With industrial development, the use of electrical and electronic products made of low-specific-gravity and easyprocessing plastics has increased. As these products have been abandoned, environmental problems, such as Dioxine and Furan, have begun to arise. Accordingly, through long-time reviews and discussions, the EU has implemented the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) regulations. Additionally, the Stockholm Convention was adopted in April 2011 for wastes containing brominated flame retardants. Therefore, the Basel Convention issued technical guidelines on environment-friendly treatment for wastes containing brominated flame retardants. For Korea to respond to both the conventions and changing trends in international persistent organic pollutant (POP) management, proper management and treatment plans suitable to Korean circumstances are required. In this regard, the study identified domestic and international trends in environmental regulations and usages, obtained fundamental data for the management of wastes containing brominated flame retardants, and investigated the current status of waste generation in Korea. Based on the results, six target samples were selected and evaluated to see if they were heat-treatable through content analysis, three-component analysis, element analysis, calorific value analysis, and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. The results of the analyses were used to make a lab-scale incineration reactor, and the results of the TGA analysis became the basis for setting the incineration temperature ranges for experiments. After incineration, five general air pollutants (O2, CO, CO2, SOx, and NOx) and three components of BRFs in the emission gas and flooring were analyzed to identify if the PBDEs in wastes can be destroyed in a stable and environmental manner during heat treatment.

최근 다양한 형태의 막구조물의 건설이 증가추세이지만 막구조물에 적합하지 않은 내화기준이 적용되어 활용성이 위축되고 있는 실정이다. 그렇기 때문에 막구조물의 건설 활성화에 맞추어서 이에 대한 내화기준의 제·개정이 필요한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 일반적 으로 많이 사용되는 막재료(ETFE, PVF, PTFE)를 선정하여 막구조물에 화재가 일어났을 때, 시간이 변화함에 따라 온도가 올라가는 막재료의 물리적인 특성 변화와 발열량과 막재료 설치높이와의 상관관계를 파악하여 막구조 내화기준에 기초 자료로 활용하고자 한다.

용수보급률 증가에 따른 용수 공급량의 증가로 인해 하폐수처리시설이 증가되어 슬러지의 발생량 또한 증가하고 있다. 반면, 슬러지 해양투기가 금지됨에 따라 슬러지의 육상처리 및 재활용 처리방법이 갈구되고 있다. 현재 슬러지는 주로 소각, 매립, 시멘트 원료로의 사용, 복토제로의 활용 등의 방법으로 처리되고 있고, 슬러지를 연료로써 활용하는 방법도 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 슬러지를 건조시켰을 때 발열량은 3,000~4,500kcal/kg 정도로, 국내 무연탄과 비슷한 수준이기 때문에, 슬러지를 에너지화하는 것이 가능하다. 하지만 슬러지는 다량의 중금속 및 유해성분을 함유하고 있기 때문에 연소 또는 소각 시 가스상 오염물질 배출의 문제가 있다. 슬러지 연소 또는 소각 시 발생되는 오염물질은 슬러지에 포함된 중금속 성분은 배출원 종류 및 처리방법에 따라 차이가 있기 때문에, 충분한 연구를 통해 소각이나 연소 시 해당 슬러지에 대한 오염물질 배출 특성을 분석하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 슬러지 연소 시 중금속 배출특성을 조사하기 위해 lab-scale drop tube furnace를 이용해 건조슬러지를 연소하였다. 수은은 입자상 수은과 배출가스 중 산화수은, 원소수은으로 구별해 조사하였으며, 수은을 제외한 중금속은 바닥재의 농도를 조사하였다.

Characteristics of the exhaust gas of a commercial scale (7.2 ton/day) municipal wastes incinerator with recirculation of its high temperature combustion gas were investigated. High temperature combustion gas made by incineration was entrained by an air jet and re-used for incineration. Air was preheated to 384-512oC and diluted to have an oxygen concentration of 16-17%. Incineration of municipal wastes with the preheated and diluted air made extremely uniform and stable flames. Concentrations of nitric oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in flue gas were measured at the boiler exit and the stack, simultaneously. Averaged concentrations of NOx and CO were reduced to 54.2 ppm and 3.1 ppm at the boiler exit and to 49.8 ppm and 6.0 ppm at the stack, respectively, at a reference oxygen concentration of 12% without any post treatment of NOx and when the averaged outlet temperature of the combustion chamber was 904oC. The measured NOx emission was only 29% of that of a conventional municipal incinerator. Simultaneous reduction of NOx and CO is significant. Averaged concentrations of O2 and CO2 were 9.7% and 8.6% at the boiler exit and 14.6% and 4.9% at the stack, respectively.

