패류를 채집하여 분석함으

내분비계 장애물질이 해양생물에게 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 우리나라 연안떼서 보편적으로 분포하는 p,p'-DDT, 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD및 PCB-153을 대상으로 이들 화합물이 동해안산 명주조개의 미크로좀 중 약물대사 효소계에 미치는 형향을 살펴보았다. 명주조개의 중장선으로 만든 미크로좀에 상기한 화합물을 DMSO에 녹여 일정한 농토가 되도록 첨가하고 p,p'-DDT (0.1, 0.4 및 1.0 mM)는 30분까지 그리고 2,

유기주석화합물은 농업과 산업분야에서 많이 쓰이고, 이들은 수계환경으로 유입되어 물이나 저질 중의 세균들에 의해 분해되어 최종적으로는 무기주석으로 된다. Trialkyltin 화합물이 해양생물에 미치는 영향에 관해서는 많은 연구가 있지만, 해양생태계에서 기초적인 생산을 담당하는 플랑크톤류에 미치는 영향에 관해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 TBT와 TPT의 분해물인 DBT, MBT, DPT, MPT를 비롯하여 trimethyltin(TMT)과

본 연구는 내분비교란물질로 알려진 TBTC가 해양생물에게 미치는 영향을 조사하는 연구의 일환으로, 이 화합물에 노출시킨 어류의 간장 MFO 효소계의 반응을 in vitro로 조사하였다. 대상 어류는 개복치(Mola mola), 숭어(Mugil cephalus), 강도다리(Ptatichthys stellatus), 청어(Clupeu pallasii), 붕장어(Astroconger myriaster), 조피볼락 (Sebastes schlegeli), 참돔(