There is an increasing demand for sustainable resources due to a steady increase in energy demand. As the1996 Protocol to the London Convention takes effect, conversion of sewage sludge to energy is increasing. To use waste as fuel, it is important to understand its combustion characteristics. Using thermogravimetric analysis, the combustion of coal, dried sewage sludge, and SRF was characterized in this study. Dried sludge and SRF showed similar combustion behavior at all temperature increase rates of 5, 10, 25, 40, and 100oC/min. Coal burned at a higher temperature as the temperature rate increased. This may be ascribed to the much higher volatile matter contents of dried sludge and SRF comparative to coal.

Bio-SRF (Bio-Solid Refuse Fuel) based on livestock waste has a low heating value and high moisture content. The concentration of toxic gas, such as SOx, NOx, and HCl, in the flue gas is changed according to the composition of fuel, which has been reported. Therefore, the study of fuel combustion characteristics is necessary. Additionally, the study of fuel firing characteristics is necessary. In this study, we investigated the combustion characteristics of the mixed firing of coal and Bio-SRF made from livestock waste in a circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC). The Bio-SRF of livestock waste was mixed with different ratios of coal based on the heating values when the coal was completely combusted in CFBC. In the results of the experiment, the combustor efficiencies of the calculated unburned carbon concentration in the fly ash were 98.87%, 99.04%, 99.64%, and 99.71% when the multi-firing ratio of livestock sludge increased from 100/0 to 70/30. In addition, the boiler efficiencies were 86.23%, 86.30, 87.24, and 87.27%. Through the experimental results, we identified that the mixed combustion of livestock sludge is not affected by boiler efficiency. We have systematically investigated and discussed the temperature changes of an internal combustor, compositions of flue gases, solid ash characteristics, and the combustion and boiler efficiency during the mixed firing of coal and Bio-SRF.

Characteristics of exhaust gas of solid refuse fuel (SRF) burning in a commercial scale of 12ton/day incinerator havebeen investigated. Combustion air for SRF burning is mixed with recirculated high temperature exhaust gas to diluteoxygen concentration and preheat itself. It is called high temperature EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) combustion. Itis known that low oxygen concentration of diluted air reduces flame temperature and NOx emission, but also makes flameunstable. Highly heated air by mixing with high temperature exhaust gas makes flame stable by enhancement ofcombustion reaction. Concentrations of nitric oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)in flue gas have been measured at stack. High temperature EGR incineration of SRF dramatically reduces nitric oxideemission and residual oxygen. Average concentrations of NOx, and CO are 71.5ppm and 86.6ppm especially at referenceoxygen concentration of 12% without any post treatment of NOx when the average outlet temperature of combustionchamber is 942oC. And average concentrations of O2 and CO2 are 9.59% and 8.3% especially.

This objectives of research are to figure out combustion characteristics with increasing temperature with petrochemical sludge by adding wasted organic matters which are waste electric wire, anthracite coal and sawdust, and to exam heating value and ignition temperature for using refused derived fuels(RDFs). After analyzing TGA/DTG, petrochemical sludge shows a rapid weight reduction by vaporing of inner moisture after 170℃. Gross weight reduction rate, ignition temperature and combustion rates represent 68.6%, 221.9℃ and 54.1%, respectively. In order to assess the validity of the RDFs, the petrochemical sludge by adding wasted organic matters which are waste electric wire, anthracite coal and waste sawdust. The materials are mixed with 7:3(petrochemical sludge : organic matters)(wt%), and it analyzes after below 10% of moisture content. The ignition temperatures and combustion rates of the waste electric wire, anthracite coal and waste sawdust are 410. 6℃, 596.1℃ and 284.1℃, and 85.6%, 30.7% and 88.8% respectively. In heating values, petrochemical sludge is 3,600 kcal/kg. And the heating values of mixed sludge (adding 30% of the waste electric wire, anthracite coal and waste sawdust) each increase up to 4,600 kcal/kg, 4,100 kcal/kg and 4,300 kcal/kg. It improves the ignition temperatures and combustion rates by mixing petrochemical sludge and organic matters. It is considered that the production of RDFs is sufficiently possible by using of petrochemical sludge by mixing wasted organic matters.

건축물에서 사용되고 있는 건축 재료의 연소 특성 예측 및 성능 분류는 국내의 경우, 콘칼로리미터 시험 방법 등을 적용하여 건축법에서 불연/준불연/난연으로 구분하고 있다. 하지만 반도체 공정에서 사용되고 있는 고분자 재료 등에서는 이러한 열량 측정과 가스유해성 평가로는 정확한 연소 특성을 판단하기 어렵다. 건축물에서 화재위험성을 예측하고 대비하기 위해서는 사용되고 있는 재료에 대한 연소 특성 분석이 선행되어야 하며, 이를 위해서 재료가 연소되면서 발생되는 열량의 크기를 기본으로 하여 재료에 대한 연소 특성 예측 및 연소 성능 분류를 실시하고 있다. 하지만 점차 건축물에서는 다양한 재료가 사용되고 있고 이러한 재료에 대한 화재위험성은 열량 크기의 측정만으로는 한계를 가진다. 특히 플라스틱 재품은 발생되는 열량은 작지만 재료가 녹으면서 발생되는 가스 및 인접 재료에 대한 화재전파의 위험성을 높게 나타나고 있지만 현재 국내에서는 이러한 위험성을 예측할 수 있는 기준 및 시험방법이 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 FM 4910 시험 기준에 의해서 클린룸에서 사용되는 재료에 대한 연소특성을 예측하고 이를 토대로 하여 제시될 수 있는 연소 성능 기준에 대해 분석해 보고자 하였다.

Waste heavy oil sludge is considered oil waste that can be utilized as a renewable energy source. Although it has high calorific values, it should be treated as a designated waste. During the recycling process of construction and demolition wastes or the trimming process of woods, a lot of sawdust is produced. In this study, the feasibility of BOF (biomass and waste heavy oil sludge fuel) as a source of renewable energy was estimated. To investigate its combustion characteristics, a lab scale batch type combustion reactor was used, and temperature fluctuation and the flue gas composition were measured for various experimental conditions. The results could be summarized as follows: The solid fuel pellets manufactured from waste heavy oil sludge and sawdust had C 50.21 ~ 54.77%, H 10.25 ~ 12.66%, O 25.84 ~ 34.83%, N 1.01 ~ 1.04%, S 1.03 ~ 1.07%. Their lower heating values ranged from 4,780 kg/kcal to 5,530 kg/kcal. The density of the solid fuel pellets was increased from 0.63 g/cm3 to 0.85 g/cm3 with increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge. The maximum CO2 concentration in the flue gas was increased with increasing waste heavy oil sludge content in BOF. SO2 concentration in the flue gas was showed a tendency such as the highest CO2 concentration in the flue gas. With increasing waste heavy oil sludge content in BOF, the combustion time became rather shorter although the increase of the CO2 concentration in the flue gas was delayed. Because the carbon conversion rate showed small difference with increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge in BOF, BOF with the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge of 30% was effective for combustion. With increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge in BOF, activation energy and the amount of total CO emissions were increased, while activation energy was decreased with increasing the air/fuel ratio. Therefore, the optimal air/fuel ratio for the combustion of BOF was 1.5.

Waste oil sludge was generated from waste oil purification process, oil bunker, or the ocean plant. Although it has high calorific values, it should be treated as a designated waste. During the recycling process of construction and demolition wastes or the trimming process of woods, a lot of sawdust is produced. In this study, the feasibility of BOF (biomass and waste oil sludge Fuel) as a source of renewable energy was estimated. To estimate combustion characteristics, a lab scale batch type combustion reactor was used and temperature fluctuation and the flue gas composition were measured for various experimental conditions. The results could be summarized as follows: the maximum CO2 concentration in the flue gas was increased with increasing waste oil sludge content in BOF. SO2 concentration in the flue gas was showed a tendency such as the highest CO2 concentration in the flue gas. With increasing waste oil sludge content in BOF, the combustion time was rather shorter although the increase of the CO2 concentration in the flue gas was delayed. Because the carbon conversion rate showed small difference with increasing the mixing ratio of waste oil sludge in BOF, BOF with the mixing ratio of waste oil sludge of 40% was effective for combustion. With decreasing the air/fuel ratio and the mixing ratio of waste oil sludge in BOF, activation energy and frequency factor were increased. The optimal air/fuel ratio for the combustion of BOF was 1.5.

In this study those currently operating SRF (Solid Refuse Fuel) combustion plant were selected for the investigation. The SRF component analysis, and the reaction time to collect contaminants collected and analyzed. As the result, the average caloric value of the SRF was about 8,114 kcal/kg and the result of the analysis was satisfied with the Fuel standard. The SRF could be used as an alternative Coal fuel. However CO, NOx and Dust analysis result was exceeded the emission standard. In case of Hydrogen chloride, high concentration of emission from the facilities was observed. Although normal operation was performed, ineffective the operational management causedt, incomplete blockage of drug injection facilities and personnel management system. To prevent such problems, a regular maintenance of facilities is need to be installed. At the moment applied to the monitoring system (TMS) are installed in waste incinerators with the medium to large capacities, However such as a periodically monitoring system is needed to manage a small solid fuel boliers as well.

본 연구는 산림 내 주요 시설물 주변에 자생하는 고추나무, 생강나무, 싸리나무, 산초나무, 옻나무의 잎 5종을 대상으로 관목류의 연소특성을 분석하고자 착화특성과 전파특성을 실험 한 결과, 발화온도의 경우 고추나무 잎(214℃)이 가장 낮아 발화위험성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 착화시간 또한 고추나무 잎이 3초로 가장 빠르게 나타났다. 화염유지시간의 경우 옷나무 잎(286초)이 가장 긴 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 전파특성 실험결과 고추나무 잎이 총열방출량(63.9MJ/m2)과 평균열방출율(34.5KW/m2)이 가장 높은 것으로 측정되었고, 최대열방출량은 산초나무 잎(102.1KW/m2)이 가장 높았다. 또한, 연료별 탄소배출량 분석 결과 평균CO2방출량이 가장 큰 수종은 옻나무 잎(1.15kg/kg)이며, 평균CO2방출량이 가장 큰 수종은 생강나무 잎(0.082kg/kg)으로 나타났다.

Analyzing results of exhaust gas of solid fuel burning are investigated with measuring position in a pilot scale MILD(Moderate and Intense Low oxygen Dilution) combustor using high temperature exhaust gas recirculation. Flue gas hasbeen measured at exit of combustion chamber and stack, especially. Oxygen concentration measured at stack is higherand carbon dioxide concentration is lower than that measured at exit of combustion chamber, because air flows into theflue gas from the post-treatment facilities, such as gas cooler and bag filter, due to negative pressure caused by inducedblower. Low carbon dioxide concentration can cause an error which estimates higher air ratio than actual air flow rateneeded for complete combustion. Average calculated concentration of measured nitric oxide and carbon monoxide forreference concentration of 6% oxygen have no notable difference with measuring position. But, time resolution of thedata measured at exit of combustion chamber is better than that measured at stack. It is confirmed that MILD combustionof solid fuel of pulverized coal using high temperature exhaust gas recirculation can reduce dramatically nitric oxideemission.

The stoichiometric gas from an advanced alkaline electrolysis process as developed by Yull Brown is called as HHO gas or Brown gas. By this process, two moles of H2 and 1mole of O2 gases are generated stoichiometrically in a wellpremixed state. Due to the fact that very clean fuel can be obtained relatively easily by the simple equipment of electrolysis, the research of this gas has been continuously performed, even though the criticism has been made by many researcher of this area. The main controversial argument is in that the use of high quality electrical energy is used again for the generation of another combustible fuel with less than 100% efficiency in its energy transform. In fact, since Brown gas exists in the state of a completely mixed state only with oxygen molecule, there is no time delay due to turbulent mixing occurring in practical combustion process. Therefore, the high reaction rate is likely to have a high chance of backfire. Further, since there is no inert material like nitrogen as in air, the flame temperature rises unnecessarily high. In order to prevent the backfire phenomenon, the increase of injection velocity of fuel nozzle causes the formation of very unstable long flame with good chance of flame lift-off. One of practical application methods, the co-combustion of Brown gas with other fuel like gasoline and LNG, etc has been reported in open literature in order not only to increase the combustion efficiency but also for the reduction of pollutant emission such as NOx. In order to control the negative aspect of flame characteristics of Brown gas, in this study, an novel method is employed by premixing Brown gas with water vapor and the co-combustion performance and characteristics has been studied numerically for a combustor operated for kiln drying method. To this end, a commercial code(STAR-CCM+7.06) has been employed with the program verification against operational data of kiln drying combustor and a parametric numerical calculation has been made with the change of the amount of water vapor in the fuel mixture of Brown gas and water vapor. The calculation results show that the combustion feature looks quite stable without showing any unstable flame feature like long thin flame and backfire. Further temperature and streamline contours with the amount of water vapor content look consistent and physically acceptable. This result suggests that the addition of water vapor in the Brown gas looks one of promising method for the use of Brown gas as clean fuel.

The following are the results from an evaluation of the combustion characteristics of biomass processed with lowtemperature carbonization and coal, and those of a blend of both. Differential thermo-gravimetric (DTG) analysis has revealed that the number of curves was reduced as a result of carbonization and that the fuel quality was improved due to the increase of initial temperature (IT). It was also confirmed that the carbonized samples consisting only of the biomass required less combustion time (tq), while samples blended with coal burned longer than the weighted average value. The combustion time of a blended sample was shorter at an carbonization temperature of 400oC than at 300oC, and the combustion stability was achieved due to a narrow range of change in the combustion characteristics. The reaction rate constant (k) of the samples blended with coal was found to be smaller for all blend ratios, when compared with that of the unblended samples (raw, carbonized biomass). The combustion reaction models that were applicable for the devolatilization-combustion zone were diffusion (D1, D3) and Reaction order (O3) models; diffusion (D1-D4) model was primarily employed in the char combustion zone. In summary, low-temperature carbonization contributed to minimizing the change in the combustion characteristics of the biomass/coal blend.

Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was used to investigate the effects of carbonization and solvent extraction on the combustion characteristics of sewage sludge. Initial temperature (IT) and peak temperature (PT) represent combustion characteristics in carbonized sludge (CS). The sludge extracted (ECS) from CS using solvent extraction exhibited higher IT and PT than raw sludge (RS). First, indicate that carbonization was carried out at two different temperatures, 300 and 400oC, to produce CS300 and CS400; then, compare the corresponding IT and burnout temperature (BT). All IT and PT values for ECS300 were lower than those values for RS and CS. The activation energy determined for the combustions of CS300 and ECS300 was lower than the one for the combustion of RS. The ECS300 activation energy (combustion zone of char) was determined to be 90.7 ~ 99.1 kJ/mol, lower to the range of 109.3 ~ 126.9 kJ/mol for coal.

The fuel characteristics, the combustion characteristics, and the kinetic study of sample that had been torrefied at 250 ~ 300oC were investigated for orange peel, rice husks, wood chips, and wood pellets. When higher torrefaction temperature was used, reduction of the yield, and increase in the fuel ratio, and decrease of volatile content were found. As a result, improvement of the fuel characteristics was confirmed. As parameters for the combustion characteristics, initial temperature (IT) was rised slightly because of the high torrefaction temperature of the wood chip, and burnout temperature (BT) showed lowered. The combustion time (tq) of torrefied wood chip (TC) is shorter than raw sample, and unburned carbon generation will be suppressed. The activation energy of the char combustion reaction (2nd) is reduction compared to the raw sample, and the pre-exponential factor was decreased. As a result, the combustion reaction rate constant (k) of the torrefied wood chips, should be determined considering the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor.

Numerical study is conducted to predict effects of radiative heat loss and fuel composition in synthetic gas diffusion flame diluted with CO₂. The existing reaction models in synthetic gas flames diluted with CO₂ are evaluated. Numerical simulations with and without gas radiation, based on an optical thin model, are also performed to concrete impacts on effects of radiative heat loss in flame characteristics. Importantly contributing reaction steps to heat release rate are compared for synthetic gas flames with and without CO₂ dilution. It is also addressed that the composition of synthetic gas mixtures and their radiative heat losses through the addition of CO₂ modify the reaction pathways of oxidation diluted with CO₂